Social:2017–2018 Togolese protests

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Short description: Social unrest in Togo
Protest against Faure Gnassingbé in Belgium in October 2017

The 2017–18 Togolese protests are a significant representation of civil unrest in Togo and against the 50 year rule of the father-son combination of Gnassingbé Eyadéma and Faure Gnassingbé.[1] The protesters demanded that the president honour the 1992 constitution, and demanding that he step down immediately. Gnassingbé offered the protesters the option of enacting the two-term limit set in the constitution effective from 2018,[2][3] thus ensuring that he could stay in power until 2030. This has been rejected by the opposition.[4] However, on 8 May 2019 the Togolese Parliament voted unanimously to accept this amendment and imposed this non-retroactive term limit on the president's office.[5]

As the protests continued, the opposition started focusing more on protesting Gnassingbé's rule.[6] Starting in August 2017, the opposition held protests on a near-weekly basis.[7] The scale of the protests have been enormous, with some estimates claiming 800,000 present at one protest in a country of 6.6 million.[4] The demonstrations are also taking place all over the country, even in the north, the traditional power base for the Gnassingbé family.[8] The Togolese government has responded to these protests by shutting down the internet.[9][10] The protesters utilised social media, with the hashtag #togodebut for publicity.[11] The protests and police response have resulted in the deaths of at least 16 people, including two soldiers.[12] In response to the protests, Gnassingbé offered some concessions to the opposition, but held onto power due to his crackdown on activists.[13]

Background

Main page: Social:Protests against Faure Gnassingbé

History

August 2017

Protesters trying to fight the police in Lomé, 19 August 2017.

On 19 August, thousands of protesters took to the streets, mostly in the city of Sokodé. Some protesters chanted "50 years is too long".[14] Protests also occurred in Lomé, Bafilo, Anié, and Kara.[15] Security forces shot and killed two civilians while dispersing protesters. Other civilians burned security vehicles and killed seven security men.[16] Photographs of the violence spread on social media.[14] About 27 people were arrested, and 15 protesters identified as supporters of the Pan African National Party were given jail sentences of 5–9 months.[17] Some of those arrested later said they were tortured at the headquarters of Togo's secret police, and placed in Lomé's central prison.[18]

Opposition parties called for a general strike to take place on 25 August, which slowed business and caused Lomé to enter a security lockdown. Togolese minister Gilbert Bawara criticized the strike, calling it "the campaign of terror, intimidation and threats".[19] Togolese Prime Minister Komi Sélom Klassou led a pro-government counter-protest in Lomé on 29 August.[20] Ghanaian immigration officers increased security of the Ghana–Togo border for Togolese fleeing to Ghana because of the unrest.[21]

September 2017

On 5 September, in an effort to disrupt planned protests, the Togolese government cut off the internet, blocked the use of WhatsApp, and filtered international calls.[22][23] Despite this, the opposition parties CAP 2015 and the Pan-African National Party started a large three-day protest in Lomé.[24] Amnesty International estimated that about 100,000 people participated in a protest on 6 September.[25] At least 80 protesters were arrested on 7 September for "preparing to commit violent acts, vandalise shops."[24] Security forces in Lomé fired tear gas to disperse the protesters.[26] Normal access to the internet was restored on 11 September.[25] [27] The United Nations urged the Togolese government to address the "legitimate expectations" of the protesters.[28]

Togo's National Assembly introduced a bill meant to reform the country's electoral system and introduce presidential term limits of two five-year terms. The opposition objected to the bill's wording, saying that the term limits would not be retroactive. The opposition boycotted the National Assembly's vote on the bill on 18 September, making it subject to a referendum.[29] The next day, the Togolese government slowed down the country's internet as the opposition prepared for more protests.[30] According to Amnesty International, security forces used batons, bullets, and tear gas against protesters in Mango, killing a 9-year-old boy.[31] Security minister Damehane Yark blamed the opposition for the boy's death, saying the protesters were using weapons.[32] A picture of a cow killed by the military in the village Kparatao spread online and became a symbol of the protests.[33] The next day, opposition leaders blamed the government for repressing protests in Northern Togo, and thousands of Togolese participated in anti-government demonstrations.[34]

October 2017

On 3 October, the United States embassy in Togo issued a security warning concerning transportation issues that could arise because of upcoming protests.[35] On 4 and 5 October, thousands of protesters marched through Lomé and some created barricades. In response, the Togolese government shut down internet communication and mobile access to the internet.[36][37] The Togolese government announced a ban on weekday protests on 10 October, though opposition parties said they would defy this ban.[38]

Protests in Lomé, 18 October 2017.

