Religion:Ramadan

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Short description: Month-long fasting event in Islam
Ramadan
رَمَضَان
Ramadan montage.jpg
From top, left to right: A crescent moon over Sarıçam, Turkey, marking the beginning of the Islamic month of Ramadan; Ramadan Quran reading in Bandar Torkaman, Iran; community Iftar meal in Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Tarawah prayers in a mosque in West Sumatra, Indonesia; foods served at a traditional Iftar meal; Ramadan decorations in Jerusalem; Zakat donation boxes in Taipei, Taiwan.
Also called
  • Albanian: Ramazani
  • Azerbaijani: Ramazan
  • Bosnian: Ramazan
  • Bengali: রমজান, romanized: Rômzan / Rômjan
  • Hindi: रमज़ान, romanized: Ramzān
  • Kurdish: ڕەمەزان‎, romanized: Remezan
  • Persian: رمضان‎, romanized: Ramazān
  • Malay: Puasa
  • Pashto: روژه‎, romanized: Rozha
  • Punjabi: رمضان / ਰਮਜ਼ਾਨ, romanized: Ramzān
  • Somali: Rabadaan or Rabmadaan
  • Tamil: ரமலான், romanized: Ramalān
  • Thai: เราะมะฎอน, romanized: Romadon
  • Turkish: Ramazan
  • Sindhi: روزو‎
  • Urdu: رمضان‎, romanized: Ramzān
Observed byMuslims
TypeReligious
CelebrationsCommunity iftars and Community prayers
Observances
  • Sawm (fasting)
  • Zakat and sadaqah (alms giving)
  • Commemorating Qadr Night
  • Reading the Quran
  • Abstaining from all bad deeds and staying humble
  • Taraweeh prayer (Sunni Muslims)
BeginsAt the last night of the month of Sha'ban[1]
EndsAt the last night of the month of Ramadan[1]
DateVariable (follows the Islamic lunar calendar)[2][3]
2024 date11 March - 8 April
FrequencyAnnual (lunar calendar)
Related toEid al-Fitr, Qadr Night

Ramadan (Arabic: رَمَضَان [ra.ma.dˤaːn];[lower-alpha 1] also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar,[8] observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer, reflection, and community.[9] A commemoration of Muhammad's first revelation,[10] the annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam[11] and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the crescent moon to the next.[12][13]

Fasting from dawn to sunset is fard (obligatory) for all adult Muslims who are not acutely or chronically ill, travelling, elderly, breastfeeding, diabetic, or menstruating.[14] The predawn meal is referred to as suhur, and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called iftar.[15][16] Although fatwas have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a midnight sun or polar night should follow the timetable of Mecca,[17] it is common practice to follow the timetable of the closest country in which night can be distinguished from day.[18][19][20]

The spiritual rewards (thawab) of fasting are believed to be multiplied during Ramadan.[21] Accordingly, during the hours of fasting Muslims refrain not only from food and drink, but also tobacco products, sexual relations, and sinful behavior,[22][23] devoting themselves instead to salat (prayer) and study of the Quran.[24][25]

Etymology

The word Ramadan derives from the Arabic root R-M-Ḍ (ر-م-ض) "scorching heat",[26] which is the Classical Arabic verb "ramiḍa (رَمِضَ)" meaning "become intensely hot – become burning; become scorching; be blazing; be glowing".

Ramadan is thought of as one of the names of God in Islam by some, and as such it is reported in many hadiths that it is prohibited to say only "Ramadan" in reference to the calendar month and that it is necessary to say "month of Ramadan", as reported in Sunni,[27][28][29][30][31][32] Shia[33][34][35][36][37][38] and Zaydi[39] sources. However, the report has been graded Mawḍūʻ (fabricated)[40] and inauthentic.[27]

In the Persian language, the Arabic letter ض (Ḍād) is pronounced as /z/. The Muslim communities in some countries with historical Persian influence, such as Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, India , Pakistan and Turkey, use the word Ramazan or Ramzan. The word Romzan is used in Bangladesh.

