Social:List of Hispanic American Caudillos

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General Porfirio Díaz, president of Mexico 1876-1911, modernizing caudillo

A Caudillo (Spanish pronunciation: [kawˈdiʎo];Portuguese: caudilho[kɐwˈðiʎu]; Old Spanish: cabdillo, from Latin capitellum, diminutive of caput "head". Caudillo means “little head” or “little chief”) is part of the larger Iberian tradition of authoritarian leaders, with roots in the Iberian past, particularly in the Reconquista.[1] A number of military leaders who were part of the Spanish American struggle for independence took on political roles in during the establishment of new sovereign nation-states. The establishment of military strong men as the head of new national governments did not generally come via elections, but many did have strong popular support. Caudillos often have a personalist connection with their popular followers, combining charisma and machismo ("manliness"), access to political and economic power. They often desire to legitimize their rule.[2] Many caudillos brought order to their areas of control, but also resorted to violence with their armed supporters to achieve it. The early nineteenth century has been considered the "Age of Caudillos," but authoritarian regimes existed in the twentieth century as well, with caudillismo casting a long shadow.[3]

List of Caudillos

Argentina

  • José Félix Aldao
  • Gregorio Aráoz de Lamadrid
  • Nazario Benavídez
  • Pedro Castelli
  • Manuel Dorrego
  • Pascual Echagüe
  • Pedro Ferré
  • Andrés Guazurary
  • Santos Guayama
  • Martín Miguel de Güemes[4]
  • Alejandro Heredia
  • Juan Felipe Ibarra
  • Juan Lavalle
  • Estanislao López
  • Ricardo López Jordán
  • Bartolomé Mitre
  • José María Paz
  • Ángel Vicente Peñaloza
  • Juan Perón[5][6]
  • Juan Facundo Quiroga[7]
  • Francisco Ramírez
  • Julio Argentino Roca
  • Juan Manuel de Rosas[8]
  • Juan Saá
  • Antonino Taboada
  • Justo José de Urquiza
  • Jorge Rafael Videla

Bolivia

  • Jeanine Áñez
  • Hugo Banzer
  • Manuel Isidoro Belzu
  • Hilarión Daza
  • Mariano Melgarejo
  • Andrés de Santa Cruz

Chile

  • Arturo Alessandri
  • Vicente Benavides
  • José Miguel Carrera
  • Ramón Freire
  • Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
  • Manuel Montt Torres
  • Bernardo O'Higgins
  • Augusto Pinochet[9]
  • Diego Portales
  • José Joaquín Prieto

Colombia

  • Sergio Arboleda
  • Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera
  • Jorge Eliécer Gaitán
  • Alfonso López Pumarejo
  • Rafael Núñez[10]
  • Aquileo Parra
  • Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
  • Rafael Uribe Uribe
  • Marceliano Vélez

Costa Rica

  • José Figueres Ferrer

Cuba

  • Ignacio Agramonte
  • Fulgencio Batista
  • Fidel Castro
  • Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
  • Máximo Gómez
  • Antonio Maceo

Dominican Republic

  • Buenaventura Báez
  • Joaquín Balaguer
  • Rafael Trujillo, "The Benefactor"[11]

Ecuador

  • Gabriel García Moreno
  • José María Velasco Ibarra

El Salvador

  • Maximiliano Hernández Martínez

Guatemala

  • Justo Rufino Barrios
  • Rafael Carrera[12]
  • Manuel Estrada Cabrera
  • Miguel García Granados
  • Efraín Ríos Montt
  • Jorge Ubico[13]


Honduras

  • Tiburcio Carías Andino

Mexico

  • Juan Álvarez
  • Plutarco Elías Calles,[14] "El Jefe Máximo"
  • Lázaro Cárdenas
  • Venustiano Carranza, "Primer Jefe"
  • Saturnino Cedillo
  • Adolfo de la Huerta
  • Porfirio Díaz[15]
  • Vicente Guerrero
  • Miguel Hidalgo
  • Victoriano Huerta[16]
  • Agustín de Iturbide
  • Manuel Lozada, "El Tigre de Alica"[17]
  • Francisco Xavier Mina
  • José María Morelos
  • Álvaro Obregón[18]
  • Pascual Orozco
  • Antonio López de Santa Anna[19]
  • Santiago Vidaurri[20]
  • Pancho Villa,[21] "The Centaur of the North"
  • Emiliano Zapata[22]

Nicaragua

  • Anastasio Somoza García[23]
  • Anastasio Somoza Debayle
  • Daniel Ortega

Panama

Paraguay

  • José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, "El Supremo"[26]
  • Carlos Antonio López[27]
  • Francisco Solano López[28]
  • Alfredo Stroessner,"El Tiranosauro"[29][30]

