Religion:The event of Ghadir Khumm

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The event of Ghadir Khumm
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Mosque at Johfah near Rabigh, the Hejaz, Saudi Arabia. The event is reported to have occurred somewhere here.
Also calledEid Al-Ghadeer
Observed byMuslims, mostly Shia's
TypeIslam
SignificanceAppointment of Ali as the successor of Muhammad; completion of the message of Islam
ObservancesPrayers, gift-giving, festive meals, as well as reciting the Du'a Nudba
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Template:Islamic CultureThe event of Ghadir Khumm (Arabic and Persian: واقعه غدیر خم) is an event that took place in March 632. While returning from the Hajj pilgrimage, the Islamic prophet Muhammad gathered all the Muslims who were with him and gave a long sermon. In the sermon, Muhammad announced that Ali ibn Abi Talib would be his successor. This sermon included Muhammad's famous declaration that "to whomsoever I am Mawla, Ali is also their Mawla."

The Islamic prophet Muhammad also described Ali with the leadership titles "Imam," "Ameer," and "Khalifah" in the lengthy speech.[4] After the sermon, Muhammad instructed everyone to pledge allegiance to Ali.[5]

This event, which over one hundred thousand people were present at,[6] is considered to mark the completion of Islam.[7] It is also known as the official appointment of Ali as Muhammad's successor.[8] The day's anniversary in the Islamic calendar (18 Dhu al-Hijjah) is celebrated by Muslims (primarily Shias) as Eid e-Ghadeer.[9]

Background

Ten years after the migration and on the last days of Dhu al-Qi'dah (coinciding with 632 in the Gregorian calendar), Muhammad moved from Medina to Mecca accompanied by thousands of his followers. He only once attended Hajj rituals, a few months before he died. Since this Hajj took place in the last year of his life, he made his farewells to people. Ali was in Yemen, preaching Islam, when he was informed about Muhammad's Hajj, so he moved towards Mecca together with some people and joined Muhammad before rituals began. When the rituals of Hajj were finished, Muhammad left Mecca for Medina together with other Muslims.[10][11]

Event

Revelation of the verse of announcement

On Thursday the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 10 A.H. (March 632), after the Farewell Pilgrimage, the Muslims arrived at Ghadir Khumm. The following verse of the Quran was revealed:

O Messenger! proclaim the (message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For Allah guideth not those who reject Faith (5:67).[12]

According to the verse, Muhammad was obliged to proclaim an important message. The verse clearly denotes the importance of the message, by saying that if he does not announce it, then he has not performed his mission. After revelation of the verse, Muhammad ordered the caravan to stop, and ordered those who had passed Ghadir Khumm to return, and for them to wait there until the arrival of those who were still on their way.[13][14]

Both Shia and Sunni sources state that this verse relates to the event of Ghadir Khumm. According to Sunni traditional narratives, this verse was revealed during the event,[15][13][14][16] and over 360 Sunnis traditional scholars have mentioned about Ghadir and its connection with the mentioned verse.[17]

The sermon

On the way back to Medina from Mecca, Muhammad ordered his companions to stop at Ghadir Khum and delivered a lengthy sermon. The most well-known part of the sermon occurred when he raised Ali's hand and said, "whomever I am his Mawla, this Ali is his Mawla."[18][19] When Abu Bakr and Umar heard this, they said to Ali: "O son of Abu Talib, you have become the Mawla of every male and every female believer, morning and evening, congratulations."[20][21][22]

A portion of a part of sermon is as follows:

O people, Allah the Most Kind the Omniscient has told me that no apostle lives to more than half the age of him who had preceded him. I think I am about to be called (to die) and thus I must respond. I am responsible and you are responsible, then what do you say?' They said, 'We witness that you have informed, advised and striven. May Allah bless you.' He said, 'Do you not bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is His servant and Apostle, and that His Heaven is true, His Hell is true, death is true, the Resurrection after death is true, that there is no doubt that the Day of Judgment will come, and that Allah will resurrect the dead from their graves?' They said, 'Yes, we bear witness.' He said, 'O Allah, bear witness.' Then he said, 'O people, Allah is my Lord and I am the lord of the believers. I am worthier of believers than themselves. Of whomsoever I had been Mawla, Ali here is to be his Mawla.[lower-alpha 1] O Allah, be a supporter of whoever supports him (Ali) and an enemy of whoever opposes him and divert the Truth to Ali.'
O people, I will go ahead of you and you will arrive at my Pond (in Heaven) which is wider than the distance between Basra and San'a. It has receptacles as numerous as the stars, and two cups of gold and two of silver. I will ask you about the two weighty things that I have left for you when you come to me to see how you dealt with them. The greater weighty thing is Allah's book—the Holy Qur'an. One end is in Allah's hand and the other is in your hands. Keep it and you will not deviate. That other weighty thing is my family (Ahl al-Bayt) and my descendents. The Most Kind the Omniscient had told me that both of them, would not separate until they come to my Pond.

