Social:Prenuptial agreement

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A prenuptial agreement, antenuptial agreement, or premarital agreement (commonly referred to as a prenup), is a written contract entered into by a couple prior to marriage or a civil union that enables them to select and control many of the legal rights they acquire upon marrying, and what happens when their marriage eventually ends by death or divorce. Couples enter into a written prenuptial agreement to supersede many of the default marital laws that would otherwise apply in the event of divorce, such as the laws that govern the division of property and retirement benefits and savings, and the right to seek alimony (spousal support) with agreed-upon terms that provide certainty and clarify their marital rights.[1][2] A premarital agreement may also contain waivers of a surviving spouse’s right to claim an elective share of the estate of the deceased spouse.[3]

In some countries, including the United States , Belgium and the Netherlands, the prenuptial agreement not only provides for what happens in the event of a divorce, but also to protect some property during the marriage, for instance in case of a bankruptcy. Many countries, including Canada , France , Italy, and Germany , have matrimonial regimes, in addition to, or some cases, in lieu of prenuptial agreements.

Postnuptial agreements are similar to prenuptial agreements, except that they are entered into after a couple is married.[4] When divorce is imminent, postnuptial agreements are referred to as separation agreements.[5]

Legal recognition

Laws vary between both states and countries in both what content they may contain and under what conditions and circumstances that a prenuptial agreement may be declared unenforceable, such as an agreement signed under fraud, duress or without adequate disclosure of assets.

Africa

South Africa

In South Africa, a civil marriage or civil union is, by default, a marriage in community of property. In order to marry out of community of property, the parties must sign an antenuptial contract in the presence of a notary public prior to their marriage and the contract must be registered in the Deeds Office within three months from the date of signature of the contract.

When marrying out of community, the parties have a choice to marry with application of the accrual system or without application of the accrual system.

In the event that the parties marry without accrual, the spouses’ respective estates would always remain separate and neither party will have any proprietary claim against the other by virtue of the marriage.

If the parties marry with application of the accrual, their respective estates would remain separate during the subsistence of the marriage. Upon dissolution of the marriage, whether by death or divorce, the spouse with the lesser accrual would have a claim against the spouse with the larger accrual for half the difference between their accrual values.

Eurasia

Asia

India

In India , prenuptial agreements are very rare and do not have any governing laws. However, with rising divorce rates people are showing increasing interest in them. Some lawyers are of the opinion that prenups don't have legal sanctity in India. However, some form of contract is signed in some cases, usually among affluent citizens. But, the agreements need to be reasonable and not violate pre-existing laws like the Hindu Marriage Act. Indian courts allow a memorandum of settlement to be signed during divorces. But, no court has yet been asked to enforce a prenup.[6]

These agreements may come under the Indian Contract Act 1872. The Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act states that agreements are to be considered contracts if they are made by the free consent of the parties.[7] However, the Section 23 of the same act states that a contract may be void if they are immoral or against public policy.[8]

Goa is the only Indian state where a prenuptial is legally enforceable, as it follows the Portuguese Civil Code, 1867. A prenuptial agreement may be signed between the two parties at the time of marriage, stating the regime of ownership. If a prenuptial has not been signed, then the marital property is simply divided equally between the husband and wife.[9][10]

Thailand

The prenuptial agreement in Thailand sign on the basis of mutual consent of the man and woman, which want to get married. Under Thai law, a prenuptial agreement is recognized by the Commercial and Civil Code of Thailand. A valid and enforceable Thai prenuptial agreement requires by Law where:

  • the content of the prenuptial made in Thailand cannot be against the law or good morals;
  • both the prospective husband and wife must understand the content of the prenuptial;
  • the prenuptial in Thailand must be made before the marriage, a contract between husband and wife concerning personal and jointly owned property made after the marriage registration (post-nuptial) is void;
  • both the future husband and wife must sign the prenuptial in the presence of at least 2 witnesses and the agreement must be entered into the Marriage Register together with the marriage.[11]

These conditions are found at clause 1466 of the Commercial and Civil Code of Thailand.
In accordance with the laws on Thai marriage, the prenuptial agreement mainly relates to assets and financial implications of marriage and establishes conditions of ownership and management of personal and concrete joint property and potential division of marital assets, if the marriage will be dissolved. The prenuptial agreement also includes a list of each side's personal assets at the time of the marriage and guarantees, that debts and property before the marriage remain in possession of the initial owner or debtor.

