Religion:Anonymous Christian
Anonymous Christian is the controversial Christian doctrine concerning the fate of the unlearned which was introduced by the Jesuit theologian Karl Rahner (1904–1984) that declares that people who have never heard the Christian Gospel might be saved through Christ. Non-Christians could have "in [their] basic orientation and fundamental decision," Rahner wrote, "accepted the salvific grace of God, through Christ, although [they] may never have heard of the Christian revelation."[1]
The theologians W. D. Davies and Dale Allison wrote that proponents of the notion find scriptural support in Romans 2:14–16, as well as in Matthew 25:31–46.[lower-alpha 1][2]
The notion of inclusivism, for which Rahner's Anonymous Christian is the principal Christian model, is "perhaps the most popular of interreligious postures."[3]
Karl Rahner
Karl Rahner accepted the notion that without Christ it was impossible to achieve salvation, but he could not accept the notion that people who have never heard of Jesus would be condemned.[4]
"Anonymous Christianity" means that a person lives in the grace of God and attains salvation outside of explicitly constituted Christianity. A Protestant Christian is, of course, "no anonymous Christian"; that is perfectly clear. But, let us say, a Buddhist monk (or anyone else I might suppose) who, because he follows his conscience, attains salvation and lives in the grace of God; of him I must say that he is an anonymous Christian; if not, I would have to presuppose that there is a genuine path to salvation that really attains that goal, but that simply has nothing to do with Jesus Christ. But I cannot do that. And so if I hold if everyone depends upon Jesus Christ for salvation, and if at the same time I hold that many live in the world who have not expressly recognized Jesus Christ, then there remains in my opinion nothing else but to take up this postulate of an anonymous Christianity.[5]
According to Rahner, a person could "intellectually profess disbelief but [be] existentially ... committed to those values which for the Christian are concretized in God."[6]
Vatican II
Karl Rahner's concept of Anonymous Christian was one of the most influential theological ideals to affect the Second Vatican Council.[4]
Criticism
The Anonymous Christian theory has been criticized from a variety of viewpoints. After stepping down as Pope Benedict XVI, Ratzinger refined his own position on the theory:[7]
"Lately several attempts have been formulated in order to reconcile the universal necessity of the Christian faith with the opportunity to save oneself without it.
... the well-known thesis of the anonymous Christians of Karl Rahner... sustains that the basic, essential act at the basis of Christian existence, decisive for salvation, in the transcendental structure of our consciousness, consists in the opening to the entirely Other, toward unity with God. The Christian faith would in this view cause to rise to consciousness what is structural in man as such. So when a man accepts himself in his essential being, he fulfills the essence of being a Christian without knowing what it is in a conceptual way. The Christian, therefore, coincides with the human and, in this sense, every man who accepts himself is a Christian even if he does not know it. It is true that this theory is fascinating, but it reduces Christianity itself to a pure conscious presentation of what a human being is in himself and therefore overlooks the drama of change and renewal that is central to Christianity. Even less acceptable is the solution proposed by the pluralistic theories of religion, for which all religions, each in their own way, would be ways of salvation and in this sense, in their effects must be considered equivalent.
The critique of religion of the kind exercised in the Old Testament, in the New Testament and in the early Church is essentially more realistic, more concrete and true in its examination of the various religions. Such a simplistic reception is not proportional to the magnitude of the issue."
Some Catholic groups, such as the Society of St. Pius X, have long battled against the rise of liberalism and modernism in the Catholic Church and have criticized the Anonymous Christian theory saying, "is a very grave doctrinal error because it declares personal justification as being already realized for every man without any participation of his will or free choice and, so, without any need of his conversion, faith, baptism or works. Redemption is guaranteed to all, as if sanctifying grace were ontologically present in each man just because he is man."[8]
Conservative Protestant Christians generally believe that the notion of Anonymous Christian explicitly contradicts the teachings of Saint Peter, Paul the Apostle, and other apostles.[4] For example, Acts 4:12, "there is salvation in no one else; for there is no other name under heaven that has been given among men, by which we must be saved." This group of Christians believes in "Christian exclusivism—the view that biblical Christianity is true, and that other religious systems are false."[9]
Liberal Christians condemn the notion because, as Rev. Hans Küng put it, "It would be impossible to find anywhere in the world a sincere Jew, Muslim or atheist who would not regard the assertion that he is an 'anonymous Christian' as presumptuous".[10] Religious pluralist John Hick states that this notion is paternalistic because it is "honorary status granted unilaterally to people who have not expressed any desire for it."[11] Küng further stated that the Anonymous Christian theory is a 'theological fabrication' that merely gives face-saving lip-service to the Catholic dogma Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus. It is, says Küng sarcastically, "an elegant gesture which sweeps the whole of good-willed humanity into the backdoor of the holy Roman Church." Hick also rejects the notion because the majority of people are born into non-Christian families.[12] Anonymous Christianity, per this group, denigrates the beliefs of others by supposing that they are really Christians without realizing it.[13]
See also
- Baptism of desire
- Substitutionary atonement
- Satisfaction theory of atonement
- Christian universalism
- History of Christian universalism
- Apocatastasis
- Virtuous pagan
- Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus § Protestant interpretation
- Similar concepts in Judaism are described at Jews as the chosen people § Alternative views
Notes
- ↑ Davies and Allison wrote: Rather did he hold the position stated in the Apocalypse of Sedrach: 'there are nations which have no law, yet fulfill the law; they are not baptized, but my divine Spirit enters them and they are converted to my baptism, and I receive them with my righteous ones in the bosom of Abraham. [There were rabbis who taught that righteous heathen would be saved: t. Sanh. 13.2; b. Sanh. 105a. Recall also Paul's thoughts in Rom 2.14-16: Gentiles who do the law written on their hearts may have good consciences on the last day.]
