Religion:Chiragh Kush

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Chiragh kush or Chiragh kosh (lamp killer) plural Chiragh kushan or Chiragh koshan[1](Persian: چراغ کش‎)[2][3][4] was the Persian name for a false libel that was applied to various sects and religions across Eurasia since the Roman empire up the present day, accusing practitioners of that sect of religion of gathering one night with their mothers and sisters, and extinguishing the lights to engage in a massive sexual incestual orgy. It was directed against Christians, Cathars, Sunni Muslims, Shia Muslims, Alevis, Ismailis and many other sects. Today it survives mainly in the Middle East, Central Asia and South Asia and is levied at minority sects including Twelver Shia, Alevis and Ismailis.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]

History

Roman empire persecution of Christians

Marcus Aerlius's Roman pagan tutor Fronto accused the early Christians of engaging in an incest orgy after causing the light to bow out by throwing a food at a dog tied to the lamp.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] The slander of the incest orgy by putting the lights out against the Christians by Roman pagans was later repeated against the Cathars.[47]

Carposcratians were also accused of the light extinguishing incest orgy by Clement of Alexandria and Gnostics were accused of consuming fetuses.[48][49][50][51]

In addition to the incest orgy Christians were accused of eating babies.[52][53][54][55][56][57]

M. Brett Wilson noticed the connection between the accusations of putting the lights out and engaging in incest that normal Sunni Muslims accused the heterodox Bektashi order of doing, and the Roman pagan accusations against the Christians.[58][59]

The Christian Tertullian started accusing Christian heretics of doing the incest orgy by extinguishing lights after the Roman pagans accused Christians of it.[60][61] The same accusations the Roman pagans levelled against the Christians about the incest orgy and light extinguishers were used by Christians against heretical Christian sects.[62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

Manichaeans, Christian heretics, Gnostics, Bogomils, Cathars, witches

The Fraticelli, Brethren of the Free Spirit and Cathars in medieval Europe were accused of blowing the lights out and engaging in incestual sex orgies by Christians, just as Roman pagans accused Christians of doing earlier. Heresies like Bogomils, Paulicians, Messalians were accused of doing the same thing as well as Gnostics, Montanists and Carpocratians by Clement of Alexandria and other heretics were accused of "aposbennuntes tous luchnous" (with the lights extinguished)by Justin Martyr in 150. Manichaeans were accused of "lucerna extincta" by Augustine.[70][71][72][73]

Cathars (Albigensian) were accused of "They commenced their religious rites by chanting litanies to long lists of devils, until a toad, a cat, or some other small beast, which they supposed to be a demoniac incarnation, appeared in their midst. The lights were then extinguished, and they delivered themselves up to the most sacrilegious, and even incestuous orgies."[74][75][76][77]

"Wild stories, moreover, were told of the nightly orgies in which the lights were extinguished and promiscuous intercourse took place; and the stubbornness of heresy was explained by telling how, when a child was born of these foul excesses, it was tossed from hand to hand through a fire until it expired; and that from its body was made an infernal eucharist of such power that whoever partook of it was thereafter incapable of abandoning the sect."[78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90]

Women accused of being witches in medieval Europe were also accused of eating babies and engaging in sexual orgies at night.[91][92][93][94][95][96]

Alevi Qizilbash in Turkey, Yezidis and Christians of Iraq, Druze of the Levant

Alevis in Turkey and Yezidis in Iraq were both accused by other sects of engaging in orgies during their religious celebrations.[97]

Some Turkish Sunnis still use phrases like "Alevis do not know their mothers and sisters" (Aleviler ana bacı tanımaz) and "to extinguish candles" (mum söndürmek) in reference to the libel that they engage in the incest orgy in darkness by extinguishing candles in their religious ceremonies at the cem.[98][99]

Qizilbash (Kizilbash) were described as candle extinguishers (Mümsöndürun and Zarati) by Sunnis in Ottoman Turkey. The Salonica Crpyto-Jews (Dönmeh) were also accused of the incest orgy as well as Druze currently by other Arabs and in the 12th century by Benjamin of Tudela.[100][101][102][103] In northern Iraq the incest orgy with extinguishing the lights is called "night of the kafsha" (knight of [removing] slippers) (Laylat al-Kafsha) against the Yezidis.) The Takhtajis were also accused of the same and Alawites (different from Alevis) of Çıplaklar were also accused of candle extinguishing for incest orgies, called Müm söndü by Turkish Sunnis. Christians of the convent of Ukbara in Iraq close to Baghdad were also accused of the orgy on the "night of the mashush" in the book ad-Diyarat by Abu al-Hassan al-Shabushti.[104]

