Religion:Ramadan

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Ramadan[lower-alpha 1]Template:Efn-num is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), communal prayer (salah), reflection, and community.[5] It is also the month in which the Quran is believed to have been revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the five pillars of Islam[6] and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next.[7][8]

Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (fard) for all adult Muslims who are not acutely or chronically ill, travelling, elderly, breastfeeding, pregnant, or menstruating.[9] The predawn meal is referred to as suhur, and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called iftar.[10][11] Although rulings (fatawa) have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca,[12] it is common practice to follow the timetable of the closest country in which night can be distinguished from day.[13][14][15]

The spiritual rewards (thawab) of fasting are believed to be multiplied during Ramadan.[16] Accordingly, during the hours of fasting, Muslims refrain not only from food and drink, but also from all behavior deemed to be sinful in Islam,[17][18] devoting themselves instead to prayer and study of the Quran.[19][20]

Etymology

The word Ramadan derives from the Arabic root R-M-Ḍ (ر-م-ض) 'scorching heat',[21] which is the Classical Arabic verb ramiḍa (رَمِضَ) meaning 'become intensely hot – become burning; become scorching; be blazing; be glowing'.[22][23]

Ramadan is thought of as one of the names of God in Islam by some, and as such it is reported in many hadiths that it is prohibited to say only "Ramadan" in reference to the calendar month and that it is necessary to say "month of Ramadan", as reported in Sunni,[24][25][26][27][28][29] Shia[30][31][32][33][34][35] and Zaydi[36] sources. However, the report has been graded by others as Mawḍūʻ (fabricated)[37] and inauthentic.[24]

In the Persian language, the Arabic letter ض (Ḍād) is pronounced as /z/. The Muslim communities in some countries with historical Persian influence, such as Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, India, Pakistan and Turkey, use the word Ramazan or Ramzan. The word Romzan is used in Bangladesh.[38]

History

Chapter 2, Verse 185 in Arabic

Ramadan is the month on which the Quran was revealed as a guide for humanity with clear proofs of guidance and the standard ˹to distinguish between right and wrong˺. So whoever is present this month, let them fast. But whoever is ill or on a journey, then ˹let them fast˺ an equal number of days ˹after Ramaḍân˺. Allah intends ease for you, not hardship, so that you may complete the prescribed period and proclaim the greatness of Allah for guiding you, and perhaps you will be grateful.

— Surah Al-Baqara 2:185

Muslims hold that all scriptures were revealed during Ramadan, the scrolls of Abraham, Torah, Psalms, Gospel, and Quran having been handed down during that month.[39] Muhammad is said to have received his first quranic revelation on Laylat al-Qadr, one of five odd-numbered nights that fall during the last ten days of Ramadan.[40]

Although Muslims were first commanded to fast in the second year of Hijra (624 CE),[39] they believe that the practice of fasting is not in fact an innovation of monotheism[41] but rather has always been necessary for believers to attain fear of God (taqwa).[42] [Quran 2:183] They point to the fact that the pre-Islamic pagans of Mecca fasted on the tenth day of Muharram to expiate sin and avoid drought.[43] Philip Jenkins argues that the observance of Ramadan fasting grew out of "the strict Lenten discipline of the Syrian Churches", a postulation corroborated by other scholars, including theologian Paul-Gordon Chandler,[44][45] but disputed by some Muslim academics.[46] The Quran itself emphasizes that the fast it prescribes had already been prescribed to earlier biblical communities (2:183), even though an explicit intertext for this pre-Islamic practice does not exist.[47]

Important dates

The Islamic calendar is a lunar one, where each month begins when the first crescent of a new moon is sighted. The Islamic year consists of 12 lunar cycles, and consequently it is 10 to 11 days shorter than the solar year, and as it contains no intercalation,[lower-alpha 2] Ramadan migrates throughout the seasons. The Islamic day starts after sunset. The estimated start and end dates for Ramadan, based on the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia, are:[48]

Ramadan dates between 2022 and 2026
AH First day (CE/AD) Last day (CE/AD)
1443 2 April 2022 1 May 2022
1444 23 March 2023 20 April 2023
1445 11 March 2024 09 April 2024
1446 01 March 2025[49] 29 March 2025
1447 18 February 2026 19 March 2026
An iftar meal

