Religion:Kalīla wa-Dimna

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Short description: Arabic collection of fables
Kalila-wa-Dimna 1.jpg
The two jackals of the title, Kalila and Dimna. Arabic illustration, 1220
AuthorIbn al-Muqaffa'
LanguageArabic, Middle Persian
GenreBeast fable

Kalīla wa-Dimna or Kelileh o Demneh (Arabic: كليلة ودمنة; Persian: کلیله و دمنه‎) is a collection of fables. The book consists of fifteen chapters containing a lot of fables whose heroes are animals. A remarkable animal character is the lion, who plays the role of the king; he has a servant ox Shetrebah, while the two jackals of the title, Kalila and Dimna, appear both as narrators and as protagonists. Its likely origin is the Sanskrit Panchatantra. The book has been translated into many languages, with surviving illustrations in manuscripts from the 13th century onwards.

Origins

Further information: Religion:Panchatantra

The book is based on the c. 200 BC Sanskrit text Pañcatantra. It was translated into Middle Persian in the sixth century by Borzuya.[1][2][3] It was subsequently translated into Arabic in the eighth century by the Persian Ibn al-Muqaffa'.[4] King Vakhtang VI of Kartli made a translation from Persian to Georgian in the 18th century.[5] His work, later edited by his mentor Sulkhan-Saba Orbeliani, has been used as a reference while determining the possible original text, along with an earlier unfinished translation by King David I of Kakheti.[6]

Synopsis

The King Dabschelim is visited by the philosopher Bidpai who tells him a collection of stories of anthropomorphised animals with important morals for a King. The stories are in response to requests of parables from Dabschelim and they follow a Russian doll format, with stories interwoven and nested to some depth. There are fifteen main stories, acting as frame stories with many more stories within them. The two jackals, Kalila and Dimna, feature both as narrators of the stories and as protagonists within them. They work in the court of the king, Bankala the lion. Kalila is happy with his lot, whereas Dimna constantly struggles to gain fame. The stories are allegories set in a human social and political context, and in the manner of fables illustrate human life.

Manuscripts

Manuscripts of the text have for many centuries and translated into different languages contained illustrations to accompany the fables.

c.1220 edition (BNF Arabe 3465)

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 34r. Frontispiece.[7]

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 20v. King wearing the aqabā' turkī with uninscribed tiraz armbands.[8]

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 86r. Animal scene

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Arabe 3465, folio 95v. Animal scene

1313 edition (BNF Latin 8504)

French translation of Kalila wa Dimna, Raymond de Béziers, dated to 1313 CE. Now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France (BNF Latin 8504).[9]

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Ruler: Philip IV and family.

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504. Regnal scene

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 23v. Animal scene.

  • Kalila wa Dimna BNF Latin 8504, folio 26r. Animal scene.

Other editions

  • Spanish manuscript, workshop of Frederick of Castile, 1251–1261

  • The crows and the owls. Syrian painter, c. 1300–1325

  • The jackals Kalila and Dimna look on as the snake and the elephant fight. Arabic, 1340

  • "Barzueh heals the sick". 1346–1347

  • Hare fools Elephant by showing the moon's reflection. Arabic, 1354

  • The turtle and the monkey. Persian, Timurid school, c. 1410–1420

  • A page from a Persian manuscript, dated 1429

  • The lion eats the bull, as the two jackals look on. Painted in Herat, 1430

  • The jackals Kalila and Dimna in their den. Herat school, 1431

  • Fanzah refuses to return to the King. Probably made for Pir Budaq, Baghdad?, c. 1460

  • "Kalila and Dimna Discussing Dimna's Plans to Become a Confidante of the Lion". 18th century

  • Armenian translation of The story of seven sages, 1740

Legacy

Ibn al-Muqaffa's translation of the Middle Persian manuscript of Kalila and Dimna is considered a masterpiece of Arabic and world literature.[10][11] In 1480, Johannes Gutenberg published Anton von Pforr's German version, Buch der Beispiele der alten Weisen. La Fontaine, in the preface to his second collection of Fables, explicitly acknowledged his debt to "the Indian sage Pilpay".[12] The collection has been adapted in plays,[13][14][15] cartoons,[16] and commentary works.[17][18]

See also

  • Hitopadesa
  • Jataka tales

References

  1. ↑ Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko (2021-11-03). "Translations of Historical Works from Middle Persian into Arabic". Quaderni di Studi Arabi 16 (1–2): 42–60. doi:10.1163/2667016X-16010003. ISSN 2667-016X. https://brill.com/view/journals/qsa/16/1-2/article-p42_3.xml. Retrieved 2 September 2023. 
  2. ↑ "About Kalila wa-Dimna" (in en-US). https://www.kalilawadimnaexhibit.com/about-kalila-wa-dimna. 
  3. ↑ Kinoshita, Sharon (2008). "Translation, empire, and the worlding of medieval literature: the travels of Kalila wa Dimna". Postcolonial Studies 11 (4): 371–385. doi:10.1080/13688790802456051. 
  4. ↑ "Kalila and Dimna.". https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667224/. 
  5. ↑ Ვახტანგ VI. Საქართველოს ილუსტრირებული ისტორია. პალიტრა L. 2015. https://evergreen.tsu.ge/eg/opac/record/134029?qtype=author;query=%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%20%20%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%20. Retrieved 3 May 2019. 
  6. ↑ "Dakabadonebuli Qilila da damana". Ilia State University, Georgia. 2012. http://iliauni.edu.ge/uploads/other/17/17836.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Contadini 2012, Plate 8.
  8. ↑ Stillman, Yedida K. (2003). Arab dress: a short history; from the dawn of Islam to modern times (Rev. 2. ed.). Brill. p. Plate 30. ISBN 978-90-04-11373-2. 
  9. ↑ "Consultation". https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc67789r. 
  10. ↑ "World Digital Library, Kalila and Dimna". https://www.wdl.org/en/item/8933/. 
  11. ↑ "Kalila wa-Dimna – Wisdom Encoded". 7 October 2018. https://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/en/e/kalila-wa-dimna/about-kwd/index.html. 
  12. ↑ "Paul Lunde article in Saudi Aramco World, 1972". https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/197204/kalila.wa.dimna.htm. 
  13. ↑ "Kalila wa Dimna play for Children held in Bahrain, 2003". http://www.alwasatnews.com/news/195712.html. 
  14. ↑ "Kalila wa Dimna play for children held in Jerusalem". http://www.sabreen.org/documents/about%20kalila.doc. 
  15. ↑ "Kalila wa Dimna play held in Tunisia, 2016". http://www.essahafa.info.tn/index.php?id=59&tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=64997&tx_ttnews%5bbackPid%5d=5&cHash=2d0719fa57. 
  16. ↑ "Kalila wa Dimna cartoon series debut on Al-Jazeera kids, 2006". http://www.aljazeera.net/news/cultureandart/2006/8/31/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84. 
  17. ↑ ""The Wisdom of Kalila wa Dimna" book launch by prominent Palestinian writer, 2016". http://pnn.ps/2016/02/05/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9%D8%A5%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1/. 
  18. ↑ "Signing of a Kalila wa Dimna commentary work by prominent Jordanian writer, 2011". 3 May 2011. http://www.aleqt.com/2011/05/03/article_534114.html. 

Sources

External links



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