Personal property includes:

  • property owned by spouses before the marriage;
  • property for personal use — work instruments, clothes, etc.;
  • gifts from third parties or property received through the testament (if it is not indicated in testament, that property should transfer to joint property of spouses);
  • “khongman” — real estate transmitted to the bride as a dowry (during the engagement ceremony).

Joint property includes:

  • property acquired at the time of the marriage;
  • property received by one of the spouses at the time of the marriage as a gift, if in the document attached to a gift or in the document compiled by spouse this property was declared as joint (Martial Assets);
  • income acquired from personal property.[12]

Marriage Property SYSTEM in Thailand can be choose:

  • Regime Conventional;
  • Regime Legal.[13]

Europe

The Marriage Contract by Flemish artist Jan Josef Horemans the Younger c. 1768

Prenuptial agreements have long been recognized as valid in several European countries, such as France , Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany , Poland , Switzerland , Sweden, Denmark , Norway and Finland . While in some of these countries there are limits on what restrictions the courts will see as enforceable or valid (e.g. Germany after 2001, where appeals courts have indicated this), a written and properly initiated contract, freely agreed upon, cannot be challenged by, for instance, invoking the circumstances under which the marriage broke down or the conduct of either part. In France and Belgium (as in Quebec, which has the same judicial tradition) prenuptial agreements must be set up in the presence of a notary.

In many of the countries mentioned, prenuptials may also protect the non-shared property and money from being pulled into a bankruptcy and can serve to support lawsuits and settlements during the marriage (for instance if one part has sold or wrongfully mortgaged a piece of property that had been set aside by his/her partner).

Ukraine

In accordance with provisions of Section 10 of the Family Code of Ukraine, marriage relationships, rights and duties of spouses can be regulated by a Marriage contract as well if spouses wish to settle their property relations in other manner then it is provided by the Family Code of Ukraine.

Marriage (prenuptial) contract can be concluded by a woman and a man, who applied for registration of their marriage as well as by spouses. Underaged person, who wants to conclude a marriage contract before registration of the marriage, is to have a signed consent of his/her parent or custodian certified by a notary.

Numerous provisions of this section of the Family Code of Ukraine provide quite extensive requirements as regarding the form and contents of the marriage contract and the procedural issues of making the same are regulated by appropriate Instruction of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine as regarding the procedure of notarization of marriage contracts as well as far as notarization is required.

Imperative requirements as regarding content of the marriage contract are provided by clause 93 of the Family Code of Ukraine, which states that the marriage contract governs property relations between spouses, determines their property rights and duties. Marriage contract can also determine property rights and duties of spouses as parents, but with certain limitations. Personal relations of spouses cannot be regulated by the marriage contract, as well as personal relations between spouses and their children. This rule is also provided by clause 93 of the Family Code of Ukraine. Marriage contract, which reduce rights of children and put one of spouses on a poor material state, are not permitted by the above imperative regulation. Within the frameworks of the marriage contract none of spouses can acquire any immovable property or other property, which requires the state registration.[14]

United Kingdom

Prenuptial agreements historically had not been considered legally enforceable in England and Wales due to a reluctance on the part of the judiciary for public policy reasons.

The 2010 Supreme Court test case of Radmacher v Granatino, overturned the previous legal framework on them to recognise changing societal and judicial views on the personal autonomy of married partners.[15][16] Pre-nuptial agreements can now be enforced by the courts as part of their discretion in financial settlement cases under section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 so long as the three stage Radmacher test is met and it is considered fair to do so, keeping in mind the interests of any child of the family. Radmacher holds that the courts will give effect to a nuptial agreement that is freely entered into by each party with a full appreciation of its implications unless, in the circumstances prevailing, it would not be fair to hold the parties to their agreement. The case provided substantial amounts of guidance relevant to all nuptial agreement cases that have occurred since 2010.[17]

The Law Commission's 2014 report on Matrimonial Property generally accepted the decision in Radmacher and recommended the creation of a 'qualifying nuptial agreement' regime by Parliament which would create a completely binding pre-nuptial agreement so long as certain requirements were met. The Commission's recommendations have yet to be implemented.