Many Muslims insist on the local physical sighting of the moon to mark the beginning of Ramadan, but others use the calculated time of the new moon or the Saudi Arabian declaration to determine the start of the month. Since the new moon is not in the same state at the same time globally, the beginning and ending dates of Ramadan depend on what lunar sightings are received in each respective location. As a result, Ramadan dates vary in different countries, but usually only by a day. This is due to the cycles of the moon; the moon may not meet the criteria to qualify as a waxing crescent, which delineates the change in months, at the time of sundown in one location while later meeting it in another location.[50] Astronomical projections that approximate the start of Ramadan are available.[51]

In Shia Islam, one of the special dates of this month is the day of the assassination of Ali, the fourth Rashidun caliph and the first Shia Imam. Ali was struck during morning prayer on the 19th day of Ramadan, 40 AH, and he died on the 21st day of the month. They engage in mourning and prayer on these nights, especially in Iran.[52]

Beginning

Ramadan beginning dates between Gregorian years 1938 and 2038.

Because the hilāl, or crescent moon, typically occurs approximately one day after the new moon, Muslims can usually estimate the beginning of Ramadan;[53] however, many Muslims prefer to confirm the opening of Ramadan by direct visual observation of the crescent.[54]

Laylat al-Qadr

Main article: Religion:Night of Power

The Laylat al-Qadr (Arabic: لیلة القدر) or "Night of Power" is the night that Muslims believe the Quran was first sent down to the world, and Muhammad received his first quranic revelation from it. The night is considered to be the holiest night of the year.[55][56] It is generally believed to have occurred on an odd-numbered night during the last ten days of Ramadan; the Dawoodi Bohra believe that Laylat al-Qadr was the twenty-third night of Ramadan.[57][58]

Eid

Main articles: Religion:Eid al-Fitr and Eid prayers

The holiday of Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر), which marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal,[59] the next lunar month, is declared after a crescent new moon has been sighted or after completion of thirty days of fasting if no sighting of the moon is possible. Eid celebrates the return to a more natural disposition (fitra) of eating, drinking, and marital intimacy.[60]

Religious practices

Azim Azimzade. Ramadan of the poor people. 1938

The common practice is to fast from dawn to sunset. The pre-dawn meal before the fast is called the suhur, while the meal at sunset that breaks the fast is called iftar.[61]

Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their self-discipline, motivated by hadith:[62][63] "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains."[64]

Fasting

Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection, self-improvement, and heightened devotion and worship. Muslims are expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam. The fast (sawm) begins at dawn and ends at sunset. In addition to abstaining from eating and drinking, Muslims abstain from sexual relations[65] and sinful speech and behaviour during Ramadan. Fasting is said to redirect the heart away from worldly activities, and to cleanse the soul by freeing it from harmful impurities. Muslims believe that Ramadan teaches them to practice self-discipline, self-control,[66] sacrifice, and empathy for those who are less fortunate, thus encouraging actions of generosity and compulsory charity (zakat).[67]

Exemptions from fasting include those traveling, menstruating, severely ill, pregnant, or breastfeeding.[61] Those unable to fast are obligated to make up the missed days later.[68]

Suhur

Main article: Religion:Suhur
Iftar at the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey

Each day before dawn, Muslims observe a pre-fast meal called the suhur. After stopping a short time before dawn, Muslims begin the first prayer of the day, Fajr.[69][70]

Iftar

Main article: Religion:Iftar
Picture of some of the dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria
Some dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria

At sunset, families break the fast with the iftar, traditionally opening the meal by eating dates to commemorate Muhammad's practice of breaking the fast with three dates.[71][72] They then adjourn for Maghrib, the fourth of the five required daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.[73]

Social gatherings, many times in buffet style, are frequent at iftar. Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional desserts, particularly those made only during Ramadan.[example needed] Water is usually the beverage of choice, but juice and milk are also often available, as are soft drinks and caffeinated beverages.[74]