History

Chapter 2, Verse 185 in Arabic
Ramadan is the month in which the Quran was revealed as a guide for humanity with clear proofs of guidance and the standard ˹to distinguish between right and wrong˺. So whoever is present this month, let them fast. But whoever is ill or on a journey, then ˹let them fast˺ an equal number of days ˹after Ramaḍân˺. Allah intends ease for you, not hardship, so that you may complete the prescribed period and proclaim the greatness of Allah for guiding you, and perhaps you will be grateful.
—Surah Al-Baqara 2:185

Muslims hold that all scripture was revealed during Ramadan, the scrolls of Abraham, Torah, Psalms, Gospel, and Quran having been handed down on the first, sixth, twelfth, thirteenth (in some sources, eighteenth)[41] and twenty-fourth Ramadans,Template:What year respectively.[42][self-published source] Muhammed is said to have received his first quranic revelation on Laylat al-Qadr, one of five odd-numbered nights that fall during the last ten days of Ramadan.[43]

Although Muslims were first commanded to fast in the second year of Hijra (624 CE),[42] they believe that the practice of fasting is not in fact an innovation of monotheism[44] but rather has always been necessary for believers to attain taqwa (the fear of God).[45] [Quran 2:183] They point to the fact that the pre-Islamic pagans of Mecca fasted on the tenth day of Muharram to expiate sin and avoid drought.[46][self-published source] Philip Jenkins argues that the observance of Ramadan fasting grew out of "the strict Lenten discipline of the Syrian Churches," a postulation corroborated by other scholars, including theologian Paul-Gordon Chandler,[47][48] but disputed by some Muslim academics.[49]

Relation to the Jews and Yom Kippur

According to Al-Bukhari, Muhmmad initially chose the date of the fast as the day of Ashura (the 10th day of the 1st month), probably the Jewish Yom Kippur.[50] This fast was later replaced with the fast of the 9th month (Ramadan).[51]

Important dates

The first and last dates of Ramadan are determined by the lunar Islamic calendar.[3]

Beginning

Ramadan beginning dates between Gregorian years 1938 and 2038; including an error on the ante-penultimate line. This table is based on an unspecified variant of the Islamic calendar and that, according to local practices, there can be differences of one (or even two) days.

Because the Hilāl, or crescent moon, typically occurs approximately one day after the new moon, Muslims can usually estimate the beginning of Ramadan;[52] however, many[who?] prefer to confirm the opening of Ramadan by direct visual observation of the crescent.[53]

Night of Destiny

Main page: Religion:Qadr Night

Qadr Night is considered the holiest night of the year.[54][55] It is generally believed to have occurred on an odd-numbered night during the last ten days of Ramadan; the Dawoodi Bohra believe that Laylat al-Qadr was the twenty-third night of Ramadan.[56][57]

Eid

Main pages: Religion:Eid al-Fitr and Religion:Eid prayers

The holiday of Eid al-Fitr (Arabic: عيد الفطر), which marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of Shawwal,[58] the next lunar month, is declared after a crescent new moon has been sighted or after completion of thirty days of fasting if no sighting of the moon is possible. Eid celebrates the return to a more natural disposition (fitra) of eating, drinking, and marital intimacy.[59]

Religious practices

Azim Azimzade. Ramadan of the poor people. 1938

The common practice is to fast from dawn to sunset. The pre-dawn meal before the fast is called the suhur, while the meal at sunset that breaks the fast is called iftar.[60]

Muslims devote more time to prayer and acts of charity, striving to improve their self-discipline, motivated by hadith:[61][62] "When Ramadan arrives, the gates of Paradise are opened and the gates of hell are locked up and devils are put in chains."[63]

Fasting

Ramadan is a time of spiritual reflection, self-improvement, and heightened devotion and worship. Muslims are expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam. The fast (sawm) begins at dawn and ends at sunset. In addition to abstaining from eating and drinking during this time, Muslims abstain from sexual relations[3] and sinful speech and behaviour during Ramadan fasting or month. The act of fasting is said to redirect the heart away from worldly activities, its purpose being to cleanse the soul by freeing it from harmful impurities. Muslims believe that Ramadan teaches them to practice self-discipline, self-control,[64] sacrifice, and empathy for those who are less fortunate, thus encouraging actions of generosity and compulsory charity (zakat).[65] Muslims also believe fasting helps instill compassion for the food-insecure poor.

