Slab allocation
Slab allocation is a memory management mechanism intended for the efficient memory allocation of objects. In comparison with earlier mechanisms, it reduces fragmentation caused by allocations and deallocations.
This technique is used for retaining allocated memory containing a data object of a certain type for reuse upon subsequent allocations of objects of the same type. It is analogous to an object pool, but only applies to memory, not other resources.
Slab allocation was first introduced in the Solaris 2.4 kernel by Jeff Bonwick.[1] It is now widely used by many Unix and Unix-like operating systems including FreeBSD[2] and Linux;[3] however, due to it being an outdated allocation method, it is currently deprecated and may be removed soon from the Linux kernel.[4]
Basis
Slab allocation renders infrequent the very costly practice (in CPU time) of initialization and destruction of kernel data-objects, which can outweigh the cost of allocating memory for them.[1] When the kernel creates and deletes objects often, overhead costs of initialization can result in significant performance drops. Object caching leads to less frequent invocation of functions which initialize object state: when a slab-allocated object is released after use, the slab allocation system typically keeps it cached (rather than doing the work of destroying it) ready for re-use next time an object of that type is needed (thus avoiding the work of constructing and initialising a new object).
With slab allocation, a cache for a certain type or size of data object has a number of pre-allocated "slabs" of memory; within each slab there are memory chunks of fixed size suitable for the objects.[5] The slab allocator keeps track of these chunks, so that when it receives a request to allocate memory for a data object of a certain type, usually it can satisfy the request with a free slot (chunk) from an existing slab. When the allocator is asked to free the object's memory, it just adds the slot to the containing slab's list of free (unused) slots. The next call to create an object of the same type (or allocate memory of the same size) will return that memory slot (or some other free slot) and remove it from the list of free slots. This process eliminates the need to search for suitable memory space and greatly alleviates memory fragmentation. In this context, a slab is one or more contiguous pages in the memory containing pre-allocated memory chunks.
Implementation
Understanding the slab allocation algorithm requires defining and explaining some terms:
- Cache: cache represents a small amount of very fast memory. A cache is a storage for a specific type of object, such as semaphores, process descriptors, file objects, etc.
- Slab: slab represents a contiguous piece of memory, usually made of several virtually contiguous pages. The slab is the actual container of data associated with objects of the specific kind of the containing cache.
When a program sets up a cache, it allocates a number of objects to the slabs associated with that cache. This number depends on the size of the associated slabs.
Slabs may exist in one of the following states:
- empty – all objects on a slab marked as free
- partial – slab consists of both used and free objects
- full – all objects on a slab marked as used
Initially, the system marks each slab as "empty". When the process calls for a new kernel object, the system tries to find a free location for that object on a partial slab in a cache for that type of object. If no such location exists, the system allocates a new slab from contiguous virtual pages and assigns it to a cache. The new object gets allocated from this slab, and its location becomes marked as "partial".
The allocation takes place quickly, because the system builds the objects in advance and readily allocates them from a slab.
Implementation techniques
Free lists
A slab represents one memory allocation to the cache from the machine, and whose size is customarily a multiple of the page size. The slab will be divided into a number of entries, which will then be requested by the cache as the client code requests memory for new objects. It is necessary then to keep track of which parts of the slab are free to use and which ones were already occupied. This is generally done using "free lists": lists of free entries in the slab ready to store new objects.
The free list may be a separate data structure, such as an array of indices indicating which entries of the slab are free, or it may be embedded within the slab. The Linux SLUB allocator keeps the free list as a linked list of pointers, each of which is stored directly in the free memory area of the slab they represent.[6]
Slab sizes
Operating systems may use different slab sizes and internal layouts depending on the size of the objects to be stored. The reason for the large slabs having a different layout from the small slabs is that it allows large slabs to pack better into page-size units, which helps with fragmentation. For example, objects that are at least 1/8 of the page size for a given machine may benefit from a "large slab" size, with explicit free lists, while smaller objects may use a "small slab" setup, embed the free list tracking. Bonwick's original presentation of the slab allocator already made the distinction of layouts for large and small slabs.[1]
Systems using slab allocation
- AmigaOS (introduced in AmigaOS 4)
- DragonFly BSD (introduced in release 1.0)
- FreeBSD (introduced in 5.0)
- GNU Mach[7]
- Haiku (introduced in alpha 2)
- Horizon (Nintendo Switch microkernel)[8]
- HP-UX (introduced in 11i)[9]
- Linux (introduced in kernel 2.2, it's now one of three memory allocator implementations together with SLOB and SLUB. The three allocators provides a kind of front-end to the zoned buddy allocator for those sections of the kernel that require more flexible memory allocation than the standard 4 KB page size).
- NetBSD (introduced in 4.0)
- Solaris (introduced in 2.4)
- The Perl 5 compiler uses a slab allocator for internal memory management[10][11]
- Memcached uses slab allocation for memory management
- illumos
See also
- Fixed-size blocks allocation
- Memory pool
- SLOB
- SLUB
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Jeff Bonwick,The Slab Allocator: An Object-Caching Kernel Memory Allocator (1994)
- ↑ FreeBSD Kernel Developer's Manual
- ↑ M. Tim Jones, Anatomy of the Linux slab allocator
- ↑ Vlastimil Babka, remove the SLAB allocator
- ↑ Abraham Silberschatz et al.: Operating system concepts. Wiley: 2004. ISBN:0-471-69466-5
- ↑ Lameter, Christoph. "Slab allocators in the Linux Kernel: SLAB, SLOB, SLUB". https://events.static.linuxfound.org/sites/events/files/slides/slaballocators.pdf.
- ↑ "Gnu Mach Allocator Documentation". https://www.gnu.org/software/hurd/microkernel/mach/gnumach/memory_management.html.
- ↑ "Console Security – Switch (34c3)". https://media.ccc.de/v/34c3-8941-console_security_-_switch. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
- ↑ Chris Cooper and Chris Moore, HP-UX 11i Internals, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall PTR, 2004, ISBN:0-13-032861-8, p. 334.
- ↑ "Perl5-Porters Weekly: 2012 June 17". http://byte-me.org/perl5-porters-weekly-2012-june-17/. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
- ↑ Bonwick, Jeff. "Magazines and Vmem: Extending the Slab Allocator to Many CPUs and Arbitrary Resources". USENIX 2001. http://static.usenix.org/event/usenix01/full_papers/bonwick/bonwick_html/. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
External links
- FreeBSD uma(9) manual page
- The SLUB allocator comment about management of slabs in Linux by two different allocators: SLUB allocator and SLAB allocator
- Memory Compaction v7 (a Linux patch set from Mel Gorman dealing with SLAB fragmentation and compaction issues, 2 April 2010)
- Detecting kernel memory leaks Jonathan Corbet, Linux Weekly News, 2006; includes user comments on garbage collection
- Linux performance: is Linux becoming just too slow and bloated? On SLAB and SLUB. Free software magazine 2010.
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