Alawites were falsely accused of incest orgies and extinguishing lights by Sunnis.[105] The Murshidi sect of the Alawites was also falsely accused of engaging in a sexual orgy.[106][107]

Ismailis of Syria

The gullible Samuel Lyde believed in the false slanderous rumours against the Ismailis of Syria over the orgy.[108]

Ismailis of Central Asia

Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat accused Ismailis in Central Asia of engaging in Chiragh-Kush (extinguishing the lamps for orgies) just as Ottoman Sunnis accused the "Red caps" Qizilbash in Anatolia of doing.[109]

Sunnis in Tajikistan falsely believed that Ismaili Pamiris of Gorno Badakhshan practiced incest.[110]

Twelver Shia of Pakistan and India

Sunni Muslims in Pakistan and India accuse Twelver Shia of engaging in a sexual orgy after extinguishing the lights at Shaam-e-Ghariban after Ashura.[111][112]

Cambodia

According to French historian Michael Vickery (told to Étienne Aymonier) there were Khmer Theravada Buddhists who believed their Cham Sunni Muslim neighbours gathered for incest sex orgies after blowing the lights out in their mosques at night once a year.[113]

References

  1. ↑ Floor, Willem (2014). "Who Were the Candle Extinguishers or Cheragh-Koshan?". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 164 (1): 129–44. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.13173/zeitdeutmorggese.164.1.0129. 
  2. ↑ "Meaning of charagh-kush in English". https://www.rekhtadictionary.com/meaning-of-charaag-kush. 
  3. ↑ "چراغ کش - معنی در دیکشنری آبادیس". https://abadis.ir/fatofa/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA-%DA%A9%D8%B4/. 
  4. ↑ "جست‌وجوی چراغ کش". https://vajehyab.com/?q=%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA+%DA%A9%D8%B4. 
  5. ↑ Izady, Mehrdad (2015). Kurds: A Concise Handbook (reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 141. ISBN 978-1135844905. https://books.google.com/books?id=EAbICQAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+accusation+is+levied+against+many+other+religious+minorities+connected+in+various+ways+to+the+Cult+of+Angels%22&pg=PA141. 
  6. ↑ "Journals of the Rev. Joseph Wolff". The Calcutta Christian Observer 1: 293. 1832. https://books.google.com/books?id=hq8OAAAAIAAJ&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA293. 
  7. ↑ Steingass, Francis (1992). A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary: Including the Arabic Words and Phrases to be Met with in Persian Literature, Being, Johnson and Richardson's Persian, Arabic, and English Dictionary, Revised, Enlarged, and Entirely Reconstructed (revised ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 389. ISBN 8120606701. https://books.google.com/books?id=knA9NptP7xsC&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA389. 
  8. ↑ Erskine, William (2012). A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, Báber and Humáyun. 2 of Cambridge Library Collection - South Asian History. Cambridge University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-1108046206. https://books.google.com/books?id=PXzW-XS9TQMC&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA281. 
  9. ↑ "Bactriana, Balkh, Kunduz and Badakhshan". The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record (Woking, England: Oriental Institute) 8: 417. 1894. https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ie8nt2dr20C&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA417. 
  10. ↑ Dughlt, Mirza Muhammad Haidar (2008). A History of the Moghuls of Central Asi: The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (revised ed.). Cosimo, Inc.. p. 221. ISBN 978-1605201504. https://books.google.com/books?id=1pkeWqq7pdgC&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA221. 
  11. ↑ Morier, James Justinian (1824). The Adventures of Hajji Baba, of Ispahan, Volume 1. 1 of The Adventures of Hajji Baba, of Ispahan: In Three Volumes. Vol. I. [-III.] (2 ed.). John Murray. p. 147. https://books.google.com/books?id=wAklAAAAMAAJ&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA147. 
  12. ↑ Eliade, Mircea (2009). Trask, Willard R.. ed. Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Bollingen Series. 94 of Mythos: The Princeton/Bollingen Series in World Mythology (revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 490. ISBN 978-0691142036. https://books.google.com/books?id=V07l6gThaV0C&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA490. 
