Social:Kadazandusun language
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| Central Dusun | |
|---|---|
| Boros Dusun | |
| Bunduliwan | |
| Native to | Malaysia, Brunei |
| Region | Sabah, Labuan |
| Ethnicity | Dusun people, Kadazan people |
Native speakers | (140,000 Central Dusun cited 1991)[1] 100,000 ethnic population other dialects (1981–2000)[1][may need to subtract 15k Sugut and Minokok] |
Austronesian
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | dtp |
| Glottolog | cent2100[2] |
Central Dusun, also known as Bunduliwan (Dusun: Boros Dusun), is one of the more widespread languages spoken by the Dusun (including Kadazan) peoples of Sabah, Malaysia.
Dusun language standardization
Under the efforts of the Kadazandusun Cultural Association Sabah, the standardized Dusun language is of the central Bundu-Liwan dialect spoken in Bundu and Liwan valleys of the Crocker Range (now parts of the present-day districts of Ranau, Tambunan and Keningau while Kadazan dialect, part of sub-Dusunic language, widely spoken around the coastal part of Penampang, Papar and Kota Kinabalu. Dusun Bundu-liwan's selection was based on it being the most mutually intelligible, when conversing with other Dusun or Kadazan dialects.[3]
Alphabet and pronunciation
The Dusun-Kadazan language is written using the Latin alphabet and it has 22 characters (the letters C, E, F, Q, and X are not used except in loanwords):
A B D G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z
These characters together are called Pimato.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||
Semivowels /w j/ and rhotic /r/ only occur in most of the other dialects of the Dusun/Kadazan languages. Forschner (1978) and Antonissen (1958) list two fricatives /v z/ for the Rungus and Penampang Kadazan dialects. [x] is also listed as an allophone of /k/ in word-medial position.[4]
Vowels
The vowels are divided into:
Simple vowels: /i u a o/
Diphthongs: aa ai (sometimes pronounced /e/) ii oi uu
Forschner (1978) notes for the Rungus dialect that the phoneme /e/ is a contraction of the diphthongs /ai/ or /oi/.
Some combinations of vowels do not form diphthongs and each vowel retains its separate sound: ao ia iu ui ue. In some words aa is not a diphthong, and this is indicated by an apostrophe between the two vowels: a’a.
Grammar
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns in Dusun are determined by their use in the sentence. There are emphatic subject, non-emphatic subject, possessive and accusative. Dusun has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural.
| English | Dusun | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Possessive | Accusative/Object | ||
| Emphatic | Non-emphatic | |||
| I | Yoku/Yoho | Oku | Ku | Doho/Dogo |
| You | Ika/Iya | Ko | Nu | Dika/Diya |
| He/She/It | Isio/Iyau | Disio/Dau | ||
| We (exclusive) | Yahai | Dahai | ||
| We (two persons) | Ikito | Kito | To' | Ditto |
| We (inclusive) | Itokou/Tokou | Dotokou | ||
| You (plural) | Ikoyu/Yokoyu | Kou | Dikoyu/Dokoyu | |
| They | Iyolo | Diyolo/Diolo | ||
Structure
The Dusun phrase structure follow a different pattern since the normal English subject-verb-object structure is non-existent in the Dusun construction. A typical Dusun sentence follows the verb-subject-object structure.
Examples
- Dusun sentence: Monginum isio do montoku.
- Direct English translation: Drink him rice wine.
- English interpretation: He is drinking rice wine.
- Dusun sentence: Nunu maan nu do suab?
- Direct English translation: What do you tomorrow?
- English interpretation: "What are you doing tomorrow?" or to a lesser extent, "Are you doing anything tomorrow?"
