Social:Achuar-Shiwiar language

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Short description: Chicham language spoken in Peru and Ecuador
Not to be confused with Shuar language from Ecuador.
Shiwiar
Shiwiar
Native toPeru, Ecuador
EthnicityAchuar people, Shiwiar
Native speakers
4,420 in Peru (2012)e25
3,520 in Ecuador (2007)[1]
Chicham
  • Shiwiar
Dialects
  • Shiwiar
  • Achuar
Language codes
ISO 639-3acu
Glottologachu1248[2]
Shiwiar is classified as Severely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Shiwiar, also known as Jivaro and Maina, is a Chicham language spoken along the Pastaza and Bobonaza rivers in Ecuador. Shiwiar is one of the thirteen indigenous languages of Ecuador.[3] All of these indigenous languages are endangered.[3]

Speakers

Shiwiar is a language spoken by the Achuar people of the Amazonian region of Ecuador.[4] The Achuar people also speak Spanish, Shuar, and Kichwa along with their native language, Shiwiar.[4] Shuar belongs to the same language family as Shiwiar – Jivaroan.[4]

Although the Achuar live in the Amazon Basin, the extracting of oil and raw materials from Ecuador through mining has displaced the Achuar communities and endangered their homes.[5]

While Ecuador's official language is Spanish, the Achuar people along with other indigenous groups have the right to use their own languages in education through the official language policies of Ecuador legalized in Decree No. 000529, Article 27, and the Dirección Nacional de Educación Indígena Intercultural Bilingüe (DINEIIB).[6]

Phonology

Consonant phonemes[7]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar 		Postalveolar/
Palatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop p t k
Affricate ts tʃ
Fricative s ʃ h
Approximant w j
Tap ɾ
  • /t, n/ are phonetically dental as [t̪, n̪].
  • Voiceless stops and affricates are usually voiced when they occur after a nasal sound.
  • When /h/ is preceded by a front-high vowel, it is then realized as a palatal fricative [ç].
    • For some speakers, /h/ can be realized as a voiceless velar fricative [x].
  • When /w/ is followed by a front-high vowel, it is then realized as a labio-dental approximant [ʋ] or a bilabial approximant [β̞].[8]
Vowel phonemes[9]
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ
Open a ã
  • /a, ɨ/ often get realized as [ɐ, ə] when in unnaccented syllables.
  • If a low vowel is immediately preceded or followed by a high front vowel, or preceded by a palatalized consonant for example, /a/ is sometimes realized as a mid-low [ɛ] or mid front vowel [e̞].
  • In the vicinity of a labio-velar approximant /w/, low vowels /a, ã/ are often realized as mid-low back unrounded vowels [ʌ, ʌ̃], whereas high central vowels /ɨ, ɨ̃/ are often realized as high-mid back unrounded vowels [ɤ, ɤ̃].
  • /ɨ/ may also be heard as a high back vowel [ɯ] when preceding labial sounds /p, m/.[10]

References

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named e25
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Achuar-Shiwiar". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/achu1248. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Moseley, C., ed (2010) (in en). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. ISBN 978-92-3-104095-5. OCLC 610522460. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Crevels, M. (2012). "Language endangerment in South America: The clock is ticking". in Campbell, L. (in en). The Indigenous Languages of South America. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–234. doi:10.1515/9783110258035.167. ISBN 978-3-11-025803-5. 
  5. ↑ "Achuar and the Amazon Basin" (in en-US). 2011-02-17. https://sites.coloradocollege.edu/indigenoustraditions/sacred-lands/the-achuar-and-the-amazon-basin/. 
  6. ↑ King, K. A.; Haboud, M. (2002). "Language Planning and Policy in Ecuador" (in en). Current Issues in Language Planning 3 (4): 359–424. doi:10.1080/14664200208668046. 
  7. ↑ Kohlberger 2020, p. 84.
  8. ↑ Kohlberger 2020, p. 84-117.
  9. ↑ Kohlberger 2020, p. 117.
  10. ↑ Kohlberger 2020, p. 117-119.

Bibliography

  • Mowitz, G.; Warkentin de Fast, R.; Fast Warkentin, D. (1996) (in es), Diccionario achuar-shiwiar–castellano, Lingüística peruana, 36, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano 
  • Kohlberger, M. (2020). A Grammatical Description of Shiwiar (PhD thesis). Leiden University. hdl:1887/123115.

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