  13. ↑ Streeter, Edwin W. (1892). Precious stones and gems, their history, sources and characteristics. Рипол Классик. p. 229. ISBN 5878152762. https://books.google.com/books?id=OTcRAwAAQBAJ&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA229. 
  14. ↑ Bussell, Frederick William (1918). Religious thought and heresy in the Middle Ages. Jeannie Willis Memorial Fund. Dalcassian Publishing Company. p. 366. https://books.google.com/books?id=-TnNDwAAQBAJ&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA366. 
  15. ↑ Morier, James Justinian (1855). The Adventures of Hajji Baba: In Turkey, Persia and Russia. Lippincott, Grambo & Company. p. 124. https://books.google.com/books?id=4eQQAAAAYAAJ&dq=chiragh+kush&pg=PA124. 
  16. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D. (2011). Forged: Writing in the Name of God--Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are. HarperCollins. p. 167. ISBN 9780062078636. https://silo.pub/forged-writing-in-the-name-of-god-why-the-bibles-authors-are-not-who-we-think-they-are.html. 
  17. ↑ https://archive.org/details/BartD.Ehrman-ForgedWritingInTheNameOfGod-WhyTheBiblesAuthors/page/n185/mode/2up
  18. ↑ Felix, Minucius. Octavius. https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~kdickson/christians.html. 
  19. ↑ "The Christians Beat You To It". Feb 19, 2009. https://onlysky.media/cat/the-christians-beat-you-to-it/. 
  20. ↑ Wilken, Robert Louis (2003). The Christians As the Romans Saw Them (Second ed.). Yale University Press. p. 221. https://vialogue.wordpress.com/2020/04/19/the-christians-as-the-romans-saw-them-reflections-notes/. 
  21. ↑ Eastman, David L. (2021). Early North African Christianity: Turning Points in the Development of the Church. Baker Academic. p. 13. ISBN 978-1493431328. https://books.google.com/books?id=oKAHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22they+begin+to+burn+with+incestuous+passions.%22&pg=PT24. 
  22. ↑ Riedl, Matthias (2012). "The containment of Dionysos: religion and politics in the Bacchanalia affair of 186 BCE". International Political Anthropology 5 (2): 127. https://www.academia.edu/3857570. 
  23. ↑ Molinari, Andrea Lorenzo (2009). Romans and Christians AD 64: An Intergenerational Catechetical Experience of Martyrdom and Persecution in the Early Church. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 82. ISBN 978-1725244399. https://books.google.com/books?id=y077DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22they+begin+to+burn+with+incestuous+passions.%22&pg=PA82. 
  24. ↑ Glancy, Jennifer A.. Notes on early Christian responses to corporeality, sexuality, and intimacy in dining culture. University of Richmond. p. 4. https://www.scribd.com/document/195950950/Jennifer-Glancy-Christian-Reponses-to-Dining-RichmondUni-2009-p14#. 
  25. ↑ Talbert, Charles H., ed (2003). Reading Lucke-Acts in Its Mediterranean Milieu. 107 of Supplements to Novum Testamentum Series. BRILL. p. 154. ISBN 9004129642. https://books.google.com/books?id=-9CKE1F_uK8C&dq=%22they+begin+to+burn+with+incestuous+passions.%22&pg=PA154. 
  26. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D. (2016). A brief introduction to the New Testament (Fourth ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 216. ISBN 9780190276393. https://dokumen.pub/a-brief-introduction-to-the-new-testament-fourth-edition-9780190276393-9780190276454-0190276398.html. 
  27. ↑ Cooper, Derek (2018). Sinners and Saints: The Real Story of Early Christianity (illustrated ed.). Kregel Academic. p. 78. ISBN 978-0825444074. https://books.google.com/books?id=zCNZDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22they+begin+to+burn+with+incestuous+passions.%22&pg=PA78. 
  28. ↑ Ehrman, Bart D. (13 February 2018). The Triumph of Christianity. How a Forbidden Religion Swept the World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9781501136726. https://www.academia.edu/42705771. 
  29. ↑ Caroti, Marcello (2018). From Jesus to Marx, Birth and Death of a Civilization. https://www.academia.edu/11423423. 
  30. ↑ Porphyry (1994). Porphyry's Against The Christians. The Literary Remains. R. Joseph Hoffmann. Prometheus Books. p. 141. ISBN 0-87975-889-9. https://vdoc.pub/documents/porphyrys-against-the-christians-the-literary-remains-2nfk0e9dp4f0. 
  31. ↑ Lawrence Jr., Raymond J. (2007). Sexual Liberation: The Scandal Of Christendom. Praeger publishers. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-275-99373-3. https://vdoc.pub/documents/sexual-liberation-the-scandal-of-christendom-18ti8ue19msg. 
