Planar algebra

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In mathematics, planar algebras first appeared in the work of Vaughan Jones on the standard invariant of a II1 subfactor.[1] They also provide an appropriate algebraic framework for many knot invariants (in particular the Jones polynomial), and have been used in describing the properties of Khovanov homology with respect to tangle composition.[2][3] Any subfactor planar algebra provides a family of unitary representations of Thompson groups.[4] Any finite group (and quantum generalization) can be encoded as a planar algebra.[1]

Definition

The idea of the planar algebra is to be a diagrammatic axiomatization of the standard invariant.[1][5][6]

Planar tangle

A (shaded) planar tangle is the data of finitely many input disks, one output disk, non-intersecting strings giving an even number, say [math]\displaystyle{ 2n }[/math], intervals per disk and one [math]\displaystyle{ \star }[/math]-marked interval per disk.

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Here, the mark is shown as a [math]\displaystyle{ \star }[/math]-shape. On each input disk it is placed between two adjacent outgoing strings, and on the output disk it is placed between two adjacent incoming strings. A planar tangle is defined up to isotopy.

Composition

To compose two planar tangles, put the output disk of one into an input of the other, having as many intervals, same shading of marked intervals and such that the [math]\displaystyle{ \star }[/math]-marked intervals coincide. Finally we remove the coinciding circles. Note that two planar tangles can have zero, one or several possible compositions.

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Planar operad

The planar operad is the set of all the planar tangles (up to isomorphism) with such compositions.

Planar algebra

A planar algebra is a representation of the planar operad; more precisely, it is a family of vector spaces [math]\displaystyle{ (\mathcal{P}_{n,\pm})_{n \in \mathbb{N}} }[/math], called [math]\displaystyle{ n }[/math]-box spaces, on which acts the planar operad, i.e. for any tangle [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math] (with one output disk and [math]\displaystyle{ r }[/math] input disks with [math]\displaystyle{ 2n_0 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ 2n_1, \dots, 2n_r }[/math] intervals respectively) there is a multilinear map

[math]\displaystyle{ Z_T : \mathcal{P}_{n_1,\epsilon_1} \otimes \cdots \otimes \mathcal{P}_{n_r,\epsilon_r} \to \mathcal{P}_{n_0,\epsilon_0} }[/math]

with [math]\displaystyle{ \epsilon_i \in \{+,-\} }[/math] according to the shading of the [math]\displaystyle{ \star }[/math]-marked intervals, and these maps (also called partition functions) respect the composition of tangle in such a way that all the diagrams as below commute.

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Examples

Planar tangles

The family of vector spaces [math]\displaystyle{ (\mathcal{T}_{n,\pm})_{n \in \mathbb{N}} }[/math] generated by the planar tangles having [math]\displaystyle{ 2n }[/math] intervals on their output disk and a white (or black) [math]\displaystyle{ \star }[/math]-marked interval, admits a planar algebra structure.

Temperley–Lieb

The Temperley-Lieb planar algebra [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TL}(\delta) }[/math] is generated by the planar tangles without input disk; its [math]\displaystyle{ 3 }[/math]-box space [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TL}_{3,+}(\delta) }[/math] is generated by

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Moreover, a closed string is replaced by a multiplication by [math]\displaystyle{ \delta }[/math].

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Note that the dimension of [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TL}_{n,\pm}(\delta) }[/math] is the Catalan number [math]\displaystyle{ \frac{1}{n+1}\binom{2n}{n} }[/math]. This planar algebra encodes the notion of Temperley–Lieb algebra.

Hopf algebra

A semisimple and cosemisimple Hopf algebra over an algebraically closed field is encoded in a planar algebra defined by generators and relations, and "corresponds" (up to isomorphism) to a connected, irreducible, spherical, non degenerate planar algebra with non zero modulus [math]\displaystyle{ \delta }[/math] and of depth two.[7]

Note that connected means [math]\displaystyle{ \dim(\mathcal{P}_{0,\pm}) = 1 }[/math] (as for evaluable below), irreducible means [math]\displaystyle{ \dim(\mathcal{P}_{1,+}) = 1 }[/math], spherical is defined below, and non-degenerate means that the traces (defined below) are non-degenerate.

