Social:Kachari language
| Kachari | |
|---|---|
| Region | Assam, India |
Native speakers | 16,000 (2011)e25 |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xac |
| Glottolog | kach1279[1] |
Kachari is a Sino-Tibetan language[3] of the Boro-Garo subgroup,[4] spoken in Assam, India. With fewer than 60,000 speakers recorded in 1997, and the Asam 2001 Census reporting a literacy rate of 81% the Kachari language is currently ranked as threatened.[5] Kachari is closely related to surrounding languages, including Tiwa, Rābhā, Hajong, Kochi and Mechi.[6]
While there are still living adult speakers, many children are not learning Kachari as their primary language, instead being assimilated into the wider Assamese speaking communities.[3]
- Some alternative names are Boro,[7] Bara, Cachari,[8] Plains Kachari[3] and Hill Kachari.[8]
- Geographic distribution: Kachari is spoken in 16 villages total in North Cachar Hills district, Assam, and Dimapur and Dhansiri administrative circles of Kohima district, Nagaland.[5]
Division
According to LSI, Kachari language was divided into Plain Kachari or Bårå(Boro) and Hill Kachari or Dimasa.[9]
Phonology
Consonants
Kachari consists of the 13 consonants shown below and three Non-syllabics,(Frictional: h, frictionless palatal: y, frictionless rounded velar: w[7]) :
| Bi-Labial | Denti-Alveolar | Alveolo-Palatal | Velar | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosives
|
p^h
b |
t^h
d |
k^h
g | |
| Nasals | m | n | n | |
Fricatives
|
s
z |
|||
| Tremulant | r | |||
| Lateral | l |
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | o |
| Low | a |
Prosody
- Tone
- Kachari is a tonal language, consisting of 4 tones high, mid, low and neutral (1, 2, 3, 0)[7]
Grammar
Syntax
The word order of Kachari is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV).[10]
- Kachari uses many instances of "compound words" to denote meaning. For example, the word for "boy", is really the combination of the Kachari words for "male" and "child". This also correlates with Kachari verbs, which can be agglutinated to form "compound verbs".[11] While Kachari is not polysynthetic, its verbs act as a stem for descriptive adjective, adverbs or affixes to change its meaning. For example, the "conjugation of the regular verb active, 'nu-nǔ.' to see" results in the following:
| Verb "to See" [10] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Case Form | Final Form | Meaning |
| Infinitive | -nǔ | nu-nǔ | to see |
| Progressive | -dang | nu-dang | I am seeing |
| Simple Past | -bai | nu-bai | I saw |
| Past Progressive | -dangman | nu-dangman | I did see |
| Past Remote | -nai | nu-nai | I had seen |
| -dangman | nu-dangman | ||
| Simple Future | -gan | nu-gan | I will see |
| Paulo-post Future | -si-gan | nu-si-gan | I will see (almost immediately) |
| -nǔ-sǔi | nu-nǔ-sǔi | ||
| Imperative | - | nu | See (you) |
| -thang | nu-thang | Let him (them) see | |
Tense
Future Tense
As can be seen from the chart above, the future tense is indicated with -gan, while -si- indicates that the future event will occur soon or in the near future. One example is "Bí faigan", he will come, as opposed to "Bí faisigan", he will come (almost at once) or he is about to come.[10]
Present Tense
Present tense is shown through three affixes, "ǔ", "dong" and "gô". The first two forms represent indefinite and definite forms and are far more common that "gô", which is frequently only used to answer questions in the affirmative.