Peru

  • Óscar Benavides
  • Andrés Avelino Cáceres
  • Ramón Castilla
  • Luis M. Sanchez Cerro
  • Alberto Fujimori
  • Agustín Gamarra
  • Antonio Gutiérrez de la Fuente
  • Miguel Iglesias
  • Augusto B. Leguía[31]
  • Lizardo Montero Flores
  • Domingo Nieto
  • Manuel Odría
  • Nicolás de Piérola
  • Felipe Santiago Salaverry[32]
  • Juan Crisóstomo Torrico
  • Manuel Ignacio de Vivanco[33]

Uruguay

  • Gregorio Conrado Álvarez
  • Timoteo Aparicio
  • José Gervasio Artigas
  • José Batlle y Ordóñez
  • Venancio Flores
  • Leandro Gómez
  • Juan Antonio Lavalleja
  • Lorenzo Latorre
  • Manuel Oribe
  • Fructuoso Rivera
  • Aparicio Saravia

Venezuela

  • José Tomás Boves
  • Cipriano Castro
  • Hugo Chávez
  • Joaquín Crespo
  • Juan Crisóstomo Falcón
  • Juan Vicente Gómez
  • Antonio Guzmán Blanco
  • Nicolás Maduro
  • Santiago Mariño
  • José Tadeo Monagas
  • José Antonio Páez
  • Marcos Pérez Jiménez
  • Manuel Piar
  • Carlos Rangel Garbiras
  • José Félix Ribas
  • José Antonio Yáñez
  • Ezequiel Zamora


See also

Further reading

Definitions, Theories, and Contexts

  • Alexander, Robert J. "Caudillos, Coroneis, and Political Bosses in Latin America." In Presidential Power in Latin American Politics, ed. Thomas V. DiBacco. New York: Prager 1977.
  • Beezley, William H. "Caudillismo: An Interpretative Note." Journal of Inter-American Studies 11 (July 1969): 345-52.
  • Collier, David, ed. The New Authoritarianism in Latin America. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1979.
  • Dealy, Glenn Cudill. The Public Man: An Interpretation of Latin America and other Catholic Countries. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 1977.
  • Diaz, Rodolfo (2010). "Caudillos and Constitutions". Harvard International Review 32 (2): 24–27. 
  • DiTella, Torcuato S. Latin American Politics: A Theoretical Framework. Austin: University of Texas Press 1989.
  • Hale, Charles A. "The Reconstruction of Nineteenth-Century Politics in Spanish America: A Case for the History of Ideas." Latin American Research Review 8 (Summer 1973), 53-73.
  • Hamill, Hugh, ed. Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992.
  • Humphreys, R.A. "The Caudillo Tradition." in Tradition and Revolt in Latin America, 216-28. New York: Columbia University Press 1969.
  • Johnson, John J. "Foreign Factors in Dictatorship in Latin America". Pacific Historical Review 20 (1951)
  • Kern, Robert, ed. The Caciques: Oligarchical Politics and the System of Caciquismo in the Luso-Latin World. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973.
  • Loveman, Brian. The Constitution of Tyranny: Regimes of Exception in Spanish America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1993.
  • Lynch, John, Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1992.
  • Pleasants, Edwin Hemingway, The Caudillo: a Study in Latin-American Dictatorships. Monmouth, IL: Commercial Art Press 1959.
  • Smith, Peter H. "Political Legitimacy in Spanish America" in New Approaches to Latin American History, Richard Graham and Peter Smith, eds. 1974.
  • Wolf, Eric R. and Edward C. Hanson, "Caudillo Politics: A Structural Analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 9 (1966–67): 168-79.


Regions and Individuals

  • Balfour, Sebastian. Castro (1990)
  • Brading, D.A., ed. Caudillo and Peasant in the Mexican Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1980.
  • Gilmore, Robert L. Caudillism and Militarism in Venezuela, 1810-1910. 1994.
  • Haigh, Roger M. Martin Güemes: Tyrant or Tool? A Study of the Sources of Power of an Argentine Caudillo. 1968.
  • Hamill, Hugh M., ed. Caudillos: Dictators in Spanish America. Selections on Hidalgo, Quiroga, Moreno, Díaz, Trujillo, Perón, Castro, Pinochet, and Stroessner. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1992.
  • Lynch, John. "Bolívar and the Caudillos". Hispanic American Historical Review 63 No. 1 (1983), 3-35.
  • Lynch, John. Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1829-1852. 1981.
  • Lynch, John. Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Chapters on Rosas, Páez, Santa Anna, and Carrera. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992.
  • Page, Joseph A. Perón: A Biography. 1983.
  • Park, James William. Rafael Núñez and the Politics of Colombian Regionalism, 1863-1886. (1985)
  • Smith, Peter H. Democracy in Latin America: Political Change in Comparative Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press 2005.
  • Wiarda, Howard. Dictatorship and Development: The Methods of Control in Trujillo's Dominican Republic. 1968.
  • Luhnow, David; José De Cordoba; Nicholas Casey (11 July 2009). "The Cult of the caudillo". Wall Street Journal- Eastern Edition 254 (9): 1–2. 
  • Shapiro, Samuel (4 December 1961). "Doing Good in Latin America". New Republic 145 (23): 11–14. 
  • Woodward, Ralph Lee. Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871. 1993.