Subfactor planar algebra

Definition

A subfactor planar algebra is a planar [math]\displaystyle{ \star }[/math]-algebra [math]\displaystyle{ (\mathcal{P}_{n,\pm})_{n \in \mathbb{N}} }[/math] which is:

(1) Finite-dimensional: [math]\displaystyle{ \dim (\mathcal{P}_{n,\pm}) \lt \infty }[/math]
(2) Evaluable: [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P}_{0,\pm} = \mathbb{C} }[/math]
(3) Spherical: [math]\displaystyle{ tr:=tr_r = tr_l }[/math]
(4) Positive: [math]\displaystyle{ \langle a \vert b \rangle = tr(b^{\star}a) }[/math] defines an inner product.

Note that by (2) and (3), any closed string (shaded or not) counts for the same constant [math]\displaystyle{ \delta }[/math].

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The tangle action deals with the adjoint by:

[math]\displaystyle{ Z_T(a_1 \otimes a_2 \otimes \cdots \otimes a_r)^{\star} = Z_{T^{\star}}(a_1^{\star} \otimes a_2^{\star} \otimes \cdots \otimes a_r^{\star}) }[/math]

with [math]\displaystyle{ T^{\star} }[/math] the mirror image of [math]\displaystyle{ T }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ a_i^{\star} }[/math] the adjoint of [math]\displaystyle{ a_i }[/math] in [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P}_{n_i,\epsilon_i} }[/math].

Examples and results

No-ghost theorem: The planar algebra [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TL}(\delta) }[/math] has no ghost (i.e. element [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ \langle a \vert a \rangle \lt 0 }[/math]) if and only if

[math]\displaystyle{ \delta \in \{ 2\cos(\pi/n) | n=3,4,5,... \} \cup [2, +\infty] }[/math]

For [math]\displaystyle{ \delta }[/math] as above, let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{I} }[/math] be the null ideal (generated by elements [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ \langle a \vert a \rangle = 0 }[/math]). Then the quotient [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TL}(\delta)/\mathcal{I} }[/math] is a subfactor planar algebra, called the Temperley–Lieb-Jones subfactor planar algebra [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TLJ}(\delta) }[/math]. Any subfactor planar algebra with constant [math]\displaystyle{ \delta }[/math] admits [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TLJ}(\delta) }[/math] as planar subalgebra.

A planar algebra [math]\displaystyle{ (\mathcal{P}_{n,\pm}) }[/math] is a subfactor planar algebra if and only if it is the standard invariant of an extremal subfactor [math]\displaystyle{ N \subseteq M }[/math] of index [math]\displaystyle{ [M:N] = \delta^2 }[/math], with [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P}_{n,+}= N' \cap M_{n-1} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P}_{n,-}= M' \cap M_{n} }[/math].[8][9][10] A finite depth or irreducible subfactor is extremal ([math]\displaystyle{ tr_{N'} = tr_{M} }[/math] on [math]\displaystyle{ N' \cap M }[/math]).

There is a subfactor planar algebra encoding any finite group (and more generally, any finite dimensional Hopf [math]\displaystyle{ {\rm C}^{\star} }[/math]-algebra, called Kac algebra), defined by generators and relations. A (finite dimensional) Kac algebra "corresponds" (up to isomorphism) to an irreducible subfactor planar algebra of depth two.[11][12]

The subfactor planar algebra associated to an inclusion of finite groups,[13] does not always remember the (core-free) inclusion.[14][15]

A Bisch-Jones subfactor planar algebra [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{BJ}(\delta_1, \delta_2) }[/math] (sometimes called Fuss-Catalan) is defined as for [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{TLJ}(\delta) }[/math] but by allowing two colors of string with their own constant [math]\displaystyle{ \delta_1 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \delta_2 }[/math], with [math]\displaystyle{ \delta_i }[/math] as above. It is a planar subalgebra of any subfactor planar algebra with an intermediate such that [math]\displaystyle{ [K:N] = \delta_1^2 }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ [M:K] = \delta_2^2 }[/math].[16][17]

The first finite depth subfactor planar algebra of index [math]\displaystyle{ \delta^2 \gt 4 }[/math] is called the Haagerup subfactor planar algebra.[18] It has index [math]\displaystyle{ (5+\sqrt{13})/2 \sim 4.303 }[/math].