A prenuptial agreement is distinct from the historic marriage settlement which was concerned not primarily with the effects of divorce but with the establishment and maintenance of dynastic families, or a divorce settlement entered into by parties in connection with dissolving their marriage.

North America

Canada

Prenuptial agreements in Canada are governed by provincial legislation. Each province and territory in Canada recognizes prenuptial agreements. For instance, in Ontario prenuptial agreements are called marriage contracts and they are recognized by section 52 of the Family Law Act.[18]

United States

In the United States, prenuptial agreements are recognized in all fifty states and the District of Columbia, and they are enforceable if prepared in accordance with state and federal law requirements. It has been reported that the demand for prenuptial agreements in the United States has increased in recent years, particularly among millennial couples.[19][20][21][22] In a 2016 survey conducted by the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers (AAML), member attorneys reported seeing an increase in the total number of clients seeking prenuptial agreements before marriage in recent years, particularly with the millennial generation, with the strongest interest in protecting increases in the value of separate property, inheritances, and division of community property.[23]

In the past, couples entered into premarital agreements with a level of uncertainty about their validity.  Today, the presumptive validity and enforceability of such agreements in states that have adopted the UPAA/UPMAA including Florida[24], Virginia,[25] New Jersey,[26] and California,[27] is no longer in question.[28]

Currently, 28 States and the District of Columbia have adopted a version of the Uniform Premarital Agreement Act (UPAA) or the updated Uniform Premarital Agreements Act (UPMAA).  The UPAA was passed in 1983 by the Uniform Law Commission (ULC) to promote more uniformity and predictability between state laws relating to these contracts in an increasingly transient society. The UPAA was partly enacted to ensure that a prenup that was validly entered into in one state would be honored by the courts of another state where the couple might get a divorce. The UPMAA was subsequently promulgated in 2012 by the ULC to clarify and modernize inconsistent state laws, and create a uniform approach to all prenuptial agreements and postnuptial agreements that:

  1. Requires marital agreements to be in writing and declares them to be enforceable without consideration, modernizing existing state laws;
  2. Offers couples a flexible framework for premarital agreements that promotes responsible planning and informed decision-making; and
  3. Provides courts in every state a framework for determining an agreement’s validity, regardless of where it was executed.[29]

The laws enacted by states adopting the UPAA/UPMAA do have some variances from state-to-state, but this framework of laws has certainly made it much easier for legal practitioners to prepare enforceable marital agreements for clients by clearly stating the requirements. For instance, under Florida law, there is a very material difference in what is required to enter into a legally binding prenuptial agreement versus a postnuptial agreement.  In order to validly waive the spousal rights that would ordinarily be available to a surviving spouse under Florida law (such as homestead, elective share, exempt property, family allowance, etc.), the parties have to make a full and fair disclosure of their assets and liabilities to each other before entering into a postnuptial agreement. In contrast, no financial disclosure is required to waive those same spousal rights in a premarital agreement executed before marriage.[30] That said, if the lack of disclosure results in a prenup being unconscionable (unfair to one spouse) under Florida’s Uniform Premarital Agreement Act, it may not be enforceable on those grounds.[31]

Even in states that have not enacted the UPAA/UPMAA like New York, duly executed prenuptial agreements are accorded the same presumption of legality as any other contract.[32] It is not necessary that a couple signing a prenuptial agreement retain separate attorneys to represent them, as long as each party understands the agreement and signs it voluntarily with the intention to be bound to its terms. There is a strong public policy favoring parties ordering and deciding their own interests through contracts.[33] There are no state or federal laws that force adults with contractual capacity to have to hire legal counsel to be able to enter into a marital contract such as a prenuptial agreement, except for a California law that requires that the parties be represented by counsel if spousal support (alimony) is limited by the agreement.[34] A prenuptial agreement may be challenged if there is evidence that the contract was signed under duress.[35] Whether a premarital agreement was signed under duress must be proven by the facts and circumstances of each case. For example, it has been held that a spouse's claim that she believed that there would be no wedding if she did not sign a prenuptial agreement, where the wedding was only two weeks away and wedding plans had been made, was insufficient to demonstrate duress.[36]