Alpha Alassane, an imam affiliated with the opposition movement, was arrested in Sokodé on 16 October for allegedly inciting violence with his followers. The arrest fueled tension between the Togolese government and the opposition.[39] A two-day protests started on 18 October throughout Togo. On the first day, four people—one in Lomé and three in Sokodé—were reportedly killed during clashes between protesters and security forces.[40][41] Yark Damehame, Togo's security minister, denied the reported deaths, saying that nobody was killed in Sokodé on this day.[42] Some protesters in Lomé formed barricades, and police fired tear gas to disperse them.[43] About 300 Togolese nationals attempted to participate in a protest in Accra, Ghana, but the police ruled the demonstration was unlawful and arrested 26 protesters.[44]

Gambia's Foreign Minister Ousainou Darboe called on Gnassingbe to resign,[45] although he retracted the statement a few days later and said it was a matter for the Togolese people.[46] U.S. Department of State spokesperson Heather Nauert called on the Togolese government to protect its citizens' rights and engage in dialogue with the protesters.[47]

November 2017

The Togolese government lifted its ban on weekday protests on 4 November.[48] On 7 November the Togolese government released 42 of the protesters who were arrested in September and dropped arson charges against opposition leader Jean-Pierre Fabre. Opposition parties saw this as an attempt to appease their demands.[49] Thousands of protesters participated in three protests during this week, with the last one on 10 November.[50][51]

Gnassingbé blamed the opposition for violence at its protests.[52] Opposition leaders called this a "declaration of war" against the Togolese people.[53] Gnassingbé visited Sokodé in late November 2017, saying, "My exchanges with the imams and senior figures left me reassured that our country remains indivisible."[54]

December 2017

Confrontation in Deckon district, Lomé, Togo, 28 December 2017.

The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) held its 2017 summit on 16 December in Abuja, Nigeria instead of in Togo, likely because of political tension between the government and opposition.[55] Around the time of this summit, thousands of protesters held anti-government marches.[7] In Accra, Ghana, police arrested twelve members of the Ghana–Togo Solidarity movement, including Bernard Mornah, the chairman of the People's National Convention, for protesting the situation in Togo.[56]

The opposition held demonstrations on 28 December, and the police arrest of a young man was filmed.[57] Tens of thousands of opposition supporters protested peacefully in Lomé on 31 December.[58]

January 2018

On 3 January 2018, Gnassingbé called for the opposition to participate in government talks to resolve their differences.[59] Thousands of people in Togo participated in an anti-government protest on 13 January 2018, the 55th anniversary of the Sylvanus Olympio's assassination. Counter-protesters held demonstrations in support of the government. Supporters of the Togolese opposition also protested in Berlin and Washington, DC.[60][61]

On 20 January 2018, the same day as the 2018 Women's March, the opposition held an anti-government demonstration focused on female involvement.[62] During the protest, thousands of Togolese women mostly dressed in black marched through Lomé, accompanied by male opposition supporters.[63] Starting on 31 January 2018, Togolese healthcare workers went on a two-day strike to demand that the government provide better health services.[64]

February 2018

On 15 February, Amnesty International, Front Line Defenders and Africans Rising issued a joint statement criticising Togo's treatment of activists involved in the protests.[65]

In early February 2018, the opposition agreed to stop holding protests while mediators from Guinea and Ghana visited Togo.[66] However, on 4 February 2018, the day after these mediators suggested that Togo hold talks on constitutional reform, thousands of protesters marched through Lomé.[67] Ghanaian President Nana Akufo-Addo and Guinean President Alpha Condé started mediating talks between the Togolese government and opposition on 19 February in Lomé.[68] The next day, Ghanaian mediators announced that the Togolese government would release 45 of the 92 people imprisoned for participating in the protests.[69]

