Social:Inku language
| Inku | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Afghanistan |
| Region | Various |
| Ethnicity | "Jats" (Jalali, Pikraj, Shadibaz, Vangawala) |
| Extinct | after 1990s |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | jat |
| Glottolog | jaka1245[1] |
Inku is a Punjabi dialect, spoken, throughout Afghanistan by four of the country's itinerant communities: the Jalali, the Pikraj, the Shadibaz and the Vangawala. Itinerant communities in Afghanistan, whether Inku-speaking or not, are locally known as "Jats" (not to be confused with the Jats of India and Pakistan), a term which is not a self-designation of the groups but rather a collective, often pejorative name given by outsiders.[2] The reference work Ethnologue has an entry for what could be this language, but under the name Jakati (with the corresponding ISO 639-3 code jat), but that entry is at least partly erroneous.[3]
Each of the four groups speaks a variety with slight differences compared to the others.[4] According to their local tradition, their ancestors migrated in the 19th century from the Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan regions of present-day Pakistan.[5] Such an origin suggests that Inku may be related to the Derawali dialect of Punjabi, spoken there,[6] though nothing is conclusively known.[7]
The total population of the four Inku-speaking groups was estimated to be 30,000 as of the end of the 2010.[8] There is no reliable information about their present state, though it is unlikely that many have survived the subsequent upheavals in the country,[2] and according to the entry in Ethnologue, which however may not necessarily refer to this language,[3] the last speakers "probably survived into the 2020s".[9]
Linguistic materials about the varieties spoken by the Shadibaz, Vangawala and Pikraj were collected by Aparna Rao in the 1970s, but they have not been published or analysed yet.[4]
Example text
The following is an extract of a text narrated in 1978 by a man of the Chenarkhel subgroup of the Vangawala:[10] Script error: No such module "Interlinear".
Script error: No such module "Interlinear".
Script error: No such module "Interlinear".
Script error: No such module "Interlinear".
Script error: No such module "Interlinear".
Script error: No such module "Interlinear".
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Inku". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jaka1245.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hanifi 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Glottolog 4.6.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Rao 1995, p. 82.
- ↑ Rao 1986, p. 266.
- ↑ Rao 1986, p. 267.
- ↑ Rao 1995.
- ↑ Rao 1986, pp. 267–71.
- ↑ Eberhard, Simons & Fennig 2019.
- ↑ Rao 1995, p. 85.
Bibliography
- "Jakati". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (22nd ed.). SIL International. 2019. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/jat.
- Hanifi, M. Jamil (2012). "Jāt". Encyclopædia Iranica. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/jat.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin et al., eds (2022). "Inku". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jaka1245.
- Kieffer, Charles (1983). "Afghanistan: V. Languages". Encyclopædia Iranica. I. pp. 501–516. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages.
- Rao, Aparna (1986). "Peripatetic Minorities in Afghanistan: Image and Identity". in Orywal, Erwin. Die ethnischen Gruppen Afghanistans. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.. pp. 254–83. ISBN 3-88226-360-1.
- Rao, Aparna (1995). "Marginality and language use: the example of peripatetics in Afghanistan". Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society 5 (2): 69–95. http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077550260;view=1up;seq=11.
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