Prenuptial agreements may limit the parties' property and spousal support rights, but also to guarantee either party the right to seek or receive spousal support up to a certain limit. It may be impossible to set aside a properly drafted and executed prenup. A prenup can dictate not only what happens if the parties divorce, but also what happens when they die. They can act as a contract to make a will and/or eliminate all of one's rights to property, probate homestead, probate allowance, right to take as a predetermined heir, and the right to act as an executor and administrator of one's spouse's estate.[37]

A prenuptial agreement is only valid if it is completed prior to marriage. After a couple is married, they may draw up a post-nuptial agreement.

In most jurisdictions in the United States, five elements are required for a valid prenuptial agreement:[38]

  1. agreement must be in writing (oral prenups are generally unenforceable);
  2. must be executed voluntarily;
  3. full and/or fair disclosure at the time of execution;
  4. the agreement cannot be unconscionable;
  5. it must be executed by both parties (not their attorneys) and often notarized and/or witnessed.

There are several ways that a prenuptial agreement can be attacked in court. These include lack of voluntariness, unconscionability, and a failure to disclose assets.[39] Prenuptial agreements in all U.S. states are not allowed to regulate issues relating to the children of the marriage, in particular, custody and access issues.[40] The reason behind this is that matters involving children must be decided in the children's best interests.[41] However, this is controversial: some people believe that as custody battles are often the worst part of a divorce, couples should be able to settle this in advance.[42]

Courts will not enforce requirements that one person will do all housework or that the children will be raised in a certain religion.[41] In recent years, some couples have included social media provisions in their prenuptial agreements, setting forth rules as to what is permissible to be posted on social media networks during the marriage, as well as in the event the marriage is dissolved.[43]

A sunset provision may be inserted into a prenuptial agreement, specifying that after a certain amount of time, the agreement will expire. In Maine, for prenuptial agreements executed before October 1, 1993, unless the parties renew the agreement, it automatically lapses after the birth of a child.[44] In other states, a certain number of years of marriage will cause a prenuptial agreement to lapse. In states that have adopted the UPAA (Uniform Premarital Agreement Act), no sunset provision is provided by statute, but one could be privately contracted for. Note that states have different versions of the UPAA.

Unlike all other contract law, consideration is not required, although a minority of courts point to the marriage itself as the consideration. Through a prenup, a spouse can completely waive rights to property, alimony or inheritance as well as the elective share and get nothing in return. Choice of law provisions are critical in prenups. Parties to the agreement can elect to have the law of the state they are married in govern both the interpretation of the agreement and how property is divided at the time of divorce. In the absence of a choice of law clause it is the law of the place the parties divorce, not the law of the state they were married that decides property and support issues.

In drafting an agreement, it is important to recognize that there are two types of state laws that govern divorce – equitable distribution, practiced by 41 states, and community property, practiced in some variation by 9 states. An agreement written in a community property state may not be designed to govern what occurs in an equitable distribution state and vice versa. It may be necessary to retain attorneys in both states to cover the possible eventuality that the parties may live in a state other than the state they were married. Often people have more than one home in different states or they move a lot because of their work so it is important to take that into account in the drafting process.

With respect to financial issues ancillary to divorce, prenuptial agreements are routinely upheld and enforced by courts in virtually all states. There are circumstances in which courts have refused to enforce certain portions/provisions of such agreements. For example, in North Dakota the divorce courts retain jurisdiction to modify a limitation on the right to seek alimony or spousal support in a premarital agreement if it would cause the spouse who waived such right to need public assistance at the time of divorce.[45] Florida and several other states contain similar limitations to avoid a divorcing spouse from becoming a ward of the state upon divorce by virtue of a prenuptial agreement.[46] Moreover, in Florida where the inheritance (elective share) and homestead rights granted to surviving spouses by state law are so strong, its Premarital Agreement Act requires that a waiver of surviving spouse rights set forth in a prenuptial agreement be executed with the same formality as a will to be enforceable (notarized and witnessed by two disinterested parties).