Another similar narration of part of the hadith goes as follows,

O people! Reflect on the Quran and comprehend its verses. Look into its clear verses and do not follow its ambiguous parts, for by Allah, none shall be able to explain to you its warnings and its mysteries, nor shall anyone clarify its interpretation, other than the one that I have grasped his hand, brought up beside myself,(and lifted his arm), the one about whom I inform you that whomever I am his Mawla, this Ali is his Mawla; and he is Ali Ibn Abi Talib, my brother, the executor of my will (Wasiyyi), whose appointment as your guardian and leader has been sent down to me from Allah, the mighty and the majestic.[23]

Revelation of the verse of Ikmal al-Din

According to Shia scholar Sheikh Abdul Hosein Amini's work Al-Ghadir, immediately after Muhammad had finished his speech, the following verse of the Quran was revealed:[24][25][26]

This day have those who reject faith given up all hope of your religion: yet fear them not but fear Me. This day have I perfected your religion for you, completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion (5:3).

Sunni Muslims believe this verse was revealed during the Farewell Pilgrimage of the Prophet Muhammad on the Day of Arafah, the ninth day of Dhul Hijja.[27]

Oath of allegiance

Only then, Muhammad left the rostrum, and gave the order for the establishment of a tent in which Ali would sit to receive the allegiance oath of Muslims. Thousands of people, group by group, including women, went to him and saluted and congratulated him as Amir al-Mu'minin, commander of the faithful. Umar ibn Al-Khattab was the first to offer congratulations.[10][28][29]

On the completion of Muhammad's sermon, Umar said, "Congratulations to you, Ali! This morning has brought you a great blessing. Today you have become the Mawla of all believing men and women." At a later occasion when Umar was asked about his special treatment to Ali as compared to other companions, his reply was, "He is my master."[30][31][32][33] Shias believe that, with Muhammad's approbation he recited verses in honour of Ali. The verse are recorded in Ibn Shahrashoub and affirms that ʿAlī was named as the successor of Muhammad on the day of Ghadir Khum.[18]

Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, writes in his book, Mawaddat al-Qurba in Mawadda 5, that many companions quoted Umar in different places as having said that Muhammad made Ali the chief and leader of the nation and that Muhammad announced publicly that Ali was their master. Umar was also quoted saying that on the day of that announcement, a handsome youth was sitting besides him and that the youth said to him, "Surely, the Prophet has bound a covenant which none but a hypocrite would break. So Umar! Avoid breaking it." When Umar told Muhammad about the incident, Muhammad said that the youth was not of Adam's (Adem) progeny but was Gabriel (Jibril) and was stressing the point about Ali.

It is also reported that Abu Bakr said to Ali, "Well done Ibn Abi Talib! Today you became the leader (Mawla) of all believing men and women." Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman are all said to have given their allegiance to Ali, a fact that is reported by both Shia and Sunni sources.[34][35][36]

Interpretation and analysis

The word mawla is significant in the first narration of this hadith, and can refer to a leader, client, patron, friend, partner, ally or numerous other similar relationships.[37] Twenty-seven (27) different meanings are given for the word mawla and hence the exact meaning should be derived from their syntactical and situational contexts.[38]

Unlike the words "Imam, Ameer, Khalifah, Ulil-Amr, Sultan" which are very clear words to describe leader, the word "Mawla" is more ambiguous.[39][40][citation needed] However, Shias argue that the context of the sermon makes it clear that the word Mawla is meant as leader.[41] In addition, Muhammad did use the words "Imam," "Ameer," and "Khalifah" to describe Ali elsewhere in the sermon.[42][43]

It is also noteworthy that the Prophet used many titles for Ali in the sermon. The words "Wali," "Mawla," and "Imam" were used over 27 times, indicating that Ali as the successor to Muhammad in a spiritual sense, as well as a political sense (as the word "Khalifa" was used three times in the sermon).[44] Hence, the sermon established Ali's right as the political and spiritual successor to Muhammad.

According to some, the event of Ghadir Khumm took place because of a dispute between Ali and two sahaba in Yemen prior to the Farewell Pilgrimage.[45] When Muhammad found out about this dispute, he ordered his companions to never anger Ali. The dispute was thus resolved with Muhammad's statement before the Farewell Pilgrimage. This indicates that there was no need to gather over a hundred thousand people around to discuss the dispute after the pilgrimage, as the dispute had already been settled.[46]

Narrators and citations

The event of Ghadir Khumm has been revealed in both Shia and Sunni sources. Narrators of the Hadith of Ghadir Khumm are many, including:

  • Ahl al-Bayt: Ali, Fatimah, Hasan ibn Ali and Husayn ibn Ali[citation needed]
  • 110 Sahabah (companions) of Muhammad: Umar,[47] Uthman, Aisha,[48] Abu Hurairah,[49] Abu Dhar al-Ghifari,[citation needed] Salman the Persian,[50] Ammar ibn Yasir,[citation needed] Zubayr ibn al-Awam,[51] Jabir ibn Abd Allah,[52] and others, who were all present at Ghadir Khum and narrated the event directly.
  • 83 of the Tabi‘un (followers): Salim ibn Abd-Allah, Umar II, Tawus ibn Kaysan, and etc.
  • 360 Sunni scholars of 2nd to 4th century AH: Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfīʿī (the founder of the Shafi'i school), Ahmad ibn Hanbal (the founder of the Hanbali school), Al-Nasa'i, Ibn al-Maghazili, Ahmad ibn Abd Allah, and Ahmad ibn Abd Rabbih.
  • Shia Hadith scholars: Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni, Ibn Babawayh, Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Sharif al-Murtaza, and etc.

This Hadith is considered to be Hasan by many scholars, and some consider it Sahih. Furthermore, all Shia Hadith scholars, and some great Sunni scholars, consider this Hadith to be Mutawatir. Shia scholar Sheikh Abdul Hosein Amini collected all the references for the event of Ghadir Khum from Sunni sources and issued them together with all other reasons for this event in eleven volumes in of his book Al-Ghadir.[29]

The above hadith have been cited in various Sunni sources including:

Aftermath

Rashidun Caliphate

After the death of Muhammad, a gathering at Saqifah elected Abu Bakr, rather than Ali, to be the successor of Muhammad as the first Rashidun Caliph. This choice was disputed by some Muslims, who believed that Ali had been appointed as successor. This dispute led to the schism between Sunnis and Shias.

Umayyad Caliphate

After the First Fitnah, during the days of the Umayyad Caliphate, when Muawiyah arrived (in Mecca) during one of his pilgrimages, accordingly, Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas came to see him, and they happened to mention Ali. Muawiyah disparaged Ali. As a result, Sa`d became angry and said: "You are speaking of this man! I have heard the Messenger of Allah—peace and salutation of Allah be upon him—declare (On the day of Ghadir): "Of whomsoever I am the Mawla, then Ali is his Mawla." I have (also) heard him say: 'You Ali are to me in position that Harun was to Musa, except that there is no prophet after me (See Hadith of position)." And I have heard him announce: "Today I am indeed going to hand over the banner to a person who loves Allah and his Messenger, and Allah and his Messenger also loves him."[234]

Eid al-Ghadeer

Shia Muslims celebrate the occasion of Muhammad declaring Ali as his successor on the 18th of Dhu al-Hijjah.[18][235] Fasting, doing Ghusl (ritual bath), reciting the Du'a Nudba,[236] and giving food to believers is among recommended practice of Eid al-Ghadeer.[237] It is a public holiday[238] in countries such as: Iran,[239][240] India , Azerbaijan,[241] Saudi Arabia,[242][243] Iraq,[244][245] UAE, Yemen, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Bahrain, Syria, Turkey. The Shia Muslim also celebrate Eid Ghadir in Europe and Americas, among in: The U.S., England, Germany, France,[246] and so on.[247][248]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Man kunṫu mawlāhu fa-ʿAlī mawlāh (Arabic: مَـن كُـنـت مَـولاه فَـعَـلي مَـولاه).[18]