Adjectives
Most adjectives can be added both before or after the noun it is describing, though it gains the case ending if it follows the noun, rather than precedes it.[10] This follows the identification of as a strongly suffixing language.[12] However, this classification goes against Konwar's description of Kachari and a related language, Karbi, as primarily prefixing to create adjectives.[13]
Numerical adjectives are always inserted after the noun it is describing. For example, "ten goats" is "Burmá má-zǔ" with "Burmá" meaning goat, "má" being the classifier for "animal" and the number ten being "zǔ".[6][10]
Morphology
Gender - Common nouns such as father, mother, brother or sister have distinct masculine and feminine words while other nouns including animals, will typically have the words for male and female, -jelá and -jeu respectively, added on as a suffix to denote gender. Other common masculine and feminine suffix forms that may be used include -zǎlá/-zǔ, -bundā/-bundi, -bóndá/-bóndi, -phántá/-phánti and -pherá/-pheri.[6][10]
Number System
Kachari has a decimal system and counts to 10 with unique words, after which the number words combine to add to the larger number as shown in the chart below.[14]
| 1. sé | 21. nɯizise |
| 2. nɯí | 22. nɯizinɯi |
| 3. tʰám | 22. nɯizitʰam |
| 4. brɯí | 24. nɯizibrɯi |
| 5. bá | 25. nɯiziba |
| 6. dɔ́ | 26. nɯizidɔ |
| 7. sní | 27. nɯizisni |
| 8. daín | 28. nɯizidain |
| 9. ɡú | 29. nɯiziɡu |
| 10. zí | 30. tʰamzí |
| 11. zíse | 40. brɯizí |
| 12. zínɯi | 50. bazí |
| 13. zítʰám | 60. dɔzí |
| 14. zíbrɯi | 70. snizí |
| 15. zíba | 80. dainzí |
| 16. zídɔ | 90. ɡuzí |
| 17. zísni | 100. zɯusé / sezɯú |
| 18. zídaín | 200. nɯizɯú |
| 19. zíɡu | 1000. sé rɯ̀za |
| 20. nɯizí | 2000. nɯí rɯ̀za |
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Kachari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kach1279.
- ↑ Grierson, G.A. (1903). "Linguistic Survey of India, Volume III, Tibeto-Burman Family, Part II, "Specimens of the Bodo, Nāgā, and Kachin groups"". https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=3-2&pages=540#page/10/mode/1up.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Did you know Kachari is endangered?" (in en). http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3261.
- ↑ "Boro". 2017-03-09. http://multitree.org/codes/xac.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D.. "Kachari". Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth edition. https://www.ethnologue.com/language/xac.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Robinson, William (1849-01-01) (in en). Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal "Notes on the Languages Spoken by the various tribes inhabiting the valley of Asam and its mountain confines.". G.H. Rouse, Baptist Mission Press. pp. 215–224. https://books.google.com/books?id=0O5FAQAAMAAJ&q=Notes+on+the+Languages+spoken+by+the+various+tribes+inhabiting+the+valley+of+Asam+and+its+mountain+confines.+By+William+Robinson&pg=PA310.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Bhattacharya, Pramod Chandra (1977). A Descriptive Analysis of the Boro Language. 21 Balaram Ghose Street, Calcutta 700004: The Pooran Press.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Kachari" (in en). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kach1279.
- ↑ "Linguistic Survey of India". https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=3-2&pages=540#page/156/mode/1up.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Endle, Sidney (1884-01-01) (in en). Outline Grammar of the Kachari (Bara) Language as Spoken in District Darrang, Assam: With Illustrative Sentences, Notes, Reading Lessons, and a Short Vocabulary. Assam Secretariat Press. https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=I6YTAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PR28.
- ↑ Anderson, J. D. (1895-01-01). A collection of Kachári folk-tales and rhymes. Shillong. https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.5540.
- ↑ "Language Kachari" (in en). http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_kac.
- ↑ Konwar, Aparna (2002). "Some Aspects of the Boro and the Karbi morphology". Indian Linguistics 63: 39–48.
- ↑ Brahma, Aleendra (2009). "Sino-Tibetan Languages: Bodo". https://mpi-lingweb.shh.mpg.de/numeral/Bodo.htm.
Bibliography
- Jacquesson, François (2008). "Discovering Boro-Garo". History of an Analytical and Descriptive Linguistic Category. http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ebhr/pdf/EBHR_32_02.pdf. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
- DeLancey, Scott (2012). Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; w. Post, Mark. eds. "On the Origin of Bodo-Garo". Northeast Indian Linguistics 4: 3–20. doi:10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003. ISBN 9789382264521.
- Joseph, U.V., and Burling, Robbins. 2006. Comparative phonology of the Boro Garo languages. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages Publication.
- Wood, Daniel Cody. 2008. An Initial Reconstruction of Proto-Boro-Garo. M.A. Thesis, University of Oregon.
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