Exemptions from fasting include those traveling, menstruating, severely ill, pregnant, or breastfeeding. However, Muslims in these categories may still choose to fast, in order to satisfy their spiritual needs, even though it is not recommended by hadith.[60] Those unable to fast are obligated to make up the missed days later.[66]

Suhoor

Main page: Religion:Suhur
Iftar at Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul, Turkey

Each day, before dawn, Muslims observe a pre-fast meal called the suhoor. After stopping a short time before dawn, Muslims begin the first prayer of the day, Fajr.[67][68]

Iftar

Main page: Religion:Iftar
Picture of some of the dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria
Some dishes used in breaking Ramadan fast in Nigeria

At sunset, families break the fast with the iftar, traditionally opening the meal by eating dates to commemorate Muhammad's practice of breaking the fast with three dates.[69][70] They then adjourn for Maghrib, the fourth of the five required daily prayers, after which the main meal is served.[71]

Social gatherings, many times in buffet style, are frequent at iftar. Traditional dishes are often highlighted, including traditional desserts, particularly those made only during Ramadan.(Also see July 2019). Water is usually the beverage of choice, but juice and milk are also often available, as are soft drinks and caffeinated beverages.[72]

In the Middle East, iftar consists of water, juices, dates, salads and appetizers; one or more main dishes; and rich desserts, with dessert considered the most important aspect of the meal.[73] Typical main dishes include lamb stewed with wheat berries, lamb kebabs with grilled vegetables, and roasted chicken served with chickpea-studded rice pilaf. Desserts may include luqaimat, baklava or kunafeh.[74]

Over time, the practice of iftar has evolved into banquets that may accommodate hundreds or even thousands of diners.[75] The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque in Abu Dhabi, the largest mosque in the UAE, feeds up to thirty thousand people every night.[76] Some twelve thousand people attend iftar at the Imam Reza shrine in Mashhad.[citation needed]

Iftar serving for fasting people in the Imam Reza shrine

Charity

Main pages: Religion:Zakat and Religion:Sadaqah
Men praying during Ramadan at the Shrine of Ali or "Blue Mosque" in Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan
A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
A mass prayer during the 1996 Ramadan at the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

Zakat, often translated as "the poor-rate", is the fixed percentage of income a believer is required to give to the poor; the practice is obligatory as one of the pillars of Islam. Muslims believe that good deeds are rewarded more handsomely during Ramadan than at any other time of the year; consequently, many Muslims donate a larger portion – or even all – of their yearly zakāt during this month.[77]

Nightly prayers

Main page: Religion:Tarawih

Tarawih (Arabic: تراويح) are extra nightly prayers performed during the month of Ramadan. Contrary to popular belief, they are not compulsory.[78]

Recitation of the Quran

Muslims are encouraged to read the entire Quran, which comprises thirty juz' (sections), over the thirty days of Ramadan. Some Muslims incorporate a recitation of one juz' into each of the thirty tarawih sessions observed during the month.[citation needed]

Cultural practices

Main page: Engineering:Fanous
A Kebab seller from Chwakbazar Iftar Market in Old Dhaka. The Chowk Bazaar neighborhood of Old Dhaka is famous for its century-old Iftar Bazar.

In some Islamic countries, lights are strung up in public squares and across city streets,[79][80][81] a tradition believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate, where the rule of Caliph al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah was acclaimed by people holding lanterns.[82]

On the island of Java, many believers bathe in holy springs to prepare for fasting, a ritual known as Padusan.[83] The city of Semarang marks the beginning of Ramadan with the Dugderan carnival, which involves parading the warak ngendog, a horse-dragon hybrid creature allegedly inspired by the Buraq.[84] In the Chinese-influenced capital city of Jakarta, firecrackers are widely used to celebrate Ramadan, although they are officially illegal.[85] Towards the end of Ramadan, most employees receive a one-month bonus known as Tunjangan Hari Raya.[86] Certain kinds of food are especially popular during Ramadan, such as large beef or buffalo in Aceh and snails in Central Java.[87] The iftar meal is announced every evening by striking the bedug, a giant drum, in the mosque.[88]

Common greetings during Ramadan include Ramadan mubarak and Ramadan kareem, which mean (have a) "blessed Ramadan" and "generous Ramadan" respectively.[89]

During Ramadan in the Middle East, a mesaharati beats a drum across a neighbourhood to wake people up to eat the suhoor meal. Similarly in Southeast Asia, the kentongan slit drum is used for the same purpose.

