Religion:Hadith al-Thaqalayn
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The Hadith al-Thaqalayn (Arabic: حديث الثقلين) refers to a hadith (lit. saying) attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad that introduces the Quran and his progeny as the only sources of divine guidance after his death. Widely reported by both Shia and Sunni authorities, the Hadith al-Thaqalayn is of particular significance for the Twelver Shia, where their Twelve Imams are viewed as the spiritual and political successors of Muhammad.
Hadith al-Thaqalayn
There are also several slightly different versions of this hadith in Sunni sources.[1] The version that appears in the canonical Sunni collection Musnad Ahmad is as follows:
I [Muhammad] left among you two treasures which, if you cling to them, you shall not be led into error after me. One of them is greater than the other: The book of God [Quran], which is a rope stretched from Heaven to Earth, and [the second one is] my progeny, my Ahl al-Bayt. These two shall not be parted until they return to the pool [of abundance in paradise, kawthar].[1]
Muhammad might have repeated this statement on multiple occasions,[1][2][3] including the Farewell Pilgrimage shortly before his death.[2] The version of this hadith in the Sunni collection as-Sunan al-kubra also includes the warning, "Be careful how you treat the two [treasures] after me."[4] According to the Shia Tabatabai (d. 1981), the Hadith al-Thaqalayn has been transmitted through more than a hundred channels by over thirty-five of Muhammad's companions.[5] In some Sunni versions of the hadith, the word sunna appears instead of ahl al-bayt.[6][7]
Ahl al-Bayt
Muslims disagree as to who belong to the Ahl al-Bayt (lit. people of the house),[7] a term which also appears in verse 33:33 of the Quran, known as the Verse of Purification.[8] Shia Islam limits the Ahl al-Bayt to the Ahl al-Kisa, namely, Muhammad, his daughter Fatima, her husband Ali, and their two sons, Hasan and Husayn.[9][10] There are various views in Sunni Islam, though a typical compromise is to include also Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.[6] In Shia theology works, the Ahl al-Bayt often also includes the remaining Shia Imams.[11] The term is sometimes loosely applied in Shia writings to all descendants of Ali and Fatima.[11][12][13]
Inclusion of the Ahl al-Kisa
The majority of the traditions quoted by al-Tabari (d. 923) in his exegesis identify the Ahl al-Bayt in the Verse of Purification with the Ahl al-Kisa, namely, Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hasan, and Husayn.[11][14][15] These traditions are also cited by some other early Sunni authorities, including Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 855), al-Suyuti (d. 1505), al-Hafiz al-Kabir,[16] and Ibn Kathir (d. 1373).[17] The canonical Sunni collection Sunnan al-Tirmidhi reports that Muhammad limited the Ahl al-Bayt to Ali, Fatima, and their two sons when the Verse of Purification was revealed to him.[18] In the Event of Mubahala, Muhammad is believed to have gathered these four under his cloak and referred to them as the Ahl al-Bayt, according to Shia and some Sunni sources,[1][15] including the canonical Sahih Muslim and Sunan al-Tirmidhi.[19] Veccia Vaglieri writes that Muhammad recited the Verse of Purification every morning when he passed by Fatima's house to remind them of the fajr prayer.[20] This makeup of the Ahl al-Bayt is echoed by Veccia Vaglieri and Jafri,[20][21] and unanimously reported in Shia sources.[6]
Inclusion of Muhammad's wives
Possibly because the earlier injunctions in the Verse of Purification are addressed at Muhammad's wives,[7] some Sunni authors, such as Ibn Kathir, include Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.[11] A number of Sunni hadiths also support the inclusion of Muhammad's wives in the Ahl al-Bayt.[22] This view is shared by Goldziher and his coauthors.[11] Alternatively, Leaman argues that only those wives of prophets who mother their successors are counted by the Quran in their ahl al-bayt.[10]
Significance in Sunni Islam
Some Sunni versions of this hadith replace ahl al-bayt with sunna.[6][7] Esposito elaborates, "The Prophet Muhammad is seen as the 'living Quran,' the embodiment of God's will in his behavior and words. Sunni Muslims ... take their name from sunna, meaning those who follow the example of the Prophet."[23] Both Sunni and Shia Muslims uphold the Quran and the Sunna, though the Shia extends Sunna to also include the traditions and practices of their Imams.[24]
Significance in Twelver Shia Islam
Hadith al-Thaqalayn implies that the Quran and Muhammad's progeny jointly serve as the only source of divine guidance after Muhammad, writes the Twelver Tabatabai.[25] The hadith also implicitly describes the descendants of Muhammad as the interpreters of the Quran.[26] Tabatabai further argues that a divine guide must be infallible lest he leads his followers astray. As such, he notes, Muhammad's progeny in the hadith must refer only to specific descendants of Muhammad, whom the Twelvers refer to as Imams. In particular, Tabatabai argues that the earth is never void of an infallible Imam of Muhammad's descent as the leader and guide of humankind in his time by divine designation. These are the Twelve Imams for the Twelver Shia.[25] The last of these Imams, Muhammad al-Mahdi, went into occultation in 260/873-874 and his advent is awaited by the Twelvers.[27] While there are differences in details, the belief in the eschatological Mahdi remains popular among all Muslims, possibly owing to numerous traditions to this effect in canonical Sunni and Shia sources.[28]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Momen 1985, p. 16.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Abbas 2021, pp. 81, 209.
