Social:Loup languages
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| Loup | |
|---|---|
| Nipmuck | |
| Pronunciation | fr loo |
| Native to | United States |
| Region | Massachusetts, Connecticut |
| Ethnicity | Nipmuck |
| Extinct | 18th century |
Algic
| |
| transcribed with Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:xlo – Loup Axlb – Loup B |
xlo Loup A | |
xlb Loup B | |
| Glottolog | loup1243 Nipmuck[1]loup1245 Loup B[2] |
Loup is a term which refers to the Algonquian language varieties spoken in colonial New England as attested in the manuscripts of mid-eighteenth century French missionaries.[3] It was attested in a notebook titled Mots loups (literally translating to 'wolf words'), compiled by Jean-Claude Mathevet, a priest who worked among Algonquian peoples, composing of 124 pages.[4] Loup ('Wolf') was a French colonial ethnographic term, and usage was inconsistent. In modern literature, Loup A refers to the varieties described by Mathevet, and Loup B refers to those described by François-Auguste Magon de Terlaye.[3]
Classification
Linguist Ives Goddard identified three distinct language varieties each attested in the Loup A and Loup B manuscripts. The languages of Loup A are referred to as Loup 1, Loup 2, and Loup 3; the languages of Loup B are referred to as Loup 4, Loup 5, and Loup 6. According to Goddard, Loup 3 and Loup 4 are the same language.[3]
On the basis of morphophonological comparisons with other Algonquian languages and ethnogeographic context, Goddard identifies the five Loup languages with particular bands of the Pocumtuck Confederacy:[3]
- Nipmuck (Loup 1)
- Norwottuck (Loup 2)
- Pocumtuck (Loup 3 and 4)
- Woronoco (Loup 5)
- Pojassick (Loup 6)
Phonology
The phonology of Loup A (Nipmuck),[3] reconstructed by Gustafson 2000:
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal/ Postalveolar |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | lab. | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | (kʷ) | ||
| Affricate | tʃ | ||||||
| Fricative | s | h | |||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | w | j | |||||
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | i, iː | u |
| Mid | e | o, oː |
| Open | a, aː, ã | |
The vowel sounds likely have the same phonetic quality as other southern New England Algonquian languages. The short vowels /i o e a/ may represent the sounds as [ɪ], [ʊ], [ɛ, ə], and [ʌ], while the long vowels /iː/, /oː/, and /ã/ correspond to /i/, /o/, and /ã/.[4][5]
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Nipmuck". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/loup1243.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Loup B". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/loup1245.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Goddard, Ives (2012). "The 'Loup' Languages of Western Massachusetts: The Dialectal Diversity of Southern New England Algonquian". Papers of the 44th Algonquian Conference (SUNY Press) 44: 104–138. https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/ALGQP/article/view/2320/2094.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Gustafson, Holly Suzanne (2000). A Grammar of the Nipmuck Language. Deparament of Linguistics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba. http://www.nipmuclanguage.org/uploads/5/0/7/7/50775337/gustafson_thesis_nipmuck_grammar.pdf.
- ↑ Costa, David J. (2007). The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian. http://myaamiacenter.org/MCResources/costa_biblio/costa-PAC.pdf.
External links
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup A language
- OLAC resources in and about the Loup B language
- Nipmuc Language.org[Usurped!]
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