The context, however, does not explicitly teach two judgements; and we are not persuaded that 'the least' are to be identified with Christians (see below). Further, we have little doubt before Matthew, the scene concerned all humanity. At the same time, 25.31-46 may very well imply that Matthew thought salvation possible for those outside the church. We are reminded of Karl Rahner's so-called 'anonymous Christian'.[2]
References
Citations
- ↑ D'Costa 1985, p. 132.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Davies & Allison 1997, p. 423.
- ↑ Robbins 1989, p. 267.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Clinton 1998.
- ↑ Rahner 1986, p. 207.
- ↑ Macquarrie 1986, p. 51.
- ↑ "Letter #16, 2016: Emeritus Pope Benedict Grants an Interview". 17 March 2016. http://insidethevatican.com/news/newsflash/letter-16-2016-emeritus-pope-benedict-grants-an-interview/.
- ↑ "Errors of Vatican II". Si Si No No: The Angelus English-Language Article Reprint (Angelus Press) (52). 2003. http://www.sspxasia.com/Documents/SiSiNoNo/2003_May/errors_of_vatican_II.htm. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- ↑ Rood, Rick (1999). "The Christian Attitude Toward Non-Christian Religions". Probe Ministries. http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/non-xrel.html.
- ↑ Hans Küng, On Being a Christian (Garden City: Image Books, 1984), 98
- ↑ John Hick, “John Hick: ‘Whatever Path Men Choose Is Mine,’” in Christianity and Other Religions: Selected Readings, ed. John Hick and Brian Hebblethwaite (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1988), 179.
- ↑ Markham 2004.
- ↑ Weigel, George (10 February 2000). "The Century after Rahner". Arlington Catholic Herald (Arlington, Virginia). http://www.catholicculture.org/library/view.cfm?recnum=2604.
Bibliography
- Clinton, Stephen M. (1998). Peter, Paul, and the Anonymous Christian: A Response to The Mission Theology of Rahner and Vatican II. Orlando, Florida: The Orlando Institute. http://www.toi.edu/Resources/Anonomous2.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- D'Costa, Gavin (1985). "Karl Rahner's Anonymous Christian: A Reappraisal". Modern Theology 1 (2): 131–148. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0025.1985.tb00013.x. ISSN 0266-7177.
- Davies, W. D.; Allison, Dale C. (1997). A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the Gospel According to Saint Matthew. 3. T&T Clark (published 2004). ISBN 978-0-567-08518-4.
- Macquarrie, John (1986). Theology, Church and Ministry. London: SCM Press. ISBN 978-0-334-02353-1.
- Markham, Ian (2004). "The Dialogue Industry". Dialogue Done Differently. Teape Lectures. http://www.hartsem.edu/centers/markham_article1.htm. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
- Rahner, Karl (1986). Imhof, Paul; Biallowons, Hubert. eds. Karl Rahner in Dialogue: Conversations and Interviews, 1965–1982. New York: Crossroad. ISBN 978-0-8245-0749-7. https://archive.org/details/karlrahnerindial00rahn.
- Robbins, Jerry K. (1989). "A Reader's Guide to Interreligious Dialogue". Word & World (St. Paul, Minnesota: Luther Seminary) 9 (3): 266–273. ISSN 0275-5270. http://www.luthersem.edu/word&world/Archives/9-3_Finality/9-3_Robbins.pdf. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
Further reading
- Schreiter, Robert J (2016). "The Anonymous Christian and Christology". Occasional Bulletin of Missionary Research 2 (1): 2–11. doi:10.1177/239693937800200101.
- Hillman, Eugene (2016). "'Anonymous Christianity' and the Missions". The Downside Review 84 (277): 361–79. doi:10.1177/001258066608427702.
- Kelly, Geffrey B (1995). "'Unconscious Christianity' and the 'Anonymous Christian' in the Theology of Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Karl Rahner". Philosophy and Theology 9: 117–49. doi:10.5840/philtheol199591/29.
- Conway, E (2004). "'So as not to Despise God's Grace': Re-assessing Rahner's Idea of the 'Anonymous Christian'". Louvain Studies 29: 107–30. doi:10.2143/LS.29.1.505250.
- Gould, James B (2008). "Broad Inclusive Salvation". Philosophy and Theology 20 (1–2): 175–98. doi:10.5840/philtheol2008201/28.
- Lamadrid, Lucas (1995). "Anonymous or Analogous Christians? Rahner and Von Balthasar on Naming the Non-Christian". Modern Theology 11 (3): 363–84. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0025.1995.tb00071.x.
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