Social:Jebel Faya

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Jebel Faya (FAY-NE1) is an archaeological site near Al Madam, Sharjah Emirate, UAE. It contains tool assemblages from the Iron Age, the Bronze Age, the Neolithic and the Paleolithic. Because its deepest assemblage has been dated to 125,000 years ago, it was thought to be the world's most ancient settlement yet discovered of anatomically modern humans outside of Africa at the time of its discovery in 2011.[1] Finds of a yet earlier date have since been found at Misliya cave, Israel.[2][3][4]

The finds from excavations at Faya and surrounding digs are displayed at the Mleiha Archaeological Centre.

Site history

Excavations at Jebel Faya were first conducted between 2003 and 2010 by Simon J. Armitage, Sabah A. Jasim, Anthony E. Marks, Adrian G. Parker, Vitaly I. Usik, and Hans-Peter Uerpmann.[1] Knut Bretzke, Nicholas J. Conard, and Hans-Peter Uerpmann also reported on the FAY-NE1 sequence after conducting excavations between 2009 and 2013.[5] Additional excavations have studied the site’s environmental and geologic context (see Bretzke et. al. 2013, Parton et. al. 2015, and Rosenberg et. al. 2011). Although Jebel Faya’s Paleolithic context has been more intensively studied, in 2013 Hans-Peter Uerpmann, Margarethe Uerpmann, Adelina Kutterer, and Sabah A. Jasim published findings on the Neolithic period at the site.[6]

Findings

Site description

Jebel Faya is a limestone mountain outlier in the Central Region of the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. The archaeological site itself is called FAY-NE1, a rock shelter located at the northeastern end of Jebel Faya.[1] Archaeologists have excavated several trenches at the site, with an area of over 150 m2 excavated in total. It has a 5 m deep stratified sequence of archaeological levels, containing deposits from the Bronze and Iron Ages, the Neolithic, and the Paleolithic.[1][5]

Environmental context

Paleolithic occupations at Jebel Faya have been linked to humid periods in southern Arabia, in which freshwater availability and vegetation cover of the area would have increased and supported human subsistence. In 2013, Bretzke et. al. analyzed sediment columns from trenches at FAY-NE1. While Assemblages A, B, and C showed evidence of vegetation, the layers lacking archaeological deposits showed evidence of desiccation.[7] Additional studies of alluvial fan records[8] and relic lake deposits[9] in the region have supported this theory that humid periods may have offered multiple opportunities for human dispersal in southern Arabia.[10]

Deposits

The Paleolithic layers at FAY-NE1 were first described by Armitage et. al. and were dated using single-grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL).

The horizons are as follows, from top to bottom:

Assemblage A

Dated to approximately 40,000 years ago. Recovered tools include burins, retouched pieces, end scrapers, sidescrapers, and denticulates.

Assemblage B

Not yet dated. Recovered tools resemble those of Assemblage A.

Assemblage C

Dated to approximately 125,000 years ago. Recovered tools include small hand axes, foliates, end scrapers and sidescrapers, and denticulates. Evidence of the Levallois production technique is unique to Assemblage C.[1]

Stone tools are thought to have been associated with Homo sapiens living in Africa at that time and this shows that modern sapiens may have expanded Africa more quickly than thought.[11]

Paleolithic Assemblages D and E are also present, but have not been discussed in detail due to a small number of finds.[5]

Neolithic levels

The Neolithic levels at FAY-NE1 consist of approximately 1 meter of sediment. A layer of sand above Assemblage A seals the Neolithic context from the Paleolithic. This layer contains Faya arrowheads and shell fragments, dated to about 9500 years BP. Hans-Peter Uerpmann and his colleagues attribute these artifacts to the first reoccupation of the site since its last abandonment in the Paleolithic. The layers above this sand level are less distinct and have not provided significant information about late Neolithic occupation.[6]

Significance

Although no human fossils have been found at Jebel Faya, Armitage and others have argued that the Assemblage C artifacts, dated to 125,000 years BP, were produced by anatomically modern humans (AMH). This is because Assemblage C resembles contemporary east and northeast African technology more than the technology found at sites elsewhere on the Arabian peninsula.[1] As a result, the evidence at Jebel Faya has been used to support the idea of an early dispersal of AMH from the Horn of Africa across southern Arabia and into southern Asia.[12] According to this theory, modern humans dispersed out of Africa before the eruption of the Toba supervolcano 70-75,000 years BP. This claim is based on excavations at Jwalapuram in India by Petraglia et. al., who argue that assemblages found in pre- and post-Toba eruption layers indicate the continuous presence of AMH.[13] For Petraglia and his colleagues, the presence of AMH at Jebel Faya 125,000 years ago could be evidence of an early dispersal route out of Africa, which humans could have followed to south Asia.[12] However, there is strong opposition to this notion, as critics have argued that the Assemblage C evidence is not enough to confirm the presence of AMH from Africa. According to Paul Mellars, who believes that significant modern human dispersals did not occur until after the Toba eruption, “There's not a scrap of evidence here that these were made by modern humans, nor that they came from Africa.”[14]