March 2018

On 6 March, Togo's opposition coalition announced it would resume protests, despite the previous agreement to suspend protests while government talks were underway. Eric Dupuy, the coalition spokesman, said this was because the Togolese government failed to prepare for upcoming parliamentary elections.[70] Ghanaian President Akufo-Addo met with 14 Togolese opposition leaders on the next day at The Flagstaff House in Accra, Ghana.[71] Two days later, this opposition coalition accepted the Akufo-Addo's request to continue suspending protests for the next week while the talks continued.[72] These talks resumed on 23 March.[73]

April 2018

The opposition coalition planned protests in Lomé and other towns on 11–12 April, and the Togolese government said this would violate their agreement with Akufo-Addo. On the first day of this demonstration, the police fired tear gas on the protesters.[74] On 14 April 2018, security forces in Lomé fired tear gas near the headquarters of the Democratic Convention of African Peoples[75][76] About 25 people were injured during these three days of protest, and one person died from his injuries.[77] Security forces also prevented people from protesting in Kpalimé. Heads of state in ECOWAS held talks in Lomé on this day, and they called on Akufo-Addo and Condé to step up their reform efforts and end political violence.[76]

May 2018–December 2018

The opposition coalition parties announced on 8 May that they were calling off protests planned in the coming days, citing the lack of security and progress with their objectives.[78] On 17 June, the coalition called for its supporters to participate in a sit-at-home general strike the next day, and the government urged people to boycott this protest.[79]

The Togolese government and opposition coalition held talks on 27 June, and Akufo-Addo and Condé, the co-facilitators of these talks, called for continued dialogue and suspended street protests.[80] The government banned street protests from 23 July to 1 August while Togo hosted an ECOWAS summit.[81] On 3 November 2018, over a thousand people protested in Lomé to demand the release of imprisoned protesters.[82]

On 6 December, ahead of planned protests against the Togolese parliamentary election, 2018, the government again banned demonstrations.[83]

See also

  • 1990-1991 Togo protests
  • 2005 Togo protests and riots
  • 2010-11 Togolese protests