References

  1. ↑ "Special security measures in Najaf ahead of Eid Al-Ghadir". 17 September 2016. http://en.abna24.com/service/middle-east-west-asia/archive/2016/09/17/779676/story.html. Retrieved 19 September 2016. 
  2. ↑ "Iran Public Holidays 2016 and 2017". http://publicholidays.me/iran. Retrieved 19 September 2016. 
  3. ↑ "Iran Public Holidays 2018". https://publicholidays.me/iran/2018-dates/. 
  4. ↑ Majd, Vahid. The Sermon of Prophet Muhammad (saww) at Ghadir Khum. pp. 17-18. 
  5. ↑ The event of Ghadir Khumm Retrieved 13 Sep 2018
  6. ↑ "Event of Ghadir Khumm". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. https://www.al-islam.org/ghadir/incident.htm. 
  7. ↑ "Imam Khomeini defined Ghadir as most magnificent feast". http://en.imam-khomeini.ir/en/n27439/Imam-Khomeini-defined-Ghadir-as-most-magnificent-feast. Retrieved 1 September 2018. 
  8. ↑ Razwy, Sayed Ali Asgher. A Restatement of the History of Islam & Muslims. p. 276. 
  9. ↑ Eid Ghadir-Khum
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid, Muhammad. Irshad. Qom: Maktaba Basirati. p. 91. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/20869. 
  11. ↑ Shaykh Tabarsi, Ahmad ibn Ali. al-Ihtijaj. 1. Mashhad: Nashr al-Murtaza. p. 56. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/13413. 
  12. ↑ "Yusuf Ali Translation". http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.yusufali/5:67. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Al-Shahrastani (1984). Kitab al–Milal wa al-Nihal. London: Kegan Paul. pp. 139–140. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Tafsir ibn Abi Hatim Vol. 4 Pg. 1172 Hadith no. 6609
  15. ↑ Al-Suyuti, from Dur al-Manthur, based on the authority of Ibn Asakir, Ibn Mardawayh and Ibn Abi Hatim, who narrated from Abu Sa`id al-Khudri
  16. ↑ "The verse 67 of Al-Ma'ida chapter". http://tanzil.net/#5:67. 
  17. ↑ Al Ghadir (Arabic: الغدير في الكتاب والسنة والأدب) (that is "The Ghadir in the Book, the Sunnah, and Literature") is a 20-volume book written by the Great scholar Abd Al Husayn Amini.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Veccia Vaglieri, Laura. "G̲h̲adīr K̲h̲umm". Encyclopædia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online. http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ghadir-khumm-SIM_2439. Retrieved 28 March 2013. 
  19. ↑ Dakake, Maria Massi (2007). The charismatic community : Shiʻite identity in early Islam. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 34–37. ISBN 0791480348. https://books.google.com/books?id=02J6ly4-tMgC&dq=dakake&source=gbs_navlinks_s. 
  20. ↑ Tahir-ul-Qadri, Dr Muhammad (2005). The Ghadir Declaration. Tehreek-e-Minhaj-ul-Quran. p. 26. ISBN 9693205138. https://books.google.com/books?id=OWEUrmQoDEsC&pg=PA26&dq=abu+bakr+congratulated+ali+ghadeer#v=onepage&q=abu%20bakr%20congratulated%20ali%20ghadeer&f=false. 
  21. ↑ Dhahabi, Shams al-Din. Siyar A'lam Al-Nubala'i. Dar Al-Hadith. pp. 623–624. 
  22. ↑ Al-Manaaw, Abdur Raoof. Fayd Al-Qadeer. Dar al-Hadith. p. 217. 
  23. ↑ The Last Sermon of Muhammad by Shia Accounts
  24. ↑ al-Bahrani, Seyyed Hashim. Al-Burhan Fi Tafsir al-Quran. 1. pp. 434–437. 
  25. ↑ Makarem Shirazi, Naser. Tafsir Nemooneh. 4. pp. 263–271. 
  26. ↑ Sobhani, Ja'far. Al-Iman va al-Kofr fi al-Ketab va al-Sunnah. 1. p. 244. 
  27. ↑ "Tafsir Ibn Kathir Online". http://www.qtafsir.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=822&Itemid=60. 
  28. ↑ Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ahmad. Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal. 4. Beirut: Dar al-Ihya al-Torath al-Arabia. p. 281. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Amini, Abdul Hosein. Al-Ghadir. 1. Qom: Dar al-Kotob al-Islamia. pp. 9–30. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/13894. 
  30. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, by Ibn Kathir, vol. 7, p. 349, Cairo: Matba`at al-Sa`adah (14 vols)
  31. ↑ Fayd al-Qadir Sharh al-Jami` al-Saghir by Muhammad al-Munawi, vol. 6, pp. 217–8
  32. ↑ Al-Milal wa al-Nihal by Al-Shahrastani, pp. 139–140, 1984, London: Kegan Paul, Muslim Sects and Divisions
  33. ↑ Manaqib by Ibn al-Maghazili, pp. 18–19, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa, 1983
  34. ↑ "A Shi'ite Encyclopedia". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. https://www.al-islam.org/shiite-encyclopedia-ahlul-bayt-dilp-team. Retrieved 27 February 2018. 
  35. ↑ Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, Volume 4. p. 281. 
  36. ↑ al-Razi, Fakhr. Tafsir al-Kabir, Volume 12. pp. 49-50. 
  37. ↑ Bernards, Monique; Nawas, John Abdallah (2005). Patronate And Patronage in Early And Classical Islam. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-14480-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=RqdcXWARYCQC. 
  38. ↑ Mutahari, Murtada (2001). Wilayah, the Station of the Master (Fourth ed.). Tehran: WOFIS. http://www.wofis.com/DownloadFilePage.aspx?fileName=asset/Books/046.pdf. 
  39. ↑ "Appointment of 'Ali: Explicit or Implicit?". Archived from the original on 2017-01-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20170107003750/https://www.al-islam.org/shiism-imamate-and-wilayat-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi/appointment-ali-explicit-or-implicit. 
  40. ↑ Asma Afsaruddin, The First Muslims: History and Memory