- ↑ Mavani 2013, p. 80.
- ↑ Abbas 2021, p. 81.
- ↑ Tabatabai 1975, p. 60.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Goldziher, Arendonk & Tritton 2022.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Brunner 2014.
- ↑ Nasr et al. 2015, p. 2331.
- ↑ Momen 1985, pp. 16, 17.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Leaman 2006.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Howard 1984.
- ↑ Esposito 2004, p. 9.
- ↑ Glassé 2003.
- ↑ Madelung 1997, pp. 14, 15.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Algar 1984.
- ↑ Mavani 2013, p. 71.
- ↑ Lalani 2000, pp. 69, 147.
- ↑ Momen 1985, pp. 16-7, 325.
- ↑ Momen 1985, pp. 16, 325.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Veccia Vaglieri 2022.
- ↑ Jafri 1979, p. 17.
- ↑ Madelung 1997, p. 15.
- ↑ Esposito 2010, p. 43.
- ↑ Ahmad 2010, p. 59.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Tabatabai 1975, p. 156.
- ↑ Bar-Asher.
- ↑ (Momen 1985)
- ↑ Madelung 2022.
Sources
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. pp. 16. ISBN 9780300035315.
- Abbas, Hassan (2021). The Prophet's heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. pp. 81. ISBN 9780300252057.
- Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 9781135044732. https://archive.org/details/religiousauthori0000mava/mode/2up.
- Bearman, P., ed (2022). "Ahl Al-Bayt". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
- Fitzpatrick, C.; Walker, A.H., eds (2014). "Ahl al-Bayt". Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God. pp. 5–9. https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/page/4/mode/2up.
- Leaman, O., ed (2006). "AHL AL-BAYT". The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 16, 17. https://archive.org/details/thequrananencyclopediaed.byoliverleaman_201909/page/n43/mode/2up.
- "AHL-E BAYT". Encyclopædia Iranica. I/6. 1984. p. 635. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ahl-e-bayt.
- The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. 2004. p. 9. ISBN 9780199757268. https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada/page/8/mode/2up.
- Glassé, C. (2003). "Ahl al-Bayt". The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Rowman Altamira. p. 31. ISBN 9780759101906. https://archive.org/details/newencyclopediao0000glas/page/30/mode/2up.
- The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780521646963. https://archive.org/details/successiontomuam0000made.
- "ĀL-E ʿABĀ". Encyclopædia Iranica. I. 1984. p. 742. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/al-e-aba-the-family-of-the-cloak-i.
- Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1860644344.
- Bearman, P., ed (2022). "Fāṭima". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
- Jafri, S.H.M (1979). Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam. London: Longman. https://archive.org/details/OriginsAndEarlyDevelopmentOfShiaIslamBySyedHusainMohammadJafri/mode/2up.
- Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1975). Shi'ite Islam. Translated by Sayyid Hossein Nasr. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-87395-390-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=Be5DeNM8d1EC&pg=PA258.
- Bearman, P., ed (2022). "Al-Mahdī". Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.
- Nasr, S.H.; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, M.M. et al., eds (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. Harper Collins. ISBN 9780062227621. https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up.
- The Future of Islam. Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-516521-0. https://archive.org/details/futureofislam0000espo.
- Theory and Practice of Modern Islamic Finance: The Case Analysis from Australia. Boca Raton, Florida: BrownWalker Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-59942-517-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=wRlI0nJp5mEC&pg=PA59.
- Pink, Johanna, ed. "Shīʿism and the Qurʾān". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. doi:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00181. http://dx.doi.org.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00181. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
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