References

  1. ↑ Reuters (6 September 2017). "Massive Protests Call For An End To Togo's 50-Year Political Dynasty" (in en-US). Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/togo-protests_us_59b05298e4b0354e440f0686. 
  2. ↑ Wong (Omowale), Dwayne (13 December 2017). "More Protests Planned for Togo" (in en-US). HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/more-protests-planned-for-togo_us_5a307e5ce4b06a512dd69bae. 
  3. ↑ "Meet Farida Nabourema, Togo" (in en-US). Nobel Women's Initiative. 25 November 2017. https://nobelwomensinitiative.org/meet-farida-nabourema-togo/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Smith, Alex Duval (21 September 2017). "Boy of nine 'killed in Togo protests'" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-41332072. 
  5. ↑ "Togo changes law to let president stand for two more terms". Al Jazeera. 9 May 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/togo-law-president-stand-terms-190509180859448.html. Retrieved 12 May 2019. 
  6. ↑ Ritzen, Yarno (14 February 2018). "Togo government and opposition to hold crisis talks". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/togo-government-opposition-hold-crisis-talks-180214215230816.html. Retrieved 16 March 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "More protests in Togo as president chairs ECOWAS summit". Vanguard. 16 December 2017. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/12/protests-togo-president-chairs-ecowas-summit/. Retrieved 29 December 2017. 
  8. ↑ Besliu, Raluca (4 November 2017). "Togo Rallies for Change After 50 Years of Rule by One Family" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/04/world/africa/togo-protests-faure-gnassingbe.html. 
  9. ↑ "Togo blocks internet as protests continue". Al Jazeera. 8 September 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/togo-blocks-internet-protests-continue-170908040118559.html. 
  10. ↑ "Togo blocks Internet as protesters march for second day". Reuters. 7 September 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/togo-protests/togo-blocks-internet-as-protesters-march-for-second-day-idUSL8N1LO4MZ. 
  11. ↑ Dahir, Abdi Latif. "WhatsApp's role as a government protest tool is in the spotlight again as Togo blocks it" (in en-US). Quartz. https://qz.com/1083741/togo-has-blocked-whatsapp-again-to-gag-anti-government-protests/. 
  12. ↑ "Embattled Togo leader breaks silence in New Year address". The Independent Uganda. AFP. 5 January 2018. https://www.independent.co.ug/embattled-togo-leader-breaks-silence-new-year-address/. Retrieved 10 January 2018. 
  13. ↑ "A year after big protests, Faure Gnassingbé hangs on in Togo" (in en). The Economist. 18 August 2018. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/08/18/a-year-after-big-protests-faure-gnassingbe-hangs-on-in-togo. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Nabourema, Farida (25 August 2017). "50 years of hurt: Togo protesters vow to continue". African Arguments. http://africanarguments.org/2017/08/25/50-years-of-hurt-togo-protesters-vow-to-continue/. Retrieved 26 December 2017. 
  15. ↑ "Togo protests: Why have they erupted?". The Daily Vox. 21 August 2017. https://www.thedailyvox.co.za/togo-protests-broken/. Retrieved 26 December 2017. 
  16. ↑ Kanyi, A.B. Kafui; Abodoli, Dominic. "Political protest in Togo claims nine lives". Ghana News Agency. GNA. http://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/political-protest-in-togo-claims-nine-lives-121246. Retrieved 26 December 2017. 
  17. ↑ "15 anti-government protesters jailed". Pulse. 31 August 2017. http://www.pulse.com.gh/news/world/togo-15-anti-government-protesters-jailed-id7234663.html. Retrieved 27 December 2017. 
  18. ↑ O'Grady, Siobhan (4 June 2018). "'It's just barbarity': Togo's political prisoners describe torture in police custody". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-togo-political-prisoners-torture-20180604-story.html. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  19. ↑ "Togo's capital tense after opposition call to stay home". Yahoo! News. AFP. 25 August 2017. https://news.yahoo.com/togos-capital-tense-opposition-call-stay-home-171036388.html. 
  20. ↑ "Pro-govt counter-protest staged in Togo [The Morning Call"]. Africanews. 30 August 2017. http://www.africanews.com/2017/08/30/pro-govt-counter-protest-staged-in-togo-the-morning-call/. Retrieved 27 December 2017. 
  21. ↑ Taylor, Mildred Europa (25 August 2017). "Ghana tightens security at its border as tension in Togo rises". Pulse. http://www.pulse.com.gh/news/local/togo-unrest-ghana-tightens-security-at-its-border-as-tension-in-togo-rises-id7207560.html. Retrieved 27 December 2017. 
  22. ↑ Mtshali, Khanya (7 September 2017). "Togo has shut down the internet to counter anti-government protests". Quartz Africa. https://qz.com/1070753/togo-shuts-down-internet-to-counter-anti-faure-gnassingbe-protests/. Retrieved 10 January 2018. 