  41. ↑ Zakee Kazmee (2011-04-24), "Misconceptions of Shi'a" - Ammar Nakhshwani Lecture at MIT, archived from the original on 2017-04-11, https://web.archive.org/web/20170411101416/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjLXvqqfIpY, retrieved 2017-04-10 
  42. ↑ Majd, Vahid. The Sermon of Prophet Muhammad (saww) at Ghadir Khum. pp. 17-18. 
  43. ↑ The complete text of Ghadir Khum sermon yjc.ir Retrieved 22 Sep 2018
  44. ↑ Majd, Vahid. The Sermon of Prophet Muhammad (saww) at Ghadir Khum. pp. 17-18. 
  45. ↑ Wilferd Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad, 18.
  46. ↑ "18 - The Life of Imam Ali: Ghadir Khumm - Dr. Sayed Ammar Nakshwani - Ramadhan 1435". YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkAciGqyads&list=UUtEAmTJT5VH5zBuarXbk1Yg. 
  47. ↑ Muhib al-Din al-Tabari, Ahmad ibn Abdullah. Zakhayer al-Oqba. Cairo: Maktabat al-Qodsi. p. 67. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/1835. 
  48. ↑ ibn Oqde, Ahmad ibn Muhammad. al-Vilaya. Qom: Dalil-e Ma. pp. 150–152. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/16774. 
  49. ↑ ibn Maqazeli, Ali ibn Muhammad. Manaqib. Beirut: Dar al-Adhwa. p. 69. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/3764. 
  50. ↑ Himaway al Juwayni, Ibrahim b Muhammad. Fara'id al-Simtayn. Beirut: Mahmudi. p. 315. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/10390. 
  51. ↑ Ibn al-Jazari, Muhammad. Asna al-Matalib. Isfahan: Maktabat al-Imam Amir al-Mu'menin. p. 48. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/7730. 
  52. ↑ Ibn 'Abd al-Barr, Yusuf ibn Abdallah. The Comprehensive Compilation of the Names of the Prophet's Companions (Arabic: الاستعياب في معرفة الاصحاب). 3. Beirut: Dar al-jil. p. 1099. http://www.noorlib.ir/View/fa/Book/BookView/Image/12709. 
  53. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Zathan, from thirteen persons, vol. 1 p. 84
  54. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Ziyad bin Abu Ziyad, from twelve persons, who had fought in the battle of Badr. vol. 1 p. 88
  55. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Sa'id bin Wahhab, from five or six persons, vol. 5 p. 366
  56. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Sa'id bin Wahhab and Zayd bin Yathigh, from twelve persons vol. 1 p. 118
  57. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Zayd bin Arqam, from sixteen persons, vol. 5 p. 370
  58. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Abu-Tufayl, from many persons, vol. 4 p. 370
  59. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Abu-Tufayl, from thirty persons, vol. 4 p. 370
  60. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin Abu Leyla, to twelve people, vol. 1 p. 118
  61. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Riyah bin al-Harith, from some of the Ansar, vol. 5 p. 419
  62. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Riyah bin al-Harith, from some people, vol. 5 p. 419
  63. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Sa'id bin Ubayda, from ibn Burayda, from his father, vol. 5 p. 358
  64. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Sa'id bin Ubayda from another direction vol. 5 p. 358
  65. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Umar bin Maymun, from Ibn Abbas, vol. 1 p. 331
  66. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Abu Ubayd, from Ibn Maymun, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 4 p. 372
  67. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Abdul-Malik, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 4 p. 370
  68. ↑ Musnad, narrated by To Atiya, vol. 4 p. 370
  69. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib from another chain of narrators, vol. 4 p. 281
  70. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib from another chain of narrators, vol. 4 p. 282
  71. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Abu Maryam and one of Imam Ali's Companions, vol. 1, p. 152
  72. ↑ Musnad, narrated by Ibn Abbas, vol. 1 p. 331
  73. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, Sa'id bin Wahhab, from five or six persons p. 21
  74. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Sa'id bin Wahhab, from six persons – p. 26 and 40
  75. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Zayd bin Yathigh, from six persons—p. 26
  76. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Amr bin Sa'd, from six persons, Al-Khasa'is, p. 21
  77. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Amr Dhi Mur, to some persons p. 40
  78. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Ibn Abbas bin Burayda, p. 21
  79. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, From another direction to Ibn Abbas from Burayda, p. 21
  80. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Sa'id bin Umayr, from ibn Burayda, from his father, p. 21
  81. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Aamir bin Wathila, p. 24
  82. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Auf, from Ibn Maymun, from Zayd bin Arqam, p. 22.
  83. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Abu at-Tufayl, from Zayd bin Arqam-Al Khasa'is, p. 21
  84. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by Ayman, from Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas, p. 4
  85. ↑ Al-Khasa'is, narrated by 'Aa'isha bint Sa'd, from Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas, 24–25