The subfactor planar algebras are completely classified for index at most [math]\displaystyle{ 5 }[/math][19] and a bit beyond.[20] This classification was initiated by Uffe Haagerup.[21] It uses (among other things) a listing of possible principal graphs, together with the embedding theorem[22] and the jellyfish algorithm.[23]

A subfactor planar algebra remembers the subfactor (i.e. its standard invariant is complete) if it is amenable.[24] A finite depth hyperfinite subfactor is amenable.

About the non-amenable case: there are unclassifiably many irreducible hyperfinite subfactors of index 6 that all have the same standard invariant.[25]

Fourier transform and biprojections

Let [math]\displaystyle{ N \subset M }[/math] be a finite index subfactor, and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P} }[/math] the corresponding subfactor planar algebra. Assume that [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P} }[/math] is irreducible (i.e. [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P}_{1,+} = N' \cap M_1 = \mathbb{C} }[/math]). Let [math]\displaystyle{ N \subset K \subset M }[/math] be an intermediate subfactor. Let the Jones projection [math]\displaystyle{ e^M_K: L^2(M) \to L^2(K) }[/math]. Note that [math]\displaystyle{ e^M_K \in \mathcal{P}_{2,+} }[/math]. Let [math]\displaystyle{ id:=e^M_M }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ e_1:=e^M_N }[/math].

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Note that [math]\displaystyle{ tr(e_1) = \delta^{-2} = [M:N]^{-1} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ tr(id) = 1 }[/math].

Let the bijective linear map [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}: \mathcal{P}_{2,\pm} \to \mathcal{P}_{2,\mp} }[/math] be the Fourier transform, also called [math]\displaystyle{ 1 }[/math]-click (of the outer star) or [math]\displaystyle{ 90^{\circ} }[/math] rotation; and let [math]\displaystyle{ a * b }[/math] be the coproduct of [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ b }[/math].

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Note that the word coproduct is a diminutive of convolution product. It is a binary operation.

The coproduct satisfies the equality [math]\displaystyle{ a * b = \mathcal{F}(\mathcal{F}^{-1}(a) \mathcal{F}^{-1}(b)). }[/math]

For any positive operators [math]\displaystyle{ a,b }[/math], the coproduct [math]\displaystyle{ a*b }[/math] is also positive; this can be seen diagrammatically:[26]

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Let [math]\displaystyle{ \overline{a} := \mathcal{F}(\mathcal{F}(a)) }[/math] be the contragredient [math]\displaystyle{ a }[/math] (also called [math]\displaystyle{ 180^{\circ} }[/math] rotation). The map [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}^{4} }[/math] corresponds to four [math]\displaystyle{ 1 }[/math]-clicks of the outer star, so it's the identity map, and then [math]\displaystyle{ \overline{\overline{a}} = a }[/math].

In the Kac algebra case, the contragredient is exactly the antipode,[12] which, for a finite group, correspond to the inverse.

A biprojection is a projection [math]\displaystyle{ b \in \mathcal{P}_{2,+} \setminus \{ 0\} }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}(b) }[/math] a multiple of a projection. Note that [math]\displaystyle{ e_1=e^M_N }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ id=e^M_M }[/math] are biprojections; this can be seen as follows:

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A projection [math]\displaystyle{ b }[/math] is a biprojection iff it is the Jones projection [math]\displaystyle{ e^M_K }[/math] of an intermediate subfactor [math]\displaystyle{ N \subset K \subset M }[/math],[27] iff [math]\displaystyle{ e_1 \le b=\overline{b} = \lambda b * b, \text{ with } \lambda^{-1} = \delta tr(b) }[/math].[28][26]

Galois correspondence:[29] in the Kac algebra case, the biprojections are 1-1 with the left coideal subalgebras, which, for a finite group, correspond to the subgroups.

For any irreducible subfactor planar algebra, the set of biprojections is a finite lattice,[30] of the form [math]\displaystyle{ [e_1,id] }[/math], as for an interval of finite groups [math]\displaystyle{ [H,G] }[/math].