In the Middle East, iftar consists of water, juices, dates, salads and appetizers; one or more main dishes; and rich desserts, with dessert considered the most important aspect of the meal.[75] Typical main dishes include lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb kebabs with grilled vegetables, and roasted chicken served with chickpea-studded rice pilaf. Desserts may include lokma, baklava or knafeh.[76]

Over time, the practice of iftar has evolved into banquets that may accommodate hundreds or even thousands of diners.[77] The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, the largest mosque in the UAE, feeds up to thirty thousand people every night.[78]

Iftar served for people fasting in the Imam Reza shrine

Charity

Main articles: Religion:Zakat and Sadaqah
Men praying during Ramadan at the Shrine of Ali or "Blue Mosque" in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan
A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

Zakat, often translated as "the poor-rate", is the fixed percentage of income a believer is required to give to the poor; the practice is obligatory as one of the pillars of Islam. Muslims believe that good deeds are rewarded more handsomely during Ramadan than at any other time of the year; consequently, many Muslims donate a larger portion – or even all – of their yearly zakat during this month.[79]

Nightly prayers

Main article: Religion:Tarawih

Tarawih (Arabic: تراويح) are extra nightly prayers performed during the month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular belief, they are not compulsory.[80]

Recitation of the Quran

Muslims are encouraged to read the entire Quran, which comprises thirty juz' (sections), over the thirty days of Ramadan.[81]

Cultural practices

A Kebab seller from Chwakbazar Iftar Market in Old Dhaka. The Chowk Bazaar neighborhood of Old Dhaka is famous for its century-old Iftar Bazar.

In some Islamic countries, lights (fanous) are strung up in public squares and across city streets,[82][83][84] a tradition believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate, where the rule of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah was acclaimed by people holding lanterns.[85]

An old tradition of Old Dhaka, Bangladesh is during the time of sehri, groups of people would sing qasidas to wake up the Muslims in the neighbourhood.[86][87] Chowk Bazaar is a place with great significance in Bengali culture during Ramadan. Shahi jilapi is unique delicacy from Chowk Bazaar iftar market, popular for its large size.

On the island of Java, many believers bathe in holy springs to prepare for fasting, a ritual known as Padusan.[88] The city of Semarang marks the beginning of Ramadan with the Dugderan carnival, which involves parading the warak ngendog, a horse-dragon hybrid creature allegedly inspired by the Buraq.[89] In the Chinese-influenced capital city of Jakarta, firecrackers are widely used to celebrate Ramadan, although they are officially illegal.[90] Towards the end of Ramadan, most employees receive a one-month bonus known as Tunjangan Hari Raya.[91] Certain kinds of food are especially popular during Ramadan, such as large beef or buffalo in Aceh and snails in Central Java.[92] The iftar meal is announced every evening by striking the bedug, a giant drum, in the mosque.[93]

Common greetings during Ramadan include Ramadan mubarak and Ramadan kareem, which mean (have a) "blessed Ramadan" and "generous Ramadan" respectively.[94]

During Ramadan in the Middle East, a mesaharati beats a drum across a neighbourhood to wake people up to eat the suhoor meal.[95] Similarly in Southeast Asia, the kentongan slit drum is used for the same purpose.[96]

Ramadan attracts significant increases in television viewership, as the usual prime time hours coincide with the iftar, and are commonly extended into the late-night hours to coincide with the suhur. Broadcasters in the Arab world traditionally premiere serial dramas known as musalsal during Ramadan; they are similar in style to Latin American telenovelas, and are typically around 30 episodes in length so that they run over the length of the month.[97][98][99] Advertisers in the region have considered Ramadan to be comparable to the Super Bowl on U.S. television in terms of impact and importance; the cost of a 30-second commercial in peak time during Ramadan is usually more than double than normal.[100][101]

  • Striking the bedug in Indonesia
    Striking the bedug in Indonesia
  • A decorated and illuminated crescent statue in Jordan
    A decorated and illuminated crescent statue in Jordan
  • Ramadan in the Old City of Jerusalem
    Ramadan in the Old City of Jerusalem
  • Fanous Ramadan decorations in Cairo, Egypt
    Fanous Ramadan decorations in Cairo, Egypt
  • Ramadan decorations in Jerusalem
    Ramadan decorations in Jerusalem