  86. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Sa'id bin Wahhab, from six persons vol. 2 p. 28
  87. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Amr Dhi Mur, Sa'id bin Wahhab and Zayd bin Yathigh, from thirteen persons, vol. 2 p. 18
  88. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Amr Dhi Mur and Sa'id bin Wahhab, from six or seven persons—vol. 2 p. 19
  89. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Sa'id bin Wahhab and Abd Khayr, from some persons, vol. 2 p. 20
  90. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin Abu Leyla vol. 2 p. 9
  91. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Also Abdur-Rahman bin Abu Leyla, vol. 2 p. 9
  92. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Salama from Hudhayfa bin Usayd vol. 2 p. 45
  93. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas, vol. 2 p. 53
  94. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Umar bin al-Khattab, vol. 2 p. 80
  95. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Malik bin al-Huwayrith, vol. 2 p. 80
  96. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Ibrahim bin al-Husayn, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 2 p. 72
  97. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu 'Ishaq al-Khitabi, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 2 p. 74
  98. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Mansur bin abul-Aswad, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 2 p. 74
  99. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu Ya'la, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 2p. 74
  100. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abdullah bin Adiy, from Abu Hurayra vol. 2 p. 75
  101. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Habshun, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 2 p. 75
  102. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Ali bin Shu'eib, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 2 p. 76
  103. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Ad-Daqqaq, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 2 p. 77
  104. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Samra bin Jundub, vol. 2 p. 71
  105. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Shuriet bin Anas, vol. 2 p. 72
  106. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Qubaysa, from Jabir bin Abdullah, vol. 2 p. 65
  107. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Qubaysa, from someone else, vol. 2 p. 63
  108. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Muhammad bin al-Munkadir, from Jabir bin Abdullah, vol. 2 p. 65
  109. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Aqil, from someone else, vol. 2 p. 62
  110. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin Bahman, vol. 2 p. 63
  111. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu Bastam, Usama's freed slave, vol. 2 p. 86
  112. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Ali bin Khadim, from Abu Sa'id, vol. 2 p. 69
  113. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated From another chain of narrators to Shu'ba, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 42
  114. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Atiya al-Aufi, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 39
  115. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu Surayha or Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 36
  116. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu Abdullah ash-Shami, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 38
  117. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Habibu l-Iskafi, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 41
  118. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu 'Ishaq, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 41
  119. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib from a tenth chain of narrators, vol. 2 p. 48
  120. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib from an eleventh chain of narrators, vol. 2 p. 50
  121. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib, from another chain of narrators, vol. 2 p. 50
  122. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu 'Ishaq, from al-Bara' bin Aazib and Zayd bin Arqam vol. 2 p. 52
  123. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Amr Dhi Mur, vol. 2 p. 30
  124. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Al-Husayn bin Ali, from Imam Ali, vol. 2, p. 26
  125. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Umar bin Ali, from Imam Ali, vol. 2 p. 28
  126. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Abu at-Tufayl, from Imam Ali, vol. 2, p. 20
  127. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Zayd bin Arqam, from Imam Ali, vol. 2, p. 20
  128. ↑ The History of Damascus, narrated by Ibn Umar, vol. 2 p. 83
  129. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Habba bin Juwayn al-Urani, vol. 1 p. 376
  130. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Jundu' bin Amr bin Mazin, vol. 1 p. 308
  131. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Ya'la bin Murra, vol. 3 p. 233
  132. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Abu Ayyub, vol. 5 p. 6
  133. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Abu at-Tufeil, from Abu Qudama, vol. 5 p. 276
  134. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Ya'la, from Aamir bin Leyla, vol. 3 p. 93