  23. ↑ Koutonin, Mawuna (21 September 2017). "No business, no boozing, no casual sex: when Togo turned off the internet". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/sep/21/no-business-no-boozing-no-casual-sex-when-togo-turned-off-the-internet. Retrieved 23 December 2017. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Akwei, Ismali (9 September 2017). "At least 80 arrested after Togo's latest anti-government protests". Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2017/09/09/at-least-80-arrested-after-togo-s-latest-anti-government-protests/. Retrieved 23 December 2017. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 "Internet Restored After Togo Protests". United News International. 12 September 2017. http://read.unitednews.international/2017/09/12/internet-restored-togo-protests/. Retrieved 23 December 2017. 
  26. ↑ Zodzi, John (7 September 2017). "Togo forces fire tear gas to disperse Gnassingbe opponents". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo-protests/togo-blocks-internet-as-protesters-march-for-second-day-idUSKCN1BI1UT. Retrieved 26 December 2017. 
  27. ↑ "Second day of mass protests in Togo". Africa Review. AFP. 7 September 2017. http://www.africareview.com/news/Second-day-of-mass-protests-in-Togo/979180-4086610-7hfg64z/index.html. Retrieved 23 December 2017. 
  28. ↑ "UN urges Togo to respond to protesters' 'expectations'". Al Jazeera. 9 September 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/09/urges-togo-respond-protesters-expectations-170909053453123.html. Retrieved 28 December 2017. 
  29. ↑ "Togo's opposition boycotts constitutional reform vote". News24. 19 September 2017. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/togos-opposition-boycotts-constitutional-reform-vote-20170919. Retrieved 31 December 2017. 
  30. ↑ Akwei, Ismail (9 September 2017). "Internet slowdown in Togo ahead of another presidential limits protest". Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2017/09/20/internet-slowdown-in-togo-ahead-of-another-presidential-limits-protest/. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 
  31. ↑ Zodzi, John; Wilkins, Henry (20 September 2017). "Togo security forces clash with protesters in north, boy killed". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo-protests/togo-security-forces-clash-with-protesters-in-north-killing-boy-idUSKCN1BV31E. Retrieved 31 December 2017. 
  32. ↑ Akwei, Ismail (21 September 2017). "10-year-old boy killed in renewed Togo protest, govt blames opposition". Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2017/09/21/10-year-old-boy-killed-in-renewed-togo-protest-govt-blames-opposition. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 
  33. ↑ "Togo: Protests, a dead cow and a political message". Arab News. AFP. 29 September 2017. http://www.arabnews.com/node/1169701/world. Retrieved 31 December 2017. 
  34. ↑ "Thousands join fresh protests in Togo amid 'crackdown'". AFP. The Independent Uganda. 23 September 2017. https://www.independent.co.ug/thousands-join-fresh-protests-togo-amid-crackdown/. Retrieved 31 December 2017. 
  35. ↑ "Togo anti-Gnassingbe protest holds amid U.S. security alert". Africanews. 4 October 2017. http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/04/togo-anti-gnassingbe-protest-holds-amid-us-security-alert/. Retrieved 10 December 2017. 
  36. ↑ "Thousands march on second day of Togo protests". News24. AFP. 5 October 2017. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/thousands-march-on-second-day-of-togo-protests-20171005. Retrieved 25 December 2017. 
  37. ↑ "Why are people protesting in Togo?". Al Jazeera. 5 October 2017. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/people-protesting-togo-171004103544908.html. Retrieved 25 December 2017. 
  38. ↑ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (11 October 2017). "Togo bans weekday protests as opposition vows anti-ECOWAS march". Africanews. AFP. http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/11/togo-bans-weekday-protests-as-opposition-vows-anti-ecowas-march/. Retrieved 25 December 2017. 
  39. ↑ "Violent clashes in northern Togo after imam arrested". Arab News. AFP. 17 October 2017. http://www.arabnews.com/node/1178896/world. Retrieved 25 December 2017. 
  40. ↑ "Deadly protests in Togo against President Faure Gnassingbe's continued rule". Deutsche Welle. 18 October 2017. http://www.dw.com/en/deadly-protests-in-togo-against-president-faure-gnassingbes-continued-rule/a-41022973. Retrieved 10 December 2017. 
  41. ↑ "Togo: Four Killed During Protests Against Gnassingbé". AllAfrica. RFI. 19 October 2017. http://allafrica.com/stories/201710190141.html. Retrieved 25 December 2017. 
  42. ↑ "Togo officials deny reports of deaths in new anti-regime protests". France 24. AFP. 20 October 2017. http://www.france24.com/en/20171020-togo-deny-deaths-protests-clashes-ecowas-president-gnassingbe. Retrieved 10 December 2017. 
  43. ↑ Woussou, Kossi (18 October 2017). "Togo Police Fire Teargas as Opposition Vows to Press Protests". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-10-18/togo-police-fire-teargas-as-opposition-vow-to-resume-protests. Retrieved 31 December 2017. 