  32. ↑ Felix, Marcus Minucius (1974). Clarke, Graeme Wilber. ed. The Octavius (revised ed.). Paulist Press. p. 65. ISBN 0809101890. https://books.google.com/books?id=-Tq_t-sEP9sC&dq=%22they+begin+to+burn+with+incestuous+passions.%22&pg=PA65. 
  33. ↑ MacDonald, Margaret Y. (1996). Early Christian Women and Pagan Opinion: The Power of the Hysterical Woman (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0521567289. https://books.google.com/books?id=bpj0g2OJRYcC&dq=%22they+begin+to+burn+with+incestuous+passions.%22&pg=PA60. 
  34. ↑ Carson, Thomas G. (1905). Man's Responsibility: Or, How and Why, the Almighty Introduced Evil Upon the Earth. G.P.Putnam's sons. p. 141. https://books.google.com/books?id=hpINAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22now,+we+cannot+suppress+a+smile+at+this+preposterous+suggestion%22&pg=PA141. 
  35. ↑ "Orgy: Orgy in the Ancient Mediterranean World". Encyclopedia of Religion. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/orgy-orgy-ancient-mediterranean-world. 
  36. ↑ Sullivan, Karen (Winter 2001–2002). THE ORTHODOX ORIGINS OF HETERODOXY Or, how what is good becomes evil. https://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/sullivan.php. 
  37. ↑ Lees-Milne, James (1967). "SAINT PETER'S". C Michael Bloch. https://stpetersbasilica.info/Docs/JLM/SaintPeters-2.htm. 
  38. ↑ Tertullian. "The Apology VII". Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian. 3. WM. B. EERDMANS PUBLISHING COMPANY. https://www.ccel.org/ccel/s/schaff/anf03/cache/anf03.txt. 
  39. ↑ "Tertullian (Roberts-Donaldson)". https://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/tertullian01.html. 
  40. ↑ "Tertullian : J. E. B. Mayor - Apologeticus. Translation by Alex. Souter". https://www.tertullian.org/articles/mayor_apologeticum/mayor_apologeticum_07translation.htm. 
  41. ↑ Henrichs, Albert (2019). "2. Pagan ritual and the alleged crimes of the early Christians: A reconsideration". in Yunis, Harvey. II Greek Myth and Religion. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110449242. ISBN 9783110449242. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110449242-002/pdf. 
  42. ↑ Wagemakers, Bart (October 2010). "Incest, Infanticide, and Cannibalism: Anti-Christian Imputations in the Roman Empire". Greece and Rome 57 (2): 337–354. doi:10.1017/S0017383510000069. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231951834. 
  43. ↑ WAGEMAKERS, BART (2010). "Incest, Infanticide, and Cannibalism: Anti-Christian Imputations in the Roman Empire". Greece & Rome 57 (2): 337–54. doi:10.1017/S0017383510000069. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40929483. 
  44. ↑ LECKY, WILLIAM EDWARD HARTPOLE (1873). HISTORY OF EUROPEAN MORALS FROM AUGUSTUS TO CHARLEMAGNE. I. D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. p. 440. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&view=text&rgn=main&idno=AFX9466.0001.001. 
  45. ↑ Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (2020). History of European Morals From Augustus to Charlemagne (Vol. 1&2): Complete Edition. e-artnow. p. 440. https://books.google.com/books?id=VNthEAAAQBAJ&dq=celebrating+the+most+licentious+orgies,+feeding+on+human+flesh,+and+then,+the+lights+being+extinguished,+indulging+in+promiscuous,+and+especially+incestuous+intercourse.&pg=PT291. 
  46. ↑ Lecky, William Edward Hartpole (2022). History of European Morals From Augustus to Charlemagne. DigiCat. p. 440. https://books.google.com/books?id=RglzEAAAQBAJ&dq=celebrating+the+most+licentious+orgies,+feeding+on+human+flesh,+and+then,+the+lights+being+extinguished,+indulging+in+promiscuous,+and+especially+incestuous+intercourse.&pg=PT291. 
  47. ↑ McCabe, Richard A. (2008). Incest, Drama and Nature's Law, 1550-1700 (illustrated, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0521088749. https://books.google.com/books?id=o5y2Dtc55IEC&dq=%22random+unions,+all+equally+being+guilty+of+incest,+some+by+deed,+but+everyone+by+complicity%22&pg=PA38. 
  48. ↑ Wolf, Arthur P. (2014). Incest Avoidance and the Incest Taboos: Two Aspects of Human Nature (revised ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0804791694. https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxj1AgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Carposcratians+met+they+overturned+their+lamps+and+engaged+in+incestuous+orgies%22&pg=PA81. 