Observance

Template:Hijri to gregorian calendar.svgAccording to a 2012 Pew Research Centre study, there was widespread Ramadan observance, with a median of 93 percent across the thirty-nine countries and territories studied.[102] Regions with high percentages of fasting among Muslims include Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Horn of Africa and most of Sub-Saharan Africa.[102] Percentages are lower in Central Asia and Southeast Europe.[102]

Ramadan in polar regions

The length of the dawn to sunset time varies in different parts of the world according to summer or winter solstices of the Sun. Most Muslims fast for eleven to sixteen hours during Ramadan. However, in polar regions, the period between dawn and sunset may exceed twenty-two hours in summer. For example, in 2014, Muslims in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Trondheim, Norway, fasted almost twenty-two hours, while Muslims in Sydney, Australia, fasted for only about eleven hours. In areas characterized by continuous night or day, some Muslims follow the fasting schedule observed in the nearest city that experiences sunrise and sunset, while others follow Mecca time.[13][14][15]

Ramadan in Earth orbit

As sunrise and sunset occur sixteen times each a day in low-Earth orbit, Muslim astronauts in space schedule religious practices around the time zone of the last place on Earth they were on. For example, this means an astronaut from Malaysia launching from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida would center their fast according to sunrise and sunset times in Cape Canaveral, in Florida's Eastern Time. This includes times for daily prayers, as well as sunset and sunrise for Ramadan.[103][104]

Laws

In some Muslim countries, eating in public during daylight hours in Ramadan is a crime.[105][106][107] The sale of alcohol becomes prohibited during Ramadan in Egypt.[108] The penalty for publicly eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan can result in fines or incarceration in the countries of Kuwait,[109][110] Saudi Arabia,[111][112][113] Morocco,[114][115] Algeria[116] and Malaysia.[117] In the United Arab Emirates, the punishment is community service.[118]

In some countries, on the contrary, the observance of Ramadan has been restricted by governments. In the USSR, the practice of Ramadan was suppressed by officials.[119][120] In Albania, Ramadan festivities were banned during the communist period.[121] However, many Albanians continued to fast secretly during this period.[122]

China is reported to have banned Ramadan fasting for officials, students, and teachers in Xinjiang since 2012.[123][124][125] Radio Free Asia alleges that residents in Kashgar Prefecture are compelled to film proof of eating for officials and are encouraged to report those who fasted to the authorities.[126][127] The ban has been denied by Chinese diplomats[128] and Muslim associations in Xinjiang.[129] Antara News,[130] Daily Times,[131] and Pakistan Today have also brought up accounts of residents in Xinjiang fasting.[132] According to a 2024 visit to Xinjiang by a reporter from the British magazine The Economist, many Uyghurs do not fast during Ramadan because, according to locals, "the Chinese government guarantees freedom of religion".[133]

Employment during Ramadan

Muslims continue to work during Ramadan;[134][135] however, in some countries, such as Oman and Lebanon, working hours are shortened.[136][137] It is often recommended that working Muslims inform their employers if they are fasting, given the potential for the observance to impact performance at work.[138] The extent to which Ramadan observers are protected by religious accommodation varies by country. Policies putting them at a disadvantage compared to other employees have been met with discrimination claims in the United Kingdom and the United States.[139][140][141] An Arab News article reported that Saudi Arabian businesses were unhappy with shorter working hours during Ramadan, some reporting a decline in productivity of 35–50%.[142] The Saudi businesses proposed awarding salary bonuses in order to incentivize longer hours.[143] Despite the reduction in productivity, merchants can enjoy higher profit margins in Ramadan due to increase in demand.[144]

Some countries impose modified work schedules. In the UAE, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait, employees may work no more than six hours per day and thirty-six hours per week.[145]

Health effects

There are various health effects of fasting in Ramadan. Ramadan fasting is considered safe for healthy individuals; it may pose risks for individuals with certain pre-existing conditions. Most Islamic scholars hold that fasting is not required for those who are ill. Additionally, the elderly and pre-pubertal children are exempt from fasting.[146] Pregnant or lactating women are also exempt from fasting during Ramadan.[147] There are known health risks involved in pregnant women who fast, which include the potential of induced labour and gestational diabetes.[148][149][150]