  44. ↑ Mensah, Duke Opoku (28 October 2017). "26 Togolese arrested for illegal protest in Accra". Citi FM. https://citifmonline.com/2017/10/28/26-togolese-arrested-for-illegal-protest-in-accra/. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  45. ↑ "Togo president must resign immediately - Gambian Foreign Minister" (in en). Africanews. Reuters. http://www.africanews.com/2017/10/23/au-ecowas-must-persuade-togo-president-to-resign-gambian-top-diplomat/. 
  46. ↑ "Gambian ministry says up to Togo to resolve crisis". Reuters. 23 October 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-togo/togos-president-gnassingbe-should-resign-immediately-gambian-foreign-minister-idUSKBN1CS1W7. 
  47. ↑ "U.S. expresses concerns over rising levels of violence, restrictions in Togo". Premium Times. 25 October 2017. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/foreign/west-africa-foreign/247208-u-s-expresses-concerns-rising-levels-violence-restrictions-togo.html. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 
  48. ↑ "Protest ban scrapped in Togo". TRT World. 4 November 2017. https://www.trtworld.com/africa/protest-ban-scrapped-in-togo-11942. Retrieved 10 December 2017. 
  49. ↑ Akwei, Ismail (7 November 2017). "Togo releases 42 detained protesters, drops 2013 case against opposition leader". Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2017/11/07/togo-releases-42-detained-protesters-drops-2013-case-against-opposition-leader/. Retrieved 29 December 2017. 
  50. ↑ "Opposition march again in Togo over political reform". AFP. eNCA. https://www.enca.com/africa/opposition-march-again-in-togo-over-political-reform. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 
  51. ↑ "Togo anti-government protesters vow to continue push for term limits". France 24. AFP. 10 November 2017. http://www.france24.com/en/20171110-togo-protests-continue-amid-stalemate-concerns. Retrieved 30 December 2017. 
  52. ↑ "Togo president blames opposition for violence". ENCA.com. 11 November 2017. https://www.enca.com/africa/togo-president-blames-opposition-for-violence. Retrieved 25 December 2017. 
  53. ↑ "Togo opposition says president's claim a 'declaration of war'". News24. AFP. 14 November 2017. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/togo-opposition-says-presidents-claim-a-declaration-of-war-20171114. Retrieved 29 December 2017. 
  54. ↑ "Togo's president visits opposition stronghold after protests". News24. AFP. 27 November 2017. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/togos-president-visits-opposition-stronghold-after-protests-20171127. Retrieved 29 December 2017. 
  55. ↑ "Togo gives up hosting the ECOWAS summit set to announce Morocco's accession". Yabiladi. 24 November 2017. https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/59628/togo-gives-hosting-ecowas-summit.html. Retrieved 29 December 2017. 
  56. ↑ Nyabor, Jonas (16 December 2017). "PNC's Bernard Mornah, 12 others arrested for ‘illegal march’". Citi FM. https://citifmonline.com/2017/12/16/pncs-bernard-mornah-12-others-arrested-for-illegal-march/. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  57. ↑ Amouzou, Georges (29 December 2017). "Manifestations au Togo : un jeune frappé et arrêté après avoir filmé les forces de l'ordre". Les Observateurs (France 24). http://observers.france24.com/fr/20171229-togo-lome-manifestations-jeune-police. Retrieved 10 January 2018. 
  58. ↑ "Thousands gather in Togo to protest president". The Peninsula. 31 December 2017. https://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/31/12/2017/Thousands-gather-in-Togo-to-protest-president. Retrieved 3 January 2018. 
  59. ↑ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (4 January 2018). "Togo president reiterates political dialogue call in New Year message". Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2018/01/04/togo-president-reiterates-political-dialogue-call-in-new-year-message/. Retrieved 8 January 2018. 
  60. ↑ "Anti government protest hits Togo". ENCA. AFP. 14 January 2018. https://www.enca.com/africa/opposition-and-ruling-party-supporters-march-in-togo. Retrieved 17 January 2018. 
  61. ↑ Wong, Dwayne (13 January 2018). "The Togolese People Protest on the Anniversary of Sylvanus Olympio's Assassination". HuffPost. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/the-togolese-people-protest-on-the-anniversary-of-sylvanus_us_5a5a67b7e4b003efadb6ae5e. Retrieved 17 January 2018. 
  62. ↑ Akwei, Ismail (21 January 2018). "Women's March was also held in Togo - but against a different dictator". Face2Face Africa. https://face2faceafrica.com/article/womens-march-also-held-togo-different-dictator. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  63. ↑ "Thousands of women in anti-president protest in Togo". News24. AFP. 21 January 2018. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/thousands-of-women-in-anti-president-protest-in-togo-20180121. Retrieved 22 January 2018. 