  49. ↑ "31. Incest and witchcraft". Incest Avoidance and the Incest Taboos. Stanford University Press. 2020. pp. 81–85. doi:10.1515/9780804791694-031. ISBN 9780804791694. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804791694-031/html?lang=de. 
  50. ↑ "30. Native testimony". Incest Avoidance and the Incest Taboos. Stanford University Press. 2020. pp. 77–81. doi:10.1515/9780804791694-030. ISBN 9780804791694. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780804791694-030/html?lang=en. 
  51. ↑ Russell, Jeffrey Burton (2019). Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-1501720314. https://books.google.com/books?id=mf6tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Carpocratians,+he+argued,+were+licentious,+practicing+incestuous+orgies+after+having+their+lamps+overturned%22&pg=PA91. 
  52. ↑ Russell, Jeffrey Burton (2019). Witchcraft in the Middle Ages. Cornell University Press. p. 89, 90. ISBN 978-1501720314. https://books.google.com/books?id=mf6tDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+idea+that+the+Christians+commonly+committed+incest+may+have+drawn+some+of+its+strength%22&pg=PA89. 
  53. ↑ "Why Early Christians Were Despised". 3 May 2010. https://www.christianity.com/church/church-history/timeline/1-300/why-early-christians-were-despised-11629610.html. 
  54. ↑ "Why Early Christians Were Despised". 11 January 2014. https://musingsofanearthalien.wordpress.com/2014/01/10/why-early-christians-were-despised/. 
  55. ↑ "CLILstore unit 4480: Religion Grade 8: Persecution of Christians". https://clilstore.eu/clilstore/page.php?id=4480. 
  56. ↑ "On kisses in the Orthodox Church | OrthoCuban". https://www.orthocuban.com/2010/06/on-kisses-in-the-orthodox-church/. 
  57. ↑ "03 Accusation-The Trial and Testimony of the Early Church, Part 3 | PDF | C. S. Lewis | Jesus". https://www.scribd.com/document/191993768/03-Accusation-The-Trial-and-Testimony-of-the-Early-Church-Part-3. 
  58. ↑ Wilson, M. Brett (May 2017). "THE TWILIGHT OF OTTOMAN SUFISM: ANTIQUITY, IMMORALITY, AND NATION IN YAKUP KADRI KARAOSMANOĞLU'S NUR BABA". International Journal of Middle East Studies 49 (2): 233–253. doi:10.1017/S0020743817000034. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/twilight-of-ottoman-sufism-antiquity-immorality-and-nation-in-yakup-kadri-karaosmanoglus-nur-baba/DC311704F797746FB52C39B492B76DF1. 
  59. ↑ Wilson, M. Brett (2017). "The Twilight of Ottoman Sufism: Antiquity, Immorality, and Nation in Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu'snur Baba". International Journal of Middle East Studies 49 (2): 233. doi:10.1017/S0020743817000034. https://www.academia.edu/87535799. 
  60. ↑ Martin, Lois (2010). A Brief History of Witchcraft. Brief Histories. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1849018043. https://books.google.com/books?id=I7KeBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tertullian+introduced+the+idea+that+not+only+were+the+lights+extinguished%22&pg=PT29. 
  61. ↑ Martin, Lois (2015). The History Of Witchcraft: Paganism, Spells, Wicca and mor. Oldcastle Books. ISBN 978-1843447962. https://books.google.com/books?id=52aFCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tertullian+introduced+the+idea+that+not+only+were+the+lights+extinguished%22&pg=PT44. 
  62. ↑ Kamir, Orit (2001). Every Breath You Take: Stalking Narratives and the Law (illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. p. 57. ISBN 0472110896. https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ-Ctr6w0DIC&dq=%22heretical+sects+were+accused+of+holding+promiscuous+and+incestuous+orgies+in+the+dark%22&pg=PA57. 
  63. ↑ Kamir, Orit (January 2001). "Every Breath You Take: Stalking Narratives and the Law". https://www.academia.edu/68963575. 
  64. ↑ Kamir, Orit (January 2001). "Every breath you take: Stalking narratives and the law". https://www.academia.edu/49678669. 
  65. ↑ Fontaine, Jean La (2016). Witches and Demons: A Comparative Perspective on Witchcraft and Satanism. 10 of Studies in Public and Applied Anthropology. Berghahn Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-1785330865. https://books.google.com/books?id=mBihCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22heretical+sects+were+accused+of+holding+promiscuous+and+incestuous+orgies+in+the+dark%22&pg=PA34. 