  135. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Ya'la bin Murra, from Yazid or Zayd bin Shuraheel, vol. 2 p. 233
  136. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Hudhayfa bin Usayd and Aamir bin Leyla bin Zamra, vol. 3 p. 92
  137. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Aamir bin Leyla from another chain of narrators, vol. 3 p. 93
  138. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Abu Amra, from Amr bin Mahz, vol. 3 p. 307
  139. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Abu Zaynab, vol. 3 p. 307
  140. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Sahl bin Hunayf, vol. 3 p. 307
  141. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Khuzayma bin Thabit, vol. 3 p. 307
  142. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Abdullah bin Thabit al-Ansari, vol. 3 p. 307
  143. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Habashi bin Junada, vol. 3 p. 307
  144. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Ubayd bin Aazib, vol. 3 p. 307
  145. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Nu'Man bin Ajlan, vol. 3 p. 307
  146. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Thabit bin Wadi'a, vol. 3 p. 307
  147. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Abu Fuzala al-Ansari, vol. 3 p. 307
  148. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Najiya bin Amr al-Khuza'i, vol. 5 p. 6
  149. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Miqdad bin Amr, vol. 5 p. 6
  150. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Al-Asbagh, from Ubayd bin Aazib al-Ansari, vol. 3 p. 307 and vol. 5 p. 205
  151. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Habib bin Badil bin Warqa', vol. 1 p. 368
  152. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Qays bin Thabit bin Shamaas, vol. 1 p. 367
  153. ↑ Usud al-Ghabah, narrated by Hashim bin Utba, vol. 1 p. 368
  154. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Abd Khayr, Amr Dhi Mur and Habbatul-Urani, from twelve people, p. 20
  155. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Hamid at-Tawil, from Anas
  156. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Abu Salama, from Muhammad bin al-Munkadir, p. 25
  157. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Al-Hakam bin Abu Sulayman, from Zayd bin Arqam, p. 23
  158. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Abuz-Zuha, from Zayd bin Arqam, p. 20
  159. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Zayd's wife, from Zayd bin Arqam, p. 16
  160. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Abdullah bin Mas'ud, p. 23
  161. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Atiyah, from ibn Abu Awfa, p. 24
  162. ↑ Ibnul-Maghazili's Manaqib, narrated by Umayra bin Sa'd, p. 26
  163. ↑ Sunan ibn Majah, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib, vol. 1 p. 55
  164. ↑ Sunan ibn Majah, narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin Saabit, from Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas, vol. 1, p. 58
  165. ↑ Majma al-Zawa'id, narrated by Sa'id bin Wahhab, from thirteen persons vol. 9
  166. ↑ Majma al-Zawa'id, narrated by Abu Hurayra, Anas and Abu Sa'id, from nine persons and others, vol. 9 p. 708
  167. ↑ Majma al-Zawa'id, narrated by Hamid bin Imara, vol. 9p. 107
  168. ↑ Kifayat at-Talib, narrated by Sa'id bin Wahhab and Zayd bin Yathigh, from some persons p. 18
  169. ↑ Kifayat at-Talib, narrated by Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Aqil, from Muhammad bin al-Munkadir, p. 14
  170. ↑ Kifayat at-Talib, narrated by From another direction to Abu at-Tufayl, from Zayd bin Arqam, p. 13–14
  171. ↑ Al-Isaba, narrated by Abu-Tufayl, from seventeen persons, vol. 4 p. 156
  172. ↑ Al-Isaba, narrated by Al-Asbagh bin Nabata, from some persons, vol. 4 p. 80
  173. ↑ Al-Isaba, narrated by Abdullah bin Bamil, vol. 2 p. 374
  174. ↑ Sharh Nahjul Balagha, narrated by Abu Zumayla, from some persons
  175. ↑ Hilyat al-awliya, narrated by Umayra bin Sa'd, from twelve persons, vol. 5 p. 26
  176. ↑ Hilyat al-awliya, narrated by Umar bin Abdul-Aziz, from some persons, vol. 5 p. 364
  177. ↑ Hilyat al-awliya, narrated To Tawus, from Burayda, vol. 4 p. 23
  178. ↑ Tarikh Baghdad, narrated by Umayra, from eighteen persons, vol. 2 p. 13
  179. ↑ Tarikh Baghdad, narrated by Umayra, from other eight sources, vol. 2 p. 13
  180. ↑ Tarikh Baghdad, narrated by Musa bin Ayyub, from Abu Hurayra, vol. 8 p. 290
  181. ↑ Tarikh Baghdad, narrated by Al-Mansur, from his father, from his grandfather, from Ibn Abbas, vol. 12 p. 343
  182. ↑ Tarikh Baghdad, narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin Abu Leyla, vol. 14 p. 236
  183. ↑ Al-Kuna wa al-Asma, narrated by Abu Qulaba, from more than ten people, vol. 2 p. 61
  184. ↑ Al-Kuna wa al-Asma, narrated by Abu 'Ishaq as-Subay'i, from al-Bara' bin Aazib, vol. 1 p. 160
  185. ↑ Mushkil ul-Athar, narrated by Abu 'Ishaq as-Subay'i, from more than ten people, vol. 2 p. 307
  186. ↑ Jami` at-Tirmidhi, narrated by Salama from Hudhayfa bin Usayd, vol. 13 p. 165
  187. ↑ Muwazihul-Awham, narrated by As'ad bin Zurara, from his father, vol. 1 p. 91
  188. ↑ Al-Kafi ash-Shafi, narrated by Isa bin Talha, from Talha bin Abdullah, p. 95
  189. ↑ Talha, p. 95
  190. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin Abu Leyla from another direction, vol 2 p. 14