  64. ↑ "Togo healthcare workers join strike as protests mount". News24. AFP. 31 January 2018. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/togo-healthcare-workers-join-strike-as-protests-mount-20180131. Retrieved 18 February 2018. 
  65. ↑ "Rights groups warn Togo over campaign against protest leaders". The Citizen. AFP. 15 February 2018. https://citizen.co.za/news/news-africa/1821493/togo-politique-diplomatie/. Retrieved 16 March 2018. 
  66. ↑ Woussou, Kossi (2 February 2018). "Togo Opposition to Halt Protests as Regional Mediators Arrive". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-02/togo-opposition-to-halt-protests-as-regional-mediators-arrive. Retrieved 18 February 2018. 
  67. ↑ "Togo capital hit by anti-govt protest despite dialogue deal". Africanews. AFP. 4 February 2018. http://www.africanews.com/2018/02/04/togo-capital-hit-by-anti-govt-protest-despite-dialogue-deal. Retrieved 18 February 2018. 
  68. ↑ "Talks open in Togo between government and opposition". The New Indian Express. AFP. 19 February 2018. http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2018/feb/19/talks-open-in-togo-between-government-and-opposition-1775854.html. Retrieved 16 March 2018. 
  69. ↑ "Demonstrations suspended, 45 detainees released". République Togolaise. 20 February 2018. http://www.republicoftogo.com/Toutes-les-rubriques/In-English/Demonstrations-suspended-45-detainees-released. Retrieved 16 March 2018. 
  70. ↑ "Togo opposition announces resumption of protest demos". News24. AFP. 6 March 2018. https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/togo-opposition-announces-resumption-of-protest-demos-20180306. Retrieved 16 March 2018. 
  71. ↑ Afful, Maame Aba (7 March 2018). "Akufo-Addo meets 14 Togolese opposition parties today". Prime News Ghana. https://www.primenewsghana.com/general-news/akufo-addo-meets-14-togolese-opposition-parties-today.html. Retrieved 16 March 2018. 
  72. ↑ "Togo opposition suspends protests at Ghana request". The Independent Uganda. AFP. 10 March 2018. https://www.independent.co.ug/togo-opposition-suspends-protests-at-ghana-request/. Retrieved 16 March 2018. 
  73. ↑ "Talks resume between Togo government and opposition". The Guardian. AFP. 23 March 2018. https://guardian.ng/news/talks-resume-between-togo-government-and-opposition/. Retrieved 1 July 2018. 
  74. ↑ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (11 April 2018). "Togo police crack down on anti-government protesters". Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2018/04/11/togo-police-crack-down-on-anti-government-protesters/. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  75. ↑ Kriesch, Adrian (16 April 2018). "Togo: Protests break out despite ban". Deutsche Welle. https://www.dw.com/en/togo-protests-break-out-despite-ban/a-43404037. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 "West African leaders meet in bid to defuse Togo crisis". Gulf News. AFP. 15 April 2018. https://gulfnews.com/news/africa/west-african-leaders-meet-in-bid-to-defuse-togo-crisis-1.2205687. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  77. ↑ "One Person Killed as Togolese Opposition Resume Protests Amidst Another Crackdown". Media Foundation for West Africa. 19 April 2018. http://www.mfwa.org/country-highlights/one-person-killed-as-togolese-opposition-resume-protests-amidst-another-crackdown/. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  78. ↑ Muisyo, Victor (9 May 2018). "Togo: opposition coalition calls off planned protest". Africanews. http://www.africanews.com/2018/05/09/togo-opposition-coalition-calls-off-planned-protest/. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  79. ↑ Mbah, Fidelis (17 June 2018). "Togo opposition calls for stay-at-home protests". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/06/togo-opposition-calls-stay-home-protests-180616202606895.html. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  80. ↑ "Akufo-Addo, Conde urge Togo politicians to suspend street protests". 28 June 2018. https://www.myjoyonline.com/politics/2018/June-28th/akufo-addo-conde-urge-togo-politicians-to-suspend-street-protests.php. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  81. ↑ Kaledzi, Isaac (22 July 2018). "Togo bans street protests amid political tension". Africa Feeds. https://africafeeds.com/2018/07/22/togo-bans-street-protests-amid-political-tension/. Retrieved 3 September 2018. 
  82. ↑ "Hundreds march in Togo for release of protesters". Modern Ghana. AFP. 3 November 2018. https://www.modernghana.com/news/895136/hundreds-march-in-togo-for-release-of-protesters.html. Retrieved 5 November 2018. 
  83. ↑ "Togo bans planned opposition protests, coalition defiant". Africanews. 6 December 2018. http://www.africanews.com/2018/12/06/togolese-govt-bans-planned-opposition-protests-coalition-defiant/. Retrieved 7 December 2018. 

Further reading




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