  66. ↑ Cohn, Norman (2011). Europe's Inner Demons: The Demonization of Christians in Medieval Christendom (illustrated, revised ed.). Random House. p. 73. ISBN 978-1448103935. https://books.google.com/books?id=YkjSoXCE8CAC&dq=%22heretical+sects+were+accused+of+holding+promiscuous+and+incestuous+orgies+in+the+dark%22&pg=PA73. 
  67. ↑ Cohn, Norman (2002). "2 The Demonization of Mediaeval Heretics". in Oldridge, Darren. The Witchcraft Reader. Routledge Readers in History Series (illustrated, revised ed.). Psychology Press. p. 48. ISBN 0415214939. https://books.google.com/books?id=971Dmfp2KMsC&dq=%22heretical+sects+were+accused+of+holding+promiscuous+and+incestuous+orgies+in+the+dark%22&pg=PA48. 
  68. ↑ Cohn, Norman (2019). "The Demonisation of Medieval Heretics". in Oldridge, Darren. The Witchcraft Reader (3 ed.). Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 9781351345231. https://ebin.pub/the-witchcraft-reader-3nbsped-9781351345231-1351345230.html. 
  69. ↑ Cohn, Norman (2019). "The Demonisation of Medieval Heretics". The Witchcraft Reader. pp. 30–36. doi:10.4324/9781315123035-4. ISBN 9781315123035. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315123035-4/demonisation-medieval-heretics-norman-cohn. 
  70. ↑ Eliade, Mircea (2012). Occultism, Witchcraft, and Cultural Fashions: Essays in Comparative Religion (revised ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0226163307. https://books.google.com/books?id=9NknAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22they+feasted+and+drank,+and+finally+the+lights+were+extinguished.%22&pg=PA87. 
  71. ↑ "OCCULTISM, WITCHCRAF7; and ceultural YA HIONS - PDF Free Download". https://docplayer.net/49231461-Occultism-witchcraf7-and-ceultural-ya-hions.html. 
  72. ↑ Goldberg, B.Z. (1930). "IV THE REVOLT AGAINST GOD". The Sacred Fire. HORACE LIVERIGHT. p. 336. https://www.sacred-texts.com/sex/tsf/tsf21.htm. 
  73. ↑ Martin, Lois (2010). A Brief History of Witchcraft. Brief Histories. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1849018043. https://books.google.com/books?id=NR7BBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22dogs,+he+claimed,+were+tied+to+the+lamps+and,+when+it+was+time+for+the+lights+to+be+extinguished%22&pg=PT29. 
  74. ↑ Ives, I. M. (1853). Two Lectures on the Inquisition: Delivered by Request, Before the Young Men's Association, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Rufus King. p. 16. https://books.google.com/books?id=mzkRsnHvXBMC&dq=%22the+lights+were+then+extinguished,+and+they+delivered%22&pg=PA16. 
  75. ↑ Schuler, G. M. (1865–1867). "ART. III. -Mediaeval Manichaeism and the Inquisition Die Intolerans der Katholischen Kirche". The Dublin Review: A Quarterly and Critical Journal (Augsburg : Kollmann: Dublin Review) 13: 62. https://books.google.com/books?id=zMmOOm47ZT8C&dq=%22the+lights+were+then+extinguished,+and+they+delivered%22&pg=PA62. 
  76. ↑ Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick, ed (1865–1867). "ART. III. -Mediaeval Manichaeism and the Inquisition Die Intolerans der Katholischen Kirche". The Dublin Review (Augsburg : Kollmann: Tablet Publishing Company) 13: 62. https://books.google.com/books?id=mezPAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22the+lights+were+then+extinguished,+and+they+delivered%22&pg=PA62. 
  77. ↑ Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick, ed (1865–1867). Wiseman Review. 60. W. Spooner.. p. 62. https://books.google.com/books?id=SWMVAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22the+lights+were+then+extinguished,+and+they+delivered%22&pg=PA62. 
  78. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1887). Ch. 1. The Church. 1 of A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. Harper & Bros.. p. 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=CROAua8aVbUC&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PA101. 
  79. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1888). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Volume 1. 1 of A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: In 3 Volumes. Harper & brothers. p. 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=O94zl02tNogC&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PA101. 
  80. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (2022). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Vol 1. Sheba Blake Publishing Corp.. ISBN 978-1222378191. https://books.google.com/books?id=rpaLEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PT218. 