There are some health benefits of fasting in Ramadan including increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance.[151] It has also been shown that there is a significant improvement in 10 years coronary heart disease risk score and other cardiovascular risk factors such as lipids profile, systolic blood pressure, weight, BMI and waist circumference in subjects with a previous history of cardiovascular disease.[152] The fasting period is usually associated with modest weight loss, but weight can return afterwards.[153]

In many cultures, it is associated with heavy food and water intake during Suhur and Iftar times, which may do more harm than good.[154] Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people provided that overall food and water intake is adequate but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they encounter health problems before or during fasting.[155]

The education departments of Berlin and the United Kingdom have tried to discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as they claim that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades.[156][157]

A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting during Ramadan might produce renal injury in patients with moderate (GFR <60 ml/min) or severe kidney disease but was not injurious to renal transplant patients with good function or most stone-forming patients.[158]

A study on 55 professional Algerian soccer players showed that performance during Ramadan declined significantly for speed, agility, dribbling speed and endurance, and most stayed low 2 weeks after the conclusion of Ramadan.[159]

See also

  • Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church
  • Ramadan in the United Arab Emirates
  • Shraavana

References

Notes

  1. ↑ English: /ˌræməˈdɑːn/, also US: /ˌrɑːm-, ˈræmədɑːn, ˈrɑːm-/,[1][2][3] UK: /ˈræmədæn/[4]
  2. ↑ A tropical year is almost the same length as a year in the Western Gregorian Calendar, the difference is imperceptible in a human lifespan.