Using the biprojections, we can make the intermediate subfactor planar algebras.[31][32]

The uncertainty principle extends to any irreducible subfactor planar algebra [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P} }[/math]:

Let [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{S}(x) = Tr(R(x)) }[/math] with [math]\displaystyle{ R(x) }[/math] the range projection of [math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ Tr }[/math] the unnormalized trace (i.e. [math]\displaystyle{ Tr = \delta^n tr }[/math] on [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{P}_{n,\pm} }[/math]).

Noncommutative uncertainty principle:[33] Let [math]\displaystyle{ x \in \mathcal{P}_{2,\pm} }[/math], nonzero. Then

[math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{S}(x) \mathcal{S}(\mathcal{F}(x)) \ge \delta^{2} }[/math]

Assuming [math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathcal{F}(x) }[/math] positive, the equality holds if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math] is a biprojection. More generally, the equality holds if and only if [math]\displaystyle{ x }[/math] is the bi-shift of a biprojection.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Vaughan F. R. Jones (1999), "Planar algebras, I", arXiv:math/9909027
  2. ↑ Dror Bar-Natan: Publications: Cobordisms. doi:10.2140/gt.2005.9.1443. http://www.math.toronto.edu/~drorbn/papers/Cobordism/. Retrieved 2016-11-20. 
  3. ↑ Bar-Natan, Dror (2005). "Khovanov's homology for tangles and cobordisms". Geometry & Topology 9 (3): 1443–1499. doi:10.2140/gt.2005.9.1443. 
  4. ↑ Vaughan F. R. Jones (2017), "Some unitary representations of Thompson's groups F and T", J. Comb. Algebra 1 (1): 1–44, doi:10.4171/JCA/1-1-1 
  5. ↑ Vijay Kodiyalam; V.S. Sunder (2004), "On Jones' planar algebras", J. Knot Theory Ramifications 13 (2): 219–247, doi:10.1142/S021821650400310X 
  6. ↑ "Vijay Kodiyalam - Planar algebras - IMSc 2015". 2015-11-14. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjudt2gd3iAe40juwS3dKocAoooXF91Vi. 
  7. ↑ Vijay Kodiyalam; V.S. Sunder (2006), "The planar algebra of a semisimple and cosemisimple Hopf algebra", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci. 116 (4): 1–16, Bibcode: 2005math......6153K 
  8. ↑ Sorin Popa (1995), "An axiomatization of the lattice of higher relative commutants of a subfactor", Inventiones Mathematicae 120 (3): 427–445, doi:10.1007/BF01241137, Bibcode: 1995InMat.120..427P 
  9. ↑ Alice Guionnet; Vaughan F. R. Jones; Dimitri Shlyakhtenko (2010), "Random matrices, free probability, planar algebras and subfactors", Clay Math. Proc. {11}: 201–239 
  10. ↑ Vijay Kodiyalam; V.S. Sunder (2009), "From subfactor planar algebras to subfactors", Internat. J. Math. 20 (10): 1207–1231, doi:10.1142/S0129167X0900573X 
  11. ↑ Paramita Das; Vijay Kodiyalam (2005), "Planar algebras and the Ocneanu-Szymanski theorem", Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 133 (9): 2751–2759, doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-05-07789-0, ISSN 0002-9939 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Vijay Kodiyalam; Zeph Landau; V.S. Sunder (2003), "The planar algebra associated to a Kac algebra", Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. Math. Sci. 113 (1): 15–51, doi:10.1007/BF02829677, ISSN 0253-4142 
  13. ↑ Ved Prakash Gupta (2008), "Planar algebra of the subgroup-subfactor", Proceedings Mathematical Sciences 118 (4): 583–612, doi:10.1007/s12044-008-0046-0, Bibcode: 2008arXiv0806.1791G 