Same-Sex Marriages

In 2015 the U.S. Supreme Court granted same-sex marriages the same legal footing as marriage between opposite-gender couples, in the case of Obergefell v. Hodges (Decided June 26, 2015). This effect of the Supreme Court’s ruling is that a premarital agreement entered into by a same-sex couple in one state is fully enforceable in another state in the event of a divorce.[47]

Federal Laws

Certain federal laws apply to the terms that may be included in a premarital agreement.  The Retirement Equity Act (REA) of 1984, signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on August 23, 1984, reconciled confusion over whether ERISA preempted state divorce laws, thereby preventing pension plans from complying with court orders giving a spouse a portion of the worker’s pension in a divorce decree.[48] A prenuptial agreement can contain waivers by which each spouse agrees to release any claims against each other’s retirement benefits that arise under both state and federal laws by virtue of the marriage, like under the REA.

When a United States citizen chooses to marry an immigrant, that person frequently serves as a Visa sponsor to petition for their fiancé to enter or stay in the United States.  The Dept. of Homeland Security requires people sponsoring their immigrant fiancé to come to the U.S. on a Visa to provide an Affidavit of Support,[49] and it is important to take into account the Affidavit of Support obligation for a U.S. sponsor about to sign a prenuptial agreement.  The Affidavit of Support creates a 10-year contract between the U.S. Government and the sponsor, requiring the sponsor to financially support the immigrant fiancé from the sponsor’s own resources.[50] As the I-864 form expressly states, divorce does not terminate the support obligations the sponsor owes to U.S. Government, and the immigrant spouse has rights as a third-party beneficiary of the support promise the sponsor makes in the I-864 Affidavit.  As such, any waiver of alimony in their prenuptial agreement must be drafted in a way that does not violate the contract that the U.S. sponsor makes with the government by providing the Affidavit of Support, or it will be at risk for being declared unenforceable.

California

In a 1990 California case, the court of appeals enforced an oral prenuptial agreement in the probate of the estate of one of the parties because the surviving spouse had substantially changed her position in reliance on the oral agreement.[51] However, following changes in the statutory law, it has become much more difficult to change the character of community or separate property without a written agreement.[52]

Parties can waive disclosure beyond that which is provided, and there is no requirement of notarization, but it is good practice. There are special requirements if parties sign the agreement without attorney, and the parties must have independent counsel if they limit spousal support (also known as alimony or spousal maintenance in other states). Parties must wait seven days after the premarital agreement is first presented for review before they sign it, but there is no requirement that this be done a certain number of days prior to the marriage.[53] Prenups often take months to negotiate so they should not be left until the last minute (as people often do). If the prenup calls for the payment of a lump sum at the time of divorce, it may be deemed to promote divorce. This concept has come under attack and a lawyer should be consulted to make sure the prenup does not violate this provision.[citation needed]

In California, through a prenuptial agreement a couple may waive their rights to share property (community property).[54] The agreement can limit spousal support (although a court at the divorce can set this aside if it deems that the limitation is unconscionable). The agreement can act as a contract to make a will requiring one spouse to provide for the other at death. It can also limit probate rights at death, such as the right to a probate allowance, the right to act an executor, the right to take as a predetermined heir, and so forth.[34] In California, Registered Domestic Partners may also enter into a prenup. Postmarital agreements are treated very differently in California law. Spouses have a fiduciary duty to one another so premarital agreements come under a special category of agreements. There is a presumption that the postmarital agreement was obtained by undue influence if one party gains an advantage. Disclosure cannot be waived in the context of a postmarital agreement.[citation needed]

Oceania

Australia

Prenuptial agreements are recognised in Australia by the Family Law Act 1975 (Commonwealth).[55] In Australia, a prenuptial agreement is referred to as a Binding Financial Agreement (BFA).[56]

Premarital mediation

Premarital mediation is an alternative way of creating a prenuptial agreement. In this process, a mediator facilitates an open discussion between the couple about all kinds of marital issues, like expectations about working after children are born and saving and spending styles as well as the traditional premarital discussions about property division and spousal support if the marriage is terminated. The engaged couple makes all of the decisions about what would happen in the event of a separation or divorce with the assistance of the mediator. They then draft either a deal memo or a premarital agreement and have it reviewed by their respective attorneys. An agreement developed via mediation is typically less expensive because fewer hours are spent with attorneys because the couple has made all of the decisions together, rather than one side vs. the other.[citation needed]

Catholicism

Prenuptial agreements are a matter of civil law, so Catholic canon law does not rule them out in principle (for example, to determine how property would be divided among the children of a prior marriage upon the death of one spouse).