Studies about Jebel Faya’s environmental context have indicated the potential for human dispersals out of Africa during humid periods in southern Arabia. These periods coincide with occupation at FAY-NE1, and depict activity at Jebel Faya as a cycle of occupation and abandonment according to the availability of water and vegetation.[7][8][9][10] However, although these studies demonstrate the site’s attractiveness during humid periods, there is an ongoing debate about the identity of its occupants.[5]

Due to their dissimilarity from any other Middle or Late Stone Age assemblages, Assemblages B and A have been attributed to indigenous developments, which may indicate that Jebel Faya was inhabited continuously.[1] However, this conclusion has been questioned due to genetic evidence of a more rapid dispersal of AMH out of Africa, meaning the Paleolithic assemblages may be the products of unrelated populations.[12]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Armitage, Simon; Sabah A. Jasim; Anthony E. Marks; Adrian G. Parker; Vitaly I. Usik; Hans-Peter Uerpmann (28 January 2011). "The Southern Route "Out of Africa": Evidence for an Early Expansion of Modern Humans into Arabia". Science 331 (6016): 453–456. doi:10.1126/science.1199113. PMID 21273486. Bibcode: 2011Sci...331..453A. 
  2. ↑ "Scientists discover oldest known modern human fossil outside of Africa: Analysis of fossil suggests Homo sapiens left Africa at least 50,000 years earlier than previously thought" (in en). ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/01/180125140923.htm. 
  3. ↑ Ghosh, Pallab (2018). "Modern humans left Africa much earlier" (in en-GB). BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-42817323. 
  4. ↑ "Jawbone fossil found in Israeli cave resets clock for modern human evolution" (in en-US). https://www.timesofisrael.com/jawbone-fossil-found-in-israeli-cave-resets-clock-for-modern-human-evolution/. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bretzke, Knut; Conard, Nicholas John; Uerpmann, Hans-Peter (2014-01-01). "Excavations at Jebel Faya : The FAY-NE1 shelter sequence". ResearchGate 44. doi:10.15496/publikation-1356. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264400691. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Uerpmann, Hans-Peter; Uerpmann, Margarethe; Kutterer, Adelina; Jasim, Sabah A. (2013-05-01). "The Neolithic period in the Central Region of the Emirate of Sharjah (UAE)" (in en). Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 24 (1): 102–108. doi:10.1111/aae.12019. ISSN 1600-0471. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bretzke, Knut; Armitage, Simon J.; Parker, Adrian G.; Walkington, Helen; Uerpmann, Hans-Peter (2013-06-25). "The environmental context of Paleolithic settlement at Jebel Faya, Emirate Sharjah, UAE". Quaternary International. The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert 300: 83–93. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2013.01.028. Bibcode: 2013QuInt.300...83B. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Parton, A.; Farrant, A. R.; Leng, M. J.; Telfer, M. W.; Groucutt, H. S.; Petraglia, M. D.; Parker, A. G. (2015). "Alluvial fan records from southeast Arabia reveal multiple windows for human dispersal". Geology 43 (4): 295–298. doi:10.1130/g36401.1. Bibcode: 2015Geo....43..295P. http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/509848/1/G36401-Parton-edited_2.pdf. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rosenberg, T. M.; Preusser, F.; Fleitmann, D.; Schwalb, A.; Penkman, K.; Schmid, T. W.; Al-Shanti, M. A.; Kadi, K. et al. (2011). "Humid periods in southern Arabia: Windows of opportunity for modern human dispersal". Geology 39 (12): 1115–1118. doi:10.1130/g32281.1. Bibcode: 2011Geo....39.1115R. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Groucutt, Huw S.; Petraglia, Michael D. (2012-05-01). "The prehistory of the Arabian peninsula: Deserts, dispersals, and demography" (in en). Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 21 (3): 113–125. doi:10.1002/evan.21308. ISSN 1520-6505. PMID 22718479. 
  11. ↑ Roberts, Alice (2018). Evolution: The Human Story. Revised edition. ISBN 978-1465474018. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Petraglia, Michael D. (2011). "Archaeology: Trailblazers across Arabia". Nature 470 (7332): 50–51. doi:10.1038/470050a. PMID 21293370. Bibcode: 2011Natur.470...50P. 
  13. ↑ Petraglia, Michael; Korisettar, Ravi; Boivin, Nicole; Clarkson, Christopher; Ditchfield, Peter; Jones, Sacha; Koshy, Jinu; Lahr, Marta Mirazón et al. (2007-01-01). "Middle Paleolithic Assemblages from the Indian Subcontinent before and after the Toba Super-Eruption". Science 317 (5834): 114–116. doi:10.1126/science.1141564. PMID 17615356. Bibcode: 2007Sci...317..114P. https://ro.uow.edu.au/era/2117. 
  14. ↑ Lawler, Andrew (2011-01-28). "Did Modern Humans Travel Out of Africa Via Arabia?" (in en). Science 331 (6016): 387. doi:10.1126/science.331.6016.387. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 21273459. Bibcode: 2011Sci...331..387L. 

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