  • Striking the bedug in Indonesia

  • Crescent is colourfully decorated and illuminated during Ramadan in Jordan.

  • Ramadan in the Old City of Jerusalem

  • Fanous Ramadan decorations in Cairo, Egypt

Observance rates

According to a 2012 Pew Research Centre study, there was widespread Ramadan observance, with a median of 93 percent across the thirty-nine countries and territories studied.[90] Regions with high percentages of fasting among Muslims include Southeast Asia, South Asia, Middle East and North Africa, Horn of Africa and most of Sub-Saharan Africa.[90] Percentages are lower in Central Asia and Southeast Europe.[90]

Laws

In some Muslim countries, eating in public during daylight hours in Ramadan is a crime.[91][92][93] The sale of alcohol becomes prohibited during Ramadan in Egypt.[94] The penalty for publicly eating, drinking or smoking during Ramadan can result in fines or incarceration in the countries of Kuwait,[95][96] Saudi Arabia,[97][98][99] Morocco,[100][101] Algeria[102] and Malaysia.[103] In the United Arab Emirates, the punishment is community service.[104]

In some countries, on the contrary, the observance of Ramadan has been restricted by governments. In the USSR, the practice of Ramadan was suppressed by officials.[105][106] In Albania, Ramadan festivities were banned during the communist period.[107] However, many Albanians continued to fast secretly during this period.[108]

China is reported to have banned Ramadan fasting for officials, students, and teachers in Xinjiang since 2012.[109][110][111] Radio Free Asia alleged that residents in Kashgar Prefecture were encouraged to report those who fasted to the authorities.[112] The ban has been denied by Chinese diplomats[113] and Muslim associations in Xinjiang.[114] Antara News,[115] Daily Times,[116] and Pakistan Today have also brought up accounts of residents in Xinjiang fasting.[117]

Some countries impose modified work schedules. In the UAE, employees may work no more than six hours per day and thirty-six hours per week. Qatar, Oman, Bahrain and Kuwait have similar laws.[118]

Health effects

There are various health effects of fasting in Ramadan. Ramadan fasting is considered safe for healthy individuals; it may pose risks for individuals with certain pre-existing conditions. Most Islamic scholars hold that fasting is not required for those who are ill. Additionally, the elderly and pre-pubertal children are exempt from fasting.[119] Pregnant or lactating women are also exempt from fasting during Ramadan.[120] There are known health risks involved in pregnant women who fast, which include the potential of induced labour and gestational diabetes.[121][122][123][124][125]

There are some health benefits of fasting in Ramadan including increasing insulin sensitivity and reducing insulin resistance.[126] It has also been shown that there is a significant improvement in 10 years coronary heart disease risk score and other cardiovascular risk factors such as lipids profile, systolic blood pressure, weight, BMI and waist circumference in subjects with a previous history of cardiovascular disease.[127] The fasting period is usually associated with modest weight loss, but weight can return afterwards.[128]

In many cultures, it is associated with heavy food and water intake during Suhur and Iftar times, which may do more harm than good.[129] Ramadan fasting is safe for healthy people provided that overall food and water intake is adequate but those with medical conditions should seek medical advice if they encounter health problems before or during fasting.[130]

The education departments of Berlin and the United Kingdom have tried to discourage students from fasting during Ramadan, as they claim that not eating or drinking can lead to concentration problems and bad grades.[131][132]

A review of the literature by an Iranian group suggested fasting during Ramadan might produce renal injury in patients with moderate (GFR <60 ml/min) or severe kidney disease but was not injurious to renal transplant patients with good function or most stone-forming patients.[133]

A study on 55 professional Algerian soccer players showed that performance during Ramadan declined significantly for speed, agility, dribbling speed and endurance, and most stayed low 2 weeks after the conclusion of Ramadan.[134]

Ramadan in polar regions

The length of the dawn to sunset time varies in different parts of the world according to summer or winter solstices of the Sun. Most Muslims fast for eleven to sixteen hours during Ramadan. However, in polar regions, the period between dawn and sunset may exceed twenty-two hours in summer. For example, in 2014, Muslims in Reykjavik, Iceland, and Trondheim, Norway, fasted almost twenty-two hours, while Muslims in Sydney, Australia, fasted for only about eleven hours. In areas characterized by continuous night or day, some Muslims follow the fasting schedule observed in the nearest city that experiences sunrise and sunset, while others follow Mecca time.[18][19][20]