  81. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1888). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Origin and organization of the Inquisition. 1 of A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. Harper & Brothers. p. 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=XUI_AAAAYAAJ&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PA101. 
  82. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1888). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Volume 1. Religion and the law. 1 of A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages: In 3 Volumes. Harper & brothers. p. 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=jDkJAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PA101. 
  83. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1887). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, Volume 1. p. 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TlStiisJ0C&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PA101. 
  84. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (1887). Origin and organization of the Inquisition. 1 of A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. Harper & brothers. p. 101. https://books.google.com/books?id=BDp39dzEPsgC&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PA101. 
  85. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (2020). A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages (Vol. 1-3): Complete Edition. e-artnow. https://books.google.com/books?id=rtVhEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PT91. 
  86. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles (2022). A History of the Inquisition. DigiCat. https://books.google.com/books?id=mMmjEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PT91. 
  87. ↑ Lea, Henry Charles. A History of The Inquisition of The Middle Ages - Volume I Revised. Lulu.com. p. 68. ISBN 1773563955. https://books.google.com/books?id=RW7JDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22wild+stories,+moreover,+were+told+of+the+nightly+orgies+in+which+the+lights+were%22&pg=PA68. 
  88. ↑ "Page:A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages-Volume I .PDF/121 - Wikisource, the free online library". https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:A_History_of_the_Inquisition_of_the_Middle_Ages-Volume_I_.pdf/121. 
  89. ↑ "Chapter III". A History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Inquisition_of_the_Middle_Ages/Volume_I/Chapter_III. 
  90. ↑ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of a History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages; volume I, by Henry Charles Lea". https://www.gutenberg.org/files/39451/39451-h/39451-h.htm. 
  91. ↑ Cohn, Norman (2013). "1 The Myth of Satan and his Human Servants". in Douglas, Mary. Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations (revised ed.). Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1135032982. https://books.google.com/books?id=UbUUBP4CQowC&dq=%22presided+over+by+Satan,+where+sexual+orgies+were+performed+and%22&pg=PA11. 
  92. ↑ "Witchcraft Confessions and Accusations [PDF] [7b77cj4t2q20]". https://vdoc.pub/documents/witchcraft-confessions-and-accusations-7b77cj4t2q20. 
  93. ↑ Breslaw, Elaine G. (1997). Tituba, Reluctant Witch of Salem: Devilish Indians and Puritan Fantasies. The American Social Experience (illustrated, revised ed.). NYU Press. p. 148. ISBN 0814713076. https://books.google.com/books?id=beETCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22presided+over+by+Satan,+where+sexual+orgies+were+performed+and%22&pg=PA148. 
  94. ↑ Breslaw, Elaine G (1997). "Tituba's Confession: The Multicultural Dimensions of the 1692 Salem Witch-Hunt". Ethnohistory 44 (3): 535–56. doi:10.2307/483035. https://www.jstor.org/stable/483035. 
  95. ↑ "Duke University Press and the American Society for Ethnohisto.docx". https://www.slideshare.net/MARRY7/duke-university-press-and-the-american-society-for-ethnohistodocx. 
  96. ↑ "Analyze a scholarly article (Chicago manuel style) | History homework help". https://www.sweetstudy.com/sites/default/files/qx/15/03/27/09/sources.pdf. 
  97. ↑ Allison, Christine (2001). The Yezidi Oral Tradition in Iraqi Kurdistan. Psychology Press. p. 37, 284. ISBN 0700713972. https://books.google.com/books?id=1WBTVlGe8P8C&dq=%22rumours+that+the+yezidis+indulged+in+mass%22&pg=PA37. 