Vocabulary
The following table is a comparison of lexical terms in English, Dusun and the Malay language.
| English | Dusun | Malay |
|---|---|---|
| zero | aiso | kosong/sifar |
| one | iso | satu |
| two | duo | dua |
| three | tolu | tiga |
| four | apat | empat |
| five | limo | lima |
| six | onom | enam |
| seven | turu | tujuh |
| eight | walu | lapan |
| nine | siam | sembilan |
| ten | hopod | sepuluh |
| eleven | hopod om iso | sebelas |
| twenty | duo nohopod | dua puluh |
| hundred | hatus/sahatus | ratus/seratus |
| two hundreds | duo nahatus | dua ratus |
| thousand | ribu/soribu | ribu/seribu |
| five thousands | limo noribu | lima ribu |
| million | laksa/liong | juta |
| billion | bilion | bilion |
For example: tolu noribu duo nahatus walu nohopod om siam (3289)
Name of the Months
| English | Dusun |
|---|---|
| January | Milatok |
| February | Mansak |
| March | Gomot |
| April | Ngiop |
| May | Mikat |
| June | Mahas |
| July | Madas |
| August | Magus |
| September | Manom |
| October | Gumas |
| November | Milau |
| December | Momuhau |
Day names
The names for the days of the week are mostly based on a simple numerical sequence, which is commonly used for media and newspapers. Sometimes Dusun names for the days come from the seven stages in the metamorphosis of butterfly, which is commonly taught in school syllabus and literature purpose.
| English | Dusun | |
|---|---|---|
| Dusun name | Numerical | |
| Monday | Tontolu | Tadau koiso |
| Tuesday | Mirod | Tadau koduo |
| Wednesday | Tadtaru | Tadau kotolu |
| Thursday | Kurudu | Tadau kaapat |
| Friday | Madsa | Tadau kolimo |
| Saturday | Kukuak | Tadau koonom |
| Sunday | Tiwang | Tadau koturu/minggu |
Interrogatives
| English | Dusun | Malay |
|---|---|---|
| What? | Onu/Nu/Nunu | Apa |
| Who? | Isai | Siapa |
| Whose/Whom? | Disai | Siapa punya |
| Where? | Hinonggo/Honggo | Di mana |
| When? | Soira | Bila |
| Why? | Nokuro | Kenapa |
| How? | Poingkuro | Bagaimana |
| How many? | Piro/Songkuro | Berapa |
Examples
Genesis 1:1-3
Ontok di timpuun ih, tuminimpuun o Kinorohingan do minomonsoi do libabou om pomogunan. Orolot iti pomogunan om inggaa suang, om pointuong nokulumutan di rahat topuhod. Mintulud sunduan do Kinorohingan do hiri id soibau di waig. Om pomoros nodi o Kinorohingan do, "Nawau no" ka. Om haro nodi o tanawau. Om asanangan tomod o Kinorohingan do nokokitoh diri. Pitongkiado no do Kinoingan ih tanawau do mantad hiri id totuong. Om pungaranai nodi do Kinorohingan do "dangadau" it anawau, om iri otuong nopo nga pinungaranan dau do "dongotuong". Haro di sosodopon, sinusuhut minsusuab – iri no o tadau kumoiso.
Translation
In the beginning God created heaven and earth. The earth was formless and empty, and darkness covered the deep water. The spirit of God was hovering over the water. Then God said, "Let there be light!" So there was light. God saw the light was good. So God separated the light from the darkness. God named the light "day", and the darkness he named "night". There was evening, then morning, the first day.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Central Dusun at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Central Dusun". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent2100.
- ↑ Kadazandusun Cultural Association. "Official dialect" . 11 April 1995.
- ↑ Miller, Carolyn (1993). Phonological descriptions of Sabah languages : Studies from Ten Languages, Bonggi, Ida'an, Kadazan/Dusun, Kalabuan, Kimaragang, Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan, Lotud, Tagal, Tatana', Tombonuwo. Kadazan/Dusun Phonology Revisited.
- Tangit, Trixie M. (2005). Planning Kadazandusun (Sabah, Malaysia): labels, identity, and language (MA thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/11691.
External links
 |
Kadazandusun language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
- Kadazandusun Language Foundation
- Kadazandusun Online Vocabulary Sharing
- Numbers in Dusun (Dynamic)
- Colletion of Central Dusun sentences at tatoeba.org
- Colletion of Central Dusun sentences with audio at tatoeba.org
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