Social:National intranet

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Short description: Large-scale intranet maintained by a nation-state as a substitute for the Internet


A national intranet is an Internet Protocol-based walled garden network maintained by a nation state as a national substitute for the global Internet, with the aim of controlling and monitoring the communications of its inhabitants, as well as restricting their access to outside media.[1] Other names have been used, such as the use of the term halal internet in Islamic countries.

Such networks generally come with access to state-controlled media and national alternatives to foreign-run Internet services: search engines, web-based email, and so forth.[2]

List of countries with national intranets

Myanmar

Burma before 2011 used to have a separate intranet for domestic use called Myanmar Wide Web.[3]

Cuba

Cuba has its own state-controlled intranet called national web.[4][5][6][7]

North Korea

North Korea's Kwangmyong network, dating back to 2000, is the best-known of this type of network. Cuba and Myanmar also use a similar network system that is separated from the rest of the Internet.[8] The network uses domain names under the .kp top-level domain that are not accessible from the global Internet.[9] As of 2016 the network uses IPv4 addresses reserved for private networks in the 10.0.0.0/8 range.[9]

Russia

In 2020 Russia tested internal internet known as RuNet (Internet in Russian Federation territory).[10]

China

A primary insight flows from our research and it pertains to the stability of China’s internet: the internet in China is a walled garden in terms of structure yet at the same time dependent upon Western Europe and the United States for foreign connectivity.[11][12][13] Put plainly, in terms of resilience, China could effectively withdraw from the global public internet and maintain domestic connectivity (essentially having an intranet).[14][15][16] This means the rest of the world could be restricted from connecting into China, and vice versa for external connections for Chinese businesses/users.[17][18][19]

Iran

The National Information Network of Iran works like the Great Firewall of China .[20][21][22] In April 2011, a senior Iranian official, Ali Agha-Mohammadi announced government plans to launch its own halal internet, which would conform to Islamic values and provide appropriate services.[23] Creating such a network, similar to the North Korean example, would prevent unwanted information from outside Iran getting into the closed system.[8] The Iranian walled garden would have its own localized email service and search engine.[24]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Great Firewall of China" (in en). Bloomberg.com. https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/great-firewall-of-china. 
  2. ↑ "Putin brings China's Great Firewall to Russia in cybersecurity pact" (in en). 2016-11-29. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/29/putin-china-internet-great-firewall-russia-cybersecurity-pact. 
  3. ↑ Deibert, Ronald; Palfrey, John; Rohozinski, Rafal; Zittrain, Jonathan (2008-01-25) (in en). Access Denied: The Practice and Policy of Global Internet Filtering. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-29072-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=l6ry0NeJ1N8C&pg=PA340. 
  4. ↑ Scola, Nancy. "Wait, Cuba has its own Internet?" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2014/12/19/wait-cuba-has-its-own-internet/. 
  5. ↑ "Cuba - The World Factbook". https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/. 
  6. ↑ "More Cubans have local intranet, mobile phones". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/net-us-cuba-telecommunications-idUSBRE85D14H20120615. 
  7. ↑ Harrison Jacobs (Sep 6, 2018). "Is there internet in Cuba?" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/is-there-internet-in-cuba-2017-1. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Christopher Rhoads and Farnaz Fassihi (May 28, 2011). "Iran Vows to Unplug Internet". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704889404576277391449002016. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mäkeläinen, Mika (14 May 2016). "Yle Pohjois-Koreassa: Kurkista suljetun maan omaan tietoverkkoon" (in fi). Yle. http://yle.fi/uutiset/yle_pohjois-koreassa_kurkista_suljetun_maan_omaan_tietoverkkoon/8882096. 
  10. ↑ "Russia Takes a Big Step Toward Internet Isolation" (in en-us). Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/russia-internet-control-disconnect-censorship/. 
  11. ↑ Denyer, Simon (2016-05-23). "China's scary lesson to the world: Censoring the Internet works" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/chinas-scary-lesson-to-the-world-censoring-the-internet-works/2016/05/23/413afe78-fff3-11e5-8bb1-f124a43f84dc_story.html. 
  12. ↑ Chao, Loretta (2010-12-21). "'Father' of China's Great Firewall Shouted Off Own Microblog" (in en-US). Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-CJB-12291. 
  13. ↑ Martina, Paul Carsten, Michael (2016-04-08). "U.S. says China internet censorship a burden for businesses" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-trade-internet-idUSKCN0X50RD. 
  14. ↑ "How China's Internet Police Control Speech on the Internet" (in en). https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/china_internet-11242008134108.html. 
  15. ↑ Siegel, Rachel. "Search result not found: China bans Wikipedia in all languages" (in en-US). Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/05/15/china-bans-wikipedia-all-languages/. 
  16. ↑ "TLS certificate blunder revisited – whither China Internet Network Information Center?" (in en-US). 2015-04-14. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2015/04/14/tls-certificate-blunder-revisited-whither-china-internet-network-information-center/. 
  17. ↑ Dave Allen (July 19, 2019). "Analysis by Oracle Internet Intelligence Highlights China's Unique Approach to Connecting to the Global Internet". Oracle. https://blogs.oracle.com/internetintelligence/analysis-by-oracle-internet-intelligence-highlights-china%e2%80%99s-unique-approach-to-connecting-to-the-global-internet. 
  18. ↑ Mozur, Paul (2015-09-14). "Baidu and CloudFlare Boost Users Over China's Great Firewall (Published 2015)" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/14/business/partnership-boosts-users-over-chinas-great-firewall.html. 
  19. ↑ "How China's social media users created a new language to beat censorship on COVID-19" (in en). https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/03/china-social-media-language-government-censorship-covid/. 
  20. ↑ "Iran To Work With China To Create National Internet System". https://www.rferl.org/amp/iran-china-national-internet-system-censorship/30820857.html. 
  21. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Freedom on the Net 2018 - Iran" (in en). https://www.refworld.org/docid/5be16b1013.html. 
  22. ↑ "What You Need to Know about Internet Censorship in Iran" (in en). https://www.cigionline.org/articles/what-you-need-know-about-internet-censorship-iran. 
  23. ↑ "Iran clamps down on Internet use", Saeed Kamali Dehghan, The Guardian, 5 January 2012
  24. ↑ Ryan Paul (April 10, 2012). "Iran moving ahead with plans for national intranet". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2012/04/iran-plans-to-unplug-the-internet-launch-its-own-clean-alternative/. 




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