References

  1. ↑ Hugh M. Hamill, "Caudillismo, Caudillo". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, p. 38.
  2. ↑ Hamill, "Caudillismo, Caudillo", p. 38.
  3. ↑ John Lynch, Caudillos in Spanish America, 1800-1850. Oxford: Clarendon Press 1992, p.437.
  4. ↑ Roger M. Haigh, "The Creation and Control of a Caudillo" in Caudillos, Hamill, ed. pp. 145-154.
  5. ↑ Joseph A. Page. Perón: A Biography. 1983.
  6. ↑ Fernando N.A. Cuevillas, "A Case for Caudillaje and Juan Perón" in Caudillos, Ed. Hugh M. Hamill, pp. 285-291.
  7. ↑ Domingo F. Sarmiento, "Facundo Quiroga: The Caudillo as Barbarian" in Caudillos', ed. Hamill, pp. 107-114.
  8. ↑ John Lynch. Argentine Dictator: Juan Manuel de Rosas, 1829-1852. 1981.
  9. ↑ Genaro Arriagada Herrera, "Pinochet's Route to Power" in Hamill, ed. Caudillos, pp. 325-334.
  10. ↑ James William Park. Rafael Núñez and the Politics of Colombian Regionalism, 1863-1886. (1985)
  11. ↑ Howard J. Wiarda and Michael J. Kryzanek, "Trujillo and the Caudillo Tradition" in Caudillos, Hamill, ed. pp. 246-256
  12. ↑ Ralph Lee Woodward, Rafael Carrera and the Emergence of the Republic of Guatemala, 1821-1871. 1993.
  13. ↑ Kenneth J. Grieb, Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico, Guatemala 1931-1944.Athens OH: Ohio University Press 1979
  14. ↑ Buchenau, Jurgen. Plutarco Elias Calles and the Mexican Revolution (Denver: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).
  15. ↑ Carleton Beals. Porfirio Díaz, Dictator of Mexico, J.B. Lippincott & Company, Philadelphia, 1932.
  16. ↑ Meyer, Michael C. Huerta: A Political Portrait. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1972.
  17. ↑ Zachary Brittsan. Popular Politics and Rebellion in Mexico: Manuel Lozada and La Reforma, 1855-1876. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press 2015.
  18. ↑ * Buchenau, Jürgen (2011). The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregón and the Mexican Revolution. Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
  19. ↑ Will Fowler, Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2007.
  20. ↑ Tyler, R. Curtis. Santiago Vidaurri and the Southern Confederacy. The Americas Vol. 26, No. 1, (July 1969), pp. 66-76.
  21. ↑ Friedrich Katz, The Life and Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1998.
  22. ↑ *John Womack, Jr. Zapata and the Mexican Revolution. (New York: Vintage 1968)
  23. ↑ Alain Rouquié, "Dynasty: Nicaraguan Style" in Caudillos, Hamill, ed. pp. 257-269.
  24. ↑ Koster, R.M.; Sánchez, Guillermo (1990). In the Time of the Tyrants: Panama, 1968–1990. W W Norton & Co.
  25. ↑ * Priestley, George. Military Government and Popular Participation in Panama: The Torrijos Regime, 1968-1975. (1986)
  26. ↑ Vera Blinn Reber. "José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 2, pp. 607-108. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  27. ↑ John Hoyt Williams, The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic, 1800-1870 (1979)
  28. ↑ James Schofield Saeger (2007). Francisco Solano López and the Ruination of Paraguay: Honor and Egocentrism. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
  29. ↑ Paul H. Lewis, Paraguay Under Stroessner. (1980)
  30. ↑ James D. Cockcroft, "Paraguay's Stroessner: The Ultimate Caudillo" in Caudillos, Ed. Hugh M. Hamill, pp. 335-348.
  31. ↑ Roger Atwood, 'Democratic Dictators: Authoritarian Politics in Peru from Leguia to Fujimori,' SAIS Review, vol. 21, no. 2 (2001), p. 167.doi:10.1353/sais.2001.0030
  32. ↑ Walker, Charles F. "Felipe Santiago Salaverry" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 15. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
  33. ↑ Quiroz, Alfonso W. "Manuel Ignacio Vivanco" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 5, p. 429. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5]




  1. ↑ "19th Century Caudillos - Latin American Studies - Oxford Bibliographies - obo". http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766581/obo-9780199766581-0141.xml. 
  2. ↑ "Caudillo | military dictator". https://www.britannica.com/topic/caudillo. 
  3. ↑ "Caudillismo | Latin American politics". https://www.britannica.com/topic/caudillismo. 
  4. ↑ "Caudillos". http://www2.needham.k12.ma.us/nhs/cur/Baker_00/2001_p2/baker_ch_p2/caudillos.htm. 
  5. ↑ Caudillos in Spanish America 1800–1850. Oxford University Press. 1992-04-02. ISBN 9780191678189. http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198211358.001.0001/acprof-9780198211358. 
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