Ramadan in Earth orbit

As sunrise and sunset occur sixteen times each a day in low-Earth orbit, Muslim astronauts in space schedule religious practices around the time zone of the last place on Earth they were on. For example, this means an astronaut from Malaysia launching from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida would center their fast according to sunrise and sunset times in Cape Canaveral, in Florida's Eastern Time. This includes times for daily prayers, as well as sunset and sunrise for Ramadan.[135][136]

Employment during Ramadan

Muslims continue to work during Ramadan;[137][138] however, in some countries, such as Oman and Lebanon, working hours are shortened.[139][140] It is often recommended that working Muslims inform their employers if they are fasting, given the potential for the observance to impact performance at work.[141] The extent to which Ramadan observers are protected by religious accommodation varies by country. Policies putting them at a disadvantage compared to other employees have been met with discrimination claims in the United Kingdom and the United States.[142][143][144] An Arab News article reported that Saudi Arabian businesses were unhappy with shorter working hours during Ramadan, some reporting a decline in productivity of 35–50%.[145] The Saudi businesses proposed awarding salary bonuses in order to incentivize longer hours.[146] Despite the reduction in productivity, merchants can enjoy higher profit margins in Ramadan due to increase in demand.[147]

See also

  • Fasting and abstinence of the Coptic Orthodox Church
  • Shraavana

References

Notes

  1. ↑ According to Arabic phonology, it can be realized as [rɑmɑˈdˤɑːn, ramaˈdˤɑːn, ræmæˈdˤɑːn], depending on the region. /ˌræməˈdɑːn/, also US: /ˌrɑːm-, ˈræmədɑːn, ˈrɑːm-/,[4][5][6] UK: /ˈræmədæn/;[7]