  191. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, narrated by Abdur-Rahman bin abu Leyla, vol. 2 p. 14
  192. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, narrated by To Abu at-Tufayl, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 14
  193. ↑ Tafsir ibn Kathir, narrated by Zayd bin Wahhab and Abd Khayr, from Imam Ali, vol. 2, p. 14
  194. ↑ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, narrated by Habashi bin Junada, p. 127
  195. ↑ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, narrated by Bishr bin Harb, from Jarir, p. 127
  196. ↑ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, narrated by Abu Ayyub, p. 157
  197. ↑ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, narrated to Abu at-Tufayl, from Zayd bin Arqam, p. 127 (Manuscript)
  198. ↑ Al-Mu'jam al-Kabeer, narrated by Hudhayfa bin Usayd or Zayd bin Arqam, p. 157 (Manuscript)
  199. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated by Amr Dhi Mur, vol. 5 p. 210
  200. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated by Bint Ka'b (Ka'b's daughter) from Abu Sa'id, vol. 5 p. 208
  201. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated by Abu Maryam or Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 7 p. 348
  202. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated by Yazid bin Talha, vol. 5 p. 108
  203. ↑ 203.0 203.1 Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib, vol. 5 p. 208
  204. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated by Al Bara' bin Aazib, vol. 5 p. 208
  205. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated by Umar bin Ali, from Imam Ali, vol. 5, p. 221
  206. ↑ Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya, narrated From another direction to 'Aa'isha bint Sa'd from Sa'd bin abu Waqqas, vol. 5 p. 208
  207. ↑ Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, narrated by Sa'd bin Malik, vol. 3 p. 116
  208. ↑ Al-Mustadrak alaa al-Sahihain, narrated by Ibn Wathila, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 3 p. 109
  209. ↑ Talkhis al-Mustadrak, narrated by Aamir bin Wathila, vol. 3 p. 109
  210. ↑ Arjah ul-Matalib, narrated by Abul-Hamra', p. 581
  211. ↑ Arjah ul-Matalib, narrated by Fatima binte Muhammad p. 448 and 571
  212. ↑ Al-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, narrated by Al-Bazzar, from Abu Hurayra, p. 94
  213. ↑ Al-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, narrated by Al-Abdi, from Abu Sa'id
  214. ↑ Al-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, narrated by Abd bin Thabit, from al-Bara' bin Aazib, p. 93
  215. ↑ Al-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, narrated by Aamir bin Wathila, from Imam Ali, vol. 1, p. 41
  216. ↑ Al-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, narrated by Salman, from Imam Ali, vol. 1 p. 41
  217. ↑ Al-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, narrated by Amr bin al-Aas, p. 125
  218. ↑ Al-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, narrated by Amr bin al-Aas-Khawarizmi's Manaqib, p. 126
  219. ↑ Al-Mu'jam As-Saghir, narrated by Tawus, from Burayda, vol. 1 p. 71
  220. ↑ Al-Jarh wa at-Ta'dil, narrated by Abu Leyla bin Sa'id, from his father, vol. 4 p. 431
  221. ↑ The History of Islam, narrated by Shu'ba, from Ibn Maymun, from Zayd bin Arqam, vol. 2 p. 196
  222. ↑ The History of Islam, narrated by Aamir bin Sa'd, from Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas, vol. 2
  223. ↑ Fara'id al-Simtayn, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib, vol. 1 p. 64
  224. ↑ Fara'id al-Simtayn, narrated by Al-Bara' bin Aazib from another direction, vol. 1 p. 65
  225. ↑ Fara'id al-Simtayn, narrated by Ammar bin Yasir, vol. 1 p. 195
  226. ↑ Fara'id al-Simtayn, narrated by Amr Dhi Mur, from Imam Ali, vol. 1, p. 67
  227. ↑ Fara'id al-Simtayn, narrated by Sulaym bin Qays, from some persons, one of them was Abu Dharr, vol. 1 p. 315
  228. ↑ Fara'id al-Simtayn, narrated by Hasan bin Thabit, vol. 1 p. 73
  229. ↑ Du'atul-Hudat, from Hudhayfa bin al-Yaman
  230. ↑ Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa, from Amr bin al-Aas p. 93
  231. ↑ Salama, abu at-Tufeil from Hudhayfa bin Useid al-Ghifari
  232. ↑ Tawus, from his father, Ahmad bin Hanbal's Manaqib, (Manuscript)
  233. ↑ Mizanul-I'tidal, Amr Dhi Mur, from Imam Ali, vol. 2 p. 303.
  234. ↑ Ibn Majah, Sunan, Volume 1 Page 45, Cairo, 1952 CE,
  235. ↑ Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2014). "Ghadīr Khumm" (in En). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_27419. 
  236. ↑ Practices in Eid Ghadir Khum yjc.ir
  237. ↑ Eid (Feast) Ghadir Khum hawzah.net
  238. ↑ The Feast (Eid) Ghadir Khum yjc.ir
  239. ↑ Ghadir Khum (Eid) farsnews.com
  240. ↑ Ghadir celebration, Ahwaz, Iran aparat.com
  241. ↑ Islamic countries, Eid Ghadir Khum hawzah.net
  242. ↑ Eid Ghadir Khum, in diverse countries shafaqna.com Retrieved 22 Sep 2018
  243. ↑ Mecca, Eid Ghadir Khum alkawthartv.com Retrieved 22 Sep 2018
  244. ↑ Iraq, Eid Ghadir-Khum alalam.ir Retrieved 22 Sep 2018
  245. ↑ Eid Ghadir Khum, Iraq shia-news.com Retrieved 22 Sep 2018
  246. ↑ Ghadir Khum, celebration alkawthartv.com
  247. ↑ Eid Ghadir-Khum, in Georgia iribnews.ir
  248. ↑ The celebration of Ghadir, in Saudi Arabia shia-news.com

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