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Citations

  1. ↑ "Ramadan". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Ramadan. 
  2. ↑ "Ramadan". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ramadan. 
  3. ↑ "Ramadan". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ramadan. Retrieved 15 May 2019. 
  4. ↑ "Ramadan". Ramadan. Oxford University Press. http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ramadan. 
  5. ↑ "Ramadan: Fasting and Traditions". http://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan. 
  6. ↑ "Schools – Religions". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml. 
  7. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad (28 January 2009). "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html. 
  8. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (28 June 2009). "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html. 
  9. ↑ Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
  10. ↑ Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – p. 24
  11. ↑ Dubai – p. 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010
  12. ↑ "Ramadan in the Farthest North". https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 See article "How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World" -Huffpost.com /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara "The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish"
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kassam, Ashifa (3 July 2016). "Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight. 
  16. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html. 
  17. ↑ Smith, Jane I. (2010). Islam in America. Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-231-14710-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tom-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 
  18. ↑ Hotaling, Edward (2003). Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future. Syracuse University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8156-0766-3. https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutillu0000hota. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 
  19. ↑ Abu Dawud-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370". Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California. http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/006-sat.php. 
  20. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html. 
  21. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain (28 June 2009). "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html. 
  22. ↑ "رمضان.. لماذا سمي الشهر التاسع في التقويم الهجري بهذا الاسم؟" (in ar). https://www.aljazeera.net/culture/2021/4/15/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%9F. 
  23. ↑ "لماذا سمي شهر رمضان بهذا الاسم؟ | تعلم العربية" (in en). https://learning.aljazeera.net/en/Blogs/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Al-Bayhaqi, Abu Bakr (in ar). Sunnan al-Kubra. 4. p. Book 11, Ch. 6, No. 7904. "قال رسولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: 'لا تَقولوا «رَمَضَانُ»، فإِنَّ رَمَضانَ اسمٌ مِن أسماءِ اللَّهِ، ولَكِن قولوا «شَهرُ رَمَضانَ».' وهَكَذا رَواه الحارِثُ بنُ عبدِ اللَّهِ الخازِنُ عن أبي مَعشَرٍ. وأبو مَعشَرٍ هو نَجيحٌ السِّندِىُّ، ضَعَّفَه يَحيَى بنُ مَعين" 
  25. ↑ Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (in ar). Tafsir al-Tabari. 3. p. 187. "أَنَّهُ كَرِهَ أَنْ يُقَالُ «رَمَضَانَ»، وَيَقُولُ: لَعَلَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، لَٰكِنَّ نَقُولُ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»" 
  26. ↑ Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (in ar). Tafsir al-Kabir. 5. p. 251. "عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» وَ«ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» وَ«ذَهَبَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ." 
  27. ↑ Ibn Abu Hatim, Abdul Rahman (in ar). Tafsir Ibn Abu Hatim. 1. p. 310, Nu. 1648. "لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»" 
  28. ↑ Al-Dimashqi, Tamam (in ar). Fawa'id al-Tamam. 1. p. 104, Nu. 241. "قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا يَقُولَنَّ أَحَدُكُمْ «صُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَ«قُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَلَا «صَنَعْتُ فِي رَمَضَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْعِظَامِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» كَمَا قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ" 
  29. ↑ Ibn al-Saqri, Abu Tahir (in ar). Mashyakhah. 1. p. 126, Nu. 52. "عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّٰهِ مَا مَعْنَىٰ رَمَضَانَ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: يَا حُمَيْرَاءُ لَا تَقُولِي «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولِي «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» يَعْنِي رَمَضَانَ أَرْمَضَ فِيهِ ذُنُوبَ عِبَادِهِ فَغَفَرَهَا" 
  30. ↑ Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub (in ar). Al-Kafi. p. Book 14 (the Book of Fasting), Ch. 4. "قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «هَٰذَا رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَا يَجِيءُ وَلَا يَذْهَبُ وَإِنَّمَا يَجِيءُ وَيَذْهَبُ الزَّائِلُ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ الشَّهْرَ مُضَافٌ إِلَىٰ الْاسْمِ وَالاسْمُ اسْمُ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ" 