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clark, Malcolm (2003) (in en). Islam For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7645-5503-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=sWdXCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA151. 
  2. ↑ "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/ummalqura.htm. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Ramadan to start May 27 or May 28". http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/ramadan-fasting-start-date-170427062743037.html. 
  4. ↑ "Ramadan". Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 2014. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Ramadan. 
  5. ↑ "Ramadan". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ramadan. 
  6. ↑ "Ramadan". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ramadan. Retrieved 15 May 2019. 
  7. ↑ "Ramadan". Ramadan. Oxford University Press. http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ramadan. 
  8. ↑ BBC – Religions Retrieved 25 July 2012
  9. ↑ "Ramadan: Fasting and Traditions". http://www.britannica.com/topic/Ramadan. 
  10. ↑ "Ramadan 2020: Date, importance, wishes, quotes, messages, and pictures". https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/ramadan-2020-date-significance-wishes-quotes-messages-and-pictures-1670114-2020-04-23. 
  11. ↑ "Schools – Religions". BBC. https://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/ramadan.shtml. 
  12. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 124.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2466-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-124.html. 
  13. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2378.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10970-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2378.html. 
  14. ↑ Fasting (Al Siyam) – الصيام – p. 18, el Bahay el Kholi, 1998
  15. ↑ Islam, Andrew Egan – 2002 – p. 24
  16. ↑ Dubai – p. 189, Andrea Schulte-Peevers – 2010
  17. ↑ "Ramadan in the Farthest North". https://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201201/ramadan.in.the.farthest.north.htm. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 See article "How Long Muslims Fast For Ramadan Around The World" -Huffpost.com /31 July 2014 and article "Fasting Hours of Ramadan 2014" -Onislam.net / 29 June 2014 and article "The true spirit of Ramadan" -Gulfnews.com /31 July 2014
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 See article by Imam Mohamad Jebara "The fasting of Ramadan is not meant to punish" https://ottawacitizen.com/opinion/columnists/jebara-the-fasting-of-ramadan-is-not-meant-to-punish
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Kassam, Ashifa (3 July 2016). "Arctic Ramadan: fasting in land of midnight sun comes with a challenge". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/03/ramadan-canada-arctic-fasting-hours-sunlight. 
  21. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 125.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2465-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-125.html. 
  22. ↑ Smith, Jane I. (2010). Islam in America. Columbia University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-231-14710-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=Tom-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA15. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 
  23. ↑ Hotaling, Edward (2003). Islam Without Illusions: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Challenge for the Future. Syracuse University Press. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-8156-0766-3. https://archive.org/details/islamwithoutillu0000hota. Retrieved 30 May 2017. 
  24. ↑ Abu Dawud-Ibn-Ash'ath-AsSijisstani, Sulayman. "Sunan Abu-Dawud – (The Book of Prayer) – Detailed Injunctions about Ramadan, Hadith 1370". Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement of The University of Southern California. http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/006-sat.php. 
  25. ↑ Bukhari-Ibn-Ismail, AbdAllah-Muhammad. "Sahih Bukhari – Book 031 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 199.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/64-Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2031.%20Fasting/2391-sahih-bukhari-volume-003-book-031-hadith-number-199.html. 
  26. ↑ Muslim-Ibn-Habaj, Abul-Hussain. "Sahih Muslim – Book 006 (The Book of Fasting), Hadith 2391.". hadithcollection.com. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/134-Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2006.%20Fasting/10952-sahih-muslim-book-006-hadith-number-2391.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Al-Bayhaqi, Abu Bakr (in ar). Sunnan al-Kubra. 4. p. Book 11, Ch. 6, No. 7904. "قال رسولُ اللَّهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: 'لا تَقولوا «رَمَضَانُ»، فإِنَّ رَمَضانَ اسمٌ مِن أسماءِ اللَّهِ، ولَكِن قولوا «شَهرُ رَمَضانَ».' وهَكَذا رَواه الحارِثُ بنُ عبدِ اللَّهِ الخازِنُ عن أبي مَعشَرٍ. وأبو مَعشَرٍ هو نَجيحٌ السِّندِىُّ، ضَعَّفَه يَحيَى بنُ مَعين" 
  28. ↑ Al-Tabari, Muhammad ibn Jarir (in ar). Tafsir al-Tabari. 3. p. 187. "أَنَّهُ كَرِهَ أَنْ يُقَالُ «رَمَضَانَ»، وَيَقُولُ: لَعَلَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، لَٰكِنَّ نَقُولُ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ: «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»" 
  29. ↑ Al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (in ar). Tafsir al-Kabir. 5. p. 251. "عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» وَ«ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «جَاءَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» وَ«ذَهَبَ شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ تَعَالَىٰ." 