  14. ↑ Vijay Kodiyalam; V.S. Sunder (2000), "The subgroup-subfactor", Math. Scand. 86 (1): 45–74, doi:10.7146/math.scand.a-14281, ISSN 0025-5521 
  15. ↑ Masaki Izumi (2002), "Characterization of isomorphic group-subgroup subfactors", Int. Math. Res. Not. 2002 (34): 1791–1803, doi:10.1155/S107379280220402X, ISSN 1073-7928 
  16. ↑ Dietmar Bisch; Vaughan Jones (1997), "Algebras associated to intermediate subfactors", Inventiones Mathematicae 128 (1): 89–157, doi:10.1007/s002220050137, Bibcode: 1997InMat.128...89J 
  17. ↑ Pinhas Grossman; Vaughan Jones (2007), "Intermediate subfactors with no extra structure", J. Amer. Math. Soc. 20 (1): 219–265, doi:10.1090/S0894-0347-06-00531-5, Bibcode: 2007JAMS...20..219G 
  18. ↑ Emily Peters (2010), "A planar algebra construction of the Haagerup subfactor", Internat. J. Math. 21 (8): 987–1045, doi:10.1142/S0129167X10006380 
  19. ↑ Vaughan F. R. Jones; Scott Morrison; Noah Snyder (2014), "The classification of subfactors of index at most [math]\displaystyle{ 5 }[/math]", Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. (N.S.) 51 (2): 277–327, doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-2013-01442-3 
  20. ↑ Narjess Afzaly; Scott Morrison; David Penneys (2015), The classification of subfactors with index at most [math]\displaystyle{ 5 + 1/4 }[/math], pp. 70pp, Bibcode: 2015arXiv150900038A 
  21. ↑ Uffe Haagerup (1994), "Principal graphs of subfactors in the index range [math]\displaystyle{ 4\lt [M:N]\lt 3+\sqrt2 }[/math]", Subfactors (Kyuzeso, 1993): 1–38 
  22. ↑ Vaughan Jones; David Penneys (2011), "The embedding theorem for finite depth subfactor planar algebras.", Quantum Topol. 2 (3): 301–337, doi:10.4171/QT/23 
  23. ↑ Stephen Bigelow; David Penneys (2014), "Principal graph stability and the jellyfish algorithm.", Math. Ann. 358 (1–2): 1–24, doi:10.1007/s00208-013-0941-2 
  24. ↑ "Classification of amenable subfactors of type II", Acta Mathematica 172 (2): 163–255, 1994, doi:10.1007/BF02392646 
  25. ↑ Arnaud Brothier; Stefaan Vaes (2015), "Families of hyperfinite subfactors with the same standard invariant and prescribed fundamental group.", J. Noncommut. Geom. 9 (3): 775–796, doi:10.4171/JNCG/207 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Zhengwei Liu (2016), "Exchange relation planar algebras of small rank", Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 368 (12): 8303–8348, doi:10.1090/tran/6582, ISSN 0002-9947 
  27. ↑ Dietmar Bisch (1994), "A note on intermediate subfactors", Pacific J. Math. 163 (2): 201–216, doi:10.2140/pjm.1994.163.201, ISSN 0030-8730 
  28. ↑ Zeph A. Landau (2002), "Exchange relation planar algebras", Geom. Dedicata 95: 183–214, doi:10.1023/A:1021296230310, ISSN 0046-5755 
  29. ↑ Masaki Izumi; Roberto Longo; Sorin Popa (1998), "A Galois correspondence for compact groups of automorphisms of von Neumann algebras with a generalization to Kac algebras", J. Funct. Anal. 155 (1): 25–63, doi:10.1006/jfan.1997.3228, ISSN 0022-1236 
  30. ↑ Yasuo Watatani (1996), "Lattices of intermediate subfactors", J. Funct. Anal. 140 (2): 312–334, doi:10.1006/jfan.1996.0110, ISSN 0022-1236 
  31. ↑ Zeph A. Landau (1998), "Intermediate subfactors", Thesis - University of California at Berkeley: 132pp 
  32. ↑ Keshab Chandra Bakshi (2016), "Intermediate planar algebra revisited", International Journal of Mathematics 29 (12): 31pp, doi:10.1142/S0129167X18500775, Bibcode: 2016arXiv161105811B 
  33. ↑ Chunlan Jiang; Zhengwei Liu; Jinsong Wu (2016), "Noncommutative uncertainty principles", J. Funct. Anal. 270 (1): 264–311, doi:10.1016/j.jfa.2015.08.007 



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