  31. ↑ Ibn Babawayh, al-Saduq (in ar). Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih. 2. p. 182. "قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ" 
  32. ↑ Al-Hurr Al-Amili, Muhammad (in ar). Wasa'il al-Shia. 10. p. Ch. 19. "عَلِيٍّ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ) قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ فَمَنْ قَالَهُ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ وَلْيَصُمْ كَفَّارَهً لِقَوْلِهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»" 
  33. ↑ Al-Majlisi, Muhammad-Baqir (in ar). Bihar al-Anwar. 93. p. Ch. 48. 
  34. ↑ Ibn Tawus, Sayyid (in ar). Al-Iqbal Bil-Amal. 2. p. 29. 
  35. ↑ Al-Nouri Al-Tabarsi, Husayn (in ar). Mustadrak al-Wasa'il. 7. p. Ch. 12, Hadith 1, Nu. 8609. 
  36. ↑ Al-Shajari, Yahya bin Hussein (in ar). Al-Amali Al-Khamisiyah. 1. p. 380, Nu. 1355. "أَنَّ عَلِيًّا عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ كَانَ يَقُولُ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ فَمَنْ قَالَهُ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ وَلْيَصُمْ كَفَّارَةً لِقَوْلِهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»" 
  37. ↑ Ibn al-Jawzi, Abdul Rahman (in ar). Al-Mawdu'at. 2. p. 187. "قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمُ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»" 
  38. ↑ "Was ist Ramadan? - Diegebetszeiten.de". 2020-04-26. https://diegebetszeiten.de/was-ist-ramadan/. 
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  115. ↑ Latrech, Oumaima (2022-04-27). "Ramadan: 80 Moroccans Arrested for Publicly Eating in Casablanca" (in en). https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2022/04/348649/ramadan-80-moroccans-arrested-for-publicly-eating-in-casablanca. 
  116. ↑ "Algerians jailed for breaking Ramadan fast". Al Arabiya News. 7 October 2008. http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2008/10/07/57856.html. 
  117. ↑ "The Hard and Fast Rules of Ramadan". Poskod Malaysia. 14 July 2015. https://poskod.my/features/ramadan-fasting-fines-malaysia/. 
  118. ↑ Salama, Samir (16 July 2009). "New penalty for minor offences in UAE". Gulf News (Dubai, UAE: Al Nisr Publishing LLC). http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/crime/new-penalty-for-minor-offences-in-uae-1.492892. 
  119. ↑ Leo Paul Dana. When Economies Change Paths: Models of Transition in China, the Central Asian Republics, Myanmar & the Nations of Former Indochine Française. p. 162. 
  120. ↑ James Minahan. The Former Soviet Union's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. p. 133. 
  121. ↑ Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures. Marshall Cavendish. p. 165. 
  122. ↑ "In Albania, Ramadan under lockdown revives memories of communism". Arab News. 2020-04-25. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1664866/world. 
  123. ↑ Cagnassola, Mary Ellen (2021-05-06). "170 mosques destroyed in China's Xinjiang crackdown, Australian think tank says" (in en). https://www.newsweek.com/170-mosques-destroyed-chinas-xinjiang-crackdown-australian-think-tank-says-1589240. 
  124. ↑ "China region bans Muslims from fasting during Ramadan". The National, Agence France Presse. 2012-08-01. https://www.thenational.ae/uae/china-region-bans-muslims-from-fasting-during-ramadan-1.405759. 
  125. ↑ "China bans Muslims from fasting Ramadan in Xinjiang". Al-Jazeera English, Agence France Presse. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/china-bans-ramadan-fasting-muslim-region-150618070016245.html. 
  126. ↑ Shohret Hoshur; Joshua Lipes (14 May 2020). "Residents of Uyghur-Majority County in Xinjiang Ordered to Report Others Fasting During Ramadan". https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/fasting-05142020144511.html. 
  127. ↑ Hoshur, Shohret (2025-03-18). "China forces Uyghurs to show video proof they are not fasting during Ramadan". Radio Free Asia. https://www.rfa.org/english/uyghur/2025/03/18/uyghur-ramadan-fasting-proof/. 
  128. ↑ "Come see China Muslim culture for yourselves, embassy says". 2019-05-07. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/475244. 
  129. ↑ M. Irfan Ilmie, Atman Ahdiat (2021-03-18). "Uighur Muslim Community invites global media to witness Ramadan rituals" (in id). https://www.antaranews.com/berita/2050526/komunitas-muslim-uighur-undang-media-global-saksikan-ritual-ramadhan. 
  130. ↑ "Muslims in Xinjiang begin Ramadan" (in id). 2021-04-14. https://www.jawapos.com/hijrah-ramadan/14/04/2021/umat-muslim-di-xinjiang-mulai-menjalankan-puasa-ramadan/. 
  131. ↑ S M Hali (2019-12-13). "Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act of 2019 — a harsh step" (in en-US). https://dailytimes.com.pk/519333/uyghur-human-rights-policy-act-of-2019-a-harsh-step/. 
  132. ↑ "No restriction over Muslims to observe Ramzan in Xinjiang: JI spokesperson" (in en-GB). July 2, 2016. https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/07/02/no-restriction-over-muslims-to-observe-ramzan-in-xinjiang-ji-spokesperson/. 
  133. ↑ "What Ramadan is like in Xinjiang". The Economist. https://www.economist.com/china/2024/04/11/what-ramadan-is-like-in-xinjiang. 