  98. ↑ Sökefeld, Martin (2008). Struggling for Recognition: The Alevi Movement in Germany and in Transnational Space (revised ed.). Berghahn Books. p. 42, 43. ISBN 978-0857450142. https://books.google.com/books?id=_sEtYfs2S4MC&dq=%22candles+are+extinguished+and+that+in+the+darkness+men+and+women+indulge%22&pg=PA42. 
  99. ↑ "Turkey: The Alevi faith, principles, beliefs, rituals and practices (1995-2005)". Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 7 April 2005. https://www.refworld.org/docid/42df61b320.html. 
  100. ↑ Hasluck, F. W. (1921). "HETERODOX TRIBES OF ASIA MINOR". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) 51-52: 338. https://books.google.com/books?id=xtYZAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22is+generally+thought+to+be+a+calumny%22+%22against+the+druses%22&pg=PA338. 
  101. ↑ Hasluck, F. W. (1921). "HETERODOX TRIBES OF ASIA MINOR". The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) 51-52: 338. https://books.google.com/books?id=5EpRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22is+generally+thought+to+be+a+calumny%22+%22against+the+druses%22. 
  102. ↑ Hasluck, F. W. (1921). "HETERODOX TRIBES OF ASIA MINOR". Journal - Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland (Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland) 51: 338. doi:10.2307/2843453. https://books.google.com/books?id=qE45AdEwGFoC&q=%22is+generally+thought+to+be+a+calumny%22+%22against+the+druses%22. 
  103. ↑ HASLUCK, F. W. (1929). HASLUCK, MARGARET M.. ed. CHRISTIANITY AND ISLAM UNDER THE SULTANS. 1. OXFORD: CLARENDON PRESS. p. 153. https://www.academia.edu/40487065. 
  104. ↑ Moosa, Matti (1988). Extremist Shiites: The Ghulat Sects. Contemporary Issues in the Middle East. Syracuse University Press. p. 137, 138. ISBN 0815624115. https://books.google.com/books?id=WYO1BqdvX9EC&dq=%22(candle+extinguishers)+on+the+Kizilbash%22&pg=PA137. 
  105. ↑ Krieger, Bella Tendler (2015). "21 New Evidence for the Survival of Sexually Libertine Rites among some Nuṣayrī-ʿAlawīs of the Nineteenth Century". Islamic Cultures, Islamic Contexts. pp. 565–596. doi:10.1163/9789004281714_022. ISBN 978-90-04-28171-4. https://brill.com/downloadpdf/book/edcoll/9789004281714/B9789004281714_022.xml. 
  106. ↑ Al-Hallaq, Abdullah Amin (18 June 2018). "I am from Salamiya but none of this applies to me". https://syriauntold.com/2018/06/18/i-am-from-salamiya-but-none-of-this-applies-to-me/. 
  107. ↑ Al-Hallaq, Abdullah Amin (18 June 2018). "I am from Salamiya but none of this applies to me". https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/i-am-from-salamiya-but-none-of-this-applies-to-me/. 
  108. ↑ Lyde, Samuel (1853). The Ansyreeh and Ismaeleeh: A Visit to the Secret Sects of Northern Syria, with a View to the Establishment of Schools. Hurst and Blackett. p. 238. https://books.google.com/books?id=z4ZpAAAAcAAJ&dq=%22their+secret+prayers+and+rites+are+of+a+most+disgusting+kind,+far+too+disgusting+to+be+mentioned%22&pg=PA238. 
  109. ↑ Bussell, Frederick William (1918). Religious thought and heresy in the Middle Ages. Dalcassian Publishing Company. p. 366. https://books.google.com/books?id=-TnNDwAAQBAJ&dq=directed+in+Central+Asia+against+the+ismailite+Chiragh-Kush+or+lamp+extin-guishers+by+Mirza+Haidar,&pg=PA366. 
  110. ↑ Bliss, Frank (2006). Social and Economic Change in the Pamirs (Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan): Translated from German by Nicola Pacult and Sonia Guss with Support of Tim Sharp (illustrated ed.). Routledge. p. 236. ISBN 1134396171. https://books.google.com/books?id=sJpH_54CDHQC&dq=%22rumours+abounded+that+the+Pamiris+slept+with+their+sisters,+mothers+and+all+other+kinswomen%22&pg=PA236. 
  111. ↑ Farwa (September 15, 2018). "This Pakistani Guy Clears Misconceptions People Have About "Shias" And Muharram". parhlo. https://www.parhlo.com/this-pakistani-guy-clears-misconceptions-people-have-about-shias-and-muharram/. 
  112. ↑ "13 Ignorant Things Shias Have Heard About Muharram From Other Pakistanis". Propergaanda. 27 September 2017. https://propergaanda.com/2017/09/27/11-ignorant-things-shias-heard-muharram-pakistanis/. 
  113. ↑ Kersten, Carool (2006). "Cambodia's Muslim King: Khmer and Dutch Sources on the Conversion of Reameathipadei I, 1642-1658". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 37 (1): 13. doi:10.1017/S0022463405000408. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20072683. 




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