  30. ↑ Ibn Abu Hatim, Abdul Rahman (in ar). Tafsir Ibn Abu Hatim. 1. p. 310, Nu. 1648. "لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ»" 
  31. ↑ Al-Dimashqi, Tamam (in ar). Fawa'id al-Tamam. 1. p. 104, Nu. 241. "قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: لَا يَقُولَنَّ أَحَدُكُمْ «صُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَ«قُمْتُ رَمَضَانَ»، وَلَا «صَنَعْتُ فِي رَمَضَانَ كَذَا وَكَذَا»، فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ الْعِظَامِ، وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» كَمَا قَالَ رَبُّكُمْ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ فِي كِتَابِهِ" 
  32. ↑ Ibn al-Saqri, Abu Tahir (in ar). Mashyakhah. 1. p. 126, Nu. 52. "عَائِشَةَ رَضِيَ اللَّٰهُ عَنْهَا قَالَتْ قُلْتُ يَا رَسُولَ اللَّٰهِ مَا مَعْنَىٰ رَمَضَانَ فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّٰهِ صَلَّىٰ اللَّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: يَا حُمَيْرَاءُ لَا تَقُولِي «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّهُ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولِي «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» يَعْنِي رَمَضَانَ أَرْمَضَ فِيهِ ذُنُوبَ عِبَادِهِ فَغَفَرَهَا" 
  33. ↑ Al-Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Ya'qub (in ar). Al-Kafi. p. Book 14 (the Book of Fasting), Ch. 4. "قَالَ أَبُو جَعْفَرٍ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «هَٰذَا رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «ذَهَبَ رَمَضَانُ» وَلَا «جَاءَ رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّ رَمَضَانَ اسْمٌ مِنْ أَسْمَاءِ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ لَا يَجِيءُ وَلَا يَذْهَبُ وَإِنَّمَا يَجِيءُ وَيَذْهَبُ الزَّائِلُ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّ الشَّهْرَ مُضَافٌ إِلَىٰ الْاسْمِ وَالاسْمُ اسْمُ اللَّٰهِ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ" 
  34. ↑ Ibn Babawayh, al-Saduq (in ar). Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih. 2. p. 182. "قَالَ أَمِيرُ الْمُؤْمِنِينَ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ): لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ" 
  35. ↑ Al-Hurr Al-Amili, Muhammad (in ar). Wasa'il al-Shia. 10. p. Ch. 19. "عَلِيٍّ (عَلَيْهِ السَّلَامُ) قَالَ: لَا تَقُولُوا۟ «رَمَضَانُ» فَإِنَّكُمْ لَا تَدْرُونَ مَا رَمَضَانُ فَمَنْ قَالَهُ فَلْيَتَصَدَّقْ وَلْيَصُمْ كَفَّارَهً لِقَوْلِهِ وَلَٰكِنْ قُولُوا۟ كَمَا قَالَ اللَّٰهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ «شَهْرُ رَمَضَانَ» " 
  36. ↑ Al-Majlisi, Muhammad-Baqir (in ar). Bihar al-Anwar. 93. p. Ch. 48. 
  37. ↑ Ibn Tawus, Sayyid (in ar). Al-Iqbal Bil-Amal. 2. p. 29. 
  38. ↑ Al-Nouri Al-Tabarsi, Husayn (in ar). Mustadrak al-Wasa'il. 7. p. Ch. 12, Hadith 1, Nu. 8609. 
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  122. ↑ Islamic Studies Maldives
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  125. ↑ Faris, Mo'ez Al-Islam E.; Al-Holy, Murad A. (1 April 2014). "Implications of Ramadan intermittent fasting on maternal and fetal health and nutritional status: A review". Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 7 (2): 107–118. doi:10.3233/MNM-140011. 
  126. ↑ Shariatpanahi, Z. Vahdat, et al. "Effect of Ramadan fasting on some indices of insulin resistance and components of the metabolic syndrome in healthy male adults." British Journal of Nutrition 100.1 (2008): 147–151.
  127. ↑ Nematy, Mohsen, et al. "Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study." Nutrition journal 11.1 (2012): 69.
  128. ↑ "Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Public Health Nutr 17 (2): 396–406. 2014. doi:10.1017/S1368980012005046. PMID 23182306. 
  129. ↑ "Should your water intake change during Ramadan?" (in en). 5 May 2019. https://gulfnews.com/uae/should-your-water-intake-change-during-ramadan-1.63675339. 
  130. ↑ "Islamic fasting and health". Ann. Nutr. Metab. 56 (4): 273–282. 2010. doi:10.1159/000295848. PMID 20424438. 
  131. ↑ Espinoza, Javier (3 June 2016). "Schools say Muslim students 'should break Ramadan fast' to avoid bad grades". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/06/03/schools-say-muslim-students-should-break-ramadan-fast-to-avoid-b/. 
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  135. ↑ A Guideline of Performing Ibadah at the International Space Station (ISS)
  136. ↑ Donadio, Rachel (2007-12-09). "Interstellar Ramadan" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/09/magazine/09interstellar.html. 
  137. ↑ "Ramadan 2019: Why is it so important for Muslims?". https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/ramadan-2019-important-muslims-190505145156499.html. 
  138. ↑ Gilfillan_1, Scott (2019-05-03). "Supporting Muslim colleagues during Ramadan" (in en). https://www.tuc.org.uk/blogs/supporting-muslim-colleagues-during-ramadan. 
  139. ↑ "Ramadan working hours announced in Oman". Times of Oman. 22 June 2014. http://timesofoman.com/article/36340/Oman/-Ramadan-working-hours-announced-in-Oman. 
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  144. ↑ "EEOC And Electrolux Reach Settlement in Religious Accommodation Charge Brought By Muslim Employees". eeoc.gov. http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/8-6-10a.cfm. 
  145. ↑ Hasan, Rumy (3 July 2015). "The costs of Ramadan need to be counted". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/economics-blog/2015/jul/03/cost-ramadan-counted-muslim-fasting-month. 
  146. ↑ "Businesses want more working hours in Ramadan". https://www.arabnews.com/news/458892. 
  147. ↑ Cook, Erin (19 June 2017). "The Ramadan Productivity Drop And How To Overcome It". Indonesia Expat. https://indonesiaexpat.biz/business-property/ramadan-productivity-drop-overcome/. 

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