  134. ↑ "Ramadan 2019: Why is it so important for Muslims?". https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/ramadan-2019-important-muslims-190505145156499.html. 
  135. ↑ Gilfillan, Scott (2019-05-03). "Supporting Muslim colleagues during Ramadan" (in en). https://www.tuc.org.uk/blogs/supporting-muslim-colleagues-during-ramadan. 
  136. ↑ "Ramadan working hours announced in Oman". Times of Oman. 22 June 2014. http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman. 
  137. ↑ "Ramadan working hours announced for public and private sectors". Times of Oman. 10 June 2015. http://timesofoman.com/article/53294/Ramadan/Ramadan-working-hours-for-muslims-working-during-the-Holy-Month-announced-for-public-and-private-sec. 
  138. ↑ "The Working Muslim in Ramadan". Working Muslim. 2011. http://www.workingmuslim.com/RamadanEmployeeGuide.pdf. 
  139. ↑ Lewis Silkin (26 April 2016). "Lewis Silkin – Ramadan – employment issues". lewissilkinemployment.com. http://www.lewissilkinemployment.com/en-gb/insights-knowledge/insights-knowledge/a/knowledge/ramadan-employment-issues/. 
  140. ↑ "Reasonable Accommodations for Ramadan? Lessons From 2 EEOC Cases". Free Enterprise. 27 June 2014. https://blogs.findlaw.com/free_enterprise/2014/06/reasonable-accommodations-for-ramadan-lessons-from-2-eeoc-cases.html. 
  141. ↑ "EEOC And Electrolux Reach Settlement in Religious Accommodation Charge Brought By Muslim Employees". eeoc.gov. http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-6-10a.cfm. 
  142. ↑ Hasan, Rumy (3 July 2015). "The costs of Ramadan need to be counted". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2015/jul/03/cost-ramadan-counted-muslim-fasting-month. 
  143. ↑ "Businesses want more working hours in Ramadan". 23 July 2013. https://www.arabnews.com/news/458892. 
  144. ↑ Cook, Erin (19 June 2017). "The Ramadan Productivity Drop And How To Overcome It". Indonesia Expat. https://indonesiaexpat.biz/business-property/ramadan-productivity-drop-overcome/. 
  145. ↑ Employment Issues During Ramadan – The Gulf Region , DLA Piper Middle East.
  146. ↑ Abolaban, H.; Al-Moujahed, A. (2017). "Muslim patients in Ramadan: A review for primary care physicians". Avicenna J Med 7 (3): 81–87. doi:10.4103/ajm.AJM_76_17. ISSN 2231-0770. PMID 28791239. 
  147. ↑ El-Bahay El-Kholi. Al Siyam, "Fasting". The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, Arab Republic of Egypt. p. 36. 
  148. ↑ Glazier, JD; Hayes, DJL; Hussain, S; D'Souza, SW; Whitcombe, J; Heazell, AEP; Ashton, N (25 October 2018). "The effect of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.". BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18 (1): 421. doi:10.1186/s12884-018-2048-y. PMID 30359228. 
  149. ↑ Balani, Jyoti; Hyer, Stephen; Wagner, Marion; Shehata, Hassan (2013). "Obesity, Polycystic Ovaries and Impaired Reproductive Outcome". Obesity. pp. 289–298. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-416045-3.00022-4. ISBN 978-0-12-416045-3. 
  150. ↑ Mirghani, HM; Hamud, OA (January 2006). "The effect of maternal diet restriction on pregnancy outcome.". American Journal of Perinatology 23 (1): 21–24. doi:10.1055/s-2005-923435. PMID 16450268. 
  151. ↑ Shariatpanahi, Z. Vahdat, et al. "Effect of Ramadan fasting on some indices of insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in healthy male adults." British Journal of Nutrition 100.1 (2008): 147–151.
  152. ↑ Nematy, Mohsen, et al. "Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study." Nutrition journal 11.1 (2012): 69.
  153. ↑ "Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public Health Nutr 17 (2): 396–406. 2014. doi:10.1017/S1368980012005046. PMID 23182306. 
  154. ↑ "Should your water intake change during Ramadan?" (in en). 5 May 2019. https://gulfnews.com/uae/should-your-water-intake-change-during-ramadan-1.63675339. 
  155. ↑ "Islamic fasting and health". Ann. Nutr. Metab. 56 (4): 273–282. 2010. doi:10.1159/000295848. PMID 20424438. 
  156. ↑ Espinoza, Javier (3 June 2016). "Schools say Muslim students 'should break Ramadan fast' to avoid bad grades". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/06/03/schools-say-muslim-students-should-break-ramadan-fast-to-avoid-b/. 
  157. ↑ (in de) Islam und Schule: Handreichung für Lehrerinnen und Lehrer an Berliner Schulen. Bildung für Berlin : Politische Bildung. Zentral- und Landesbibliothek Berlin ZLB. Senatsbibliothek. 2010. OCLC 824393822. https://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:109-opus-95998. 
  158. ↑ "Ramadan fasting and patients with renal diseases: A mini review of the literature". J Res Med Sci (Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences) 18 (8): 711–716. August 2013. ISSN 1735-1995. PMID 24379850. 
  159. ↑ Zerguini, Yacine; Kirkendall, Donald; Junge, Astrid; Dvorak, Jiri (1 June 2007). "Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players" (in en). British Journal of Sports Medicine 41 (6): 398–400. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.032037. ISSN 0306-3674. PMID 17224435. PMC 2465333. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/41/6/398.abstract. 

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