In practice, prenuptials may run afoul of Church law in a number of ways. For example, they cannot subject a marriage to a condition concerning the future. The Code of Canon Law provides: "A marriage subject to a condition about the future cannot be contracted validly". (CIC 1102)

The Canon Law: Letter and Spirit, a commentary on canon law, explains that condition may be defined as "a stipulation by which an agreement is made contingent upon the verification or fulfillment of some circumstance or event that is not yet certain". It goes on to state that "any condition concerning the future attached to matrimonial consent renders marriage invalid". For example, a marriage would be invalid if the parties stipulated that they must have children or they have the right to divorce and remarry someone else.[citation needed]

Judaism

In Judaism, the ketubah, a prenuptial contract, has long been established as an integral part of the Jewish marriage, and is signed and read aloud at the marriage ceremony. It contains the husband's requirement to support his wife by providing her with food, clothing and sex, as well as providing for the wife's support in the case of divorce or the husband's death. However, under this passage, a woman is free to leave if her husband doesn't provide for her.

In 2004, the High Court of South Africa upheld a cherem against a Johannesburg businessman because he refused to pay his former wife alimony as ordered by The Johannesburg Beth Din.[57]

Recently, a movement supporting an additional prenuptial agreement has emerged in some Modern Orthodox circles. This is in response to a growing number of cases in which the husband refuses to grant gett, a religious divorce. In such matters, the local authorities are unable to intervene, both out of concerns regarding separation of church and state and because certain halakhic problems would arise. This situation leaves the wife in a state of aginut, in which she is unable to remarry. To remedy this situation, the movement promotes a prenuptial agreement in which the couple agrees to conduct their divorce, should it occur, in a rabbinical court.

Islam

A Muslim woman may lay down certain conditions in the taqliq before signing the marriage certificate in order to safeguard her welfare and rights. She may amend the taqliq or add further conditions later.[58]

In most Arab and Islamic nations there is a marriage contract, known traditionally as aqd qeran, aqd nikkah or aqd zawaj, that long been established as an integral part of an Islamic marriage and is signed at the marriage ceremony. In Egypt, Syria, Palestine, Jordan and Lebanon, this contract is widely known as Katb el-Kitab. The contract is similar to the ketubah in Judaism, and outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom and bride or other parties involved in the marriage proceedings. But this is different than prenuptial agreement, in that it does not define how assets are to be divided or inherited in the event of divorce or the death of a spouse.[59]

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Knight, Lee G.; Knight, Ray A. (September 2013). "The Benefits and Limitations of Prenuptial Agreements: A Planning Opportunity for CPAs". The CPA Journal 83 (9): 62–66. 
  2. ↑ Walzer, Peter M.; Riemer, Jennifer M. (Spring 2016). "Premarital Agreements for Seniors". Family Law Quarterly (American Bar Association) 50 (1): 95–116. 
  3. ↑ Marcuccio, Elizabeth A. (2014). "The Evolution of the Surviving Spouse under the Estates Powers and Trusts Law". North East Journal of Legal Studies 31: 50. 
  4. ↑ Robert DiGiacomo (2 April 2008). "Quit fighting -- get a postnuptial agreement". CNN LifeWire. Cable News Network. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/LIVING/personal/04/02/postnuptial.agreement/index.html. Retrieved 18 June 2012. 
  5. ↑ Alexander Lindey and Louis I. Parley, Lindey and Parely on Separation Agreements and Antenuptial Contracts 1.21[1] (1998). See, e.g., Combs v. Sherry-Combs, 865 P.2d 50, 54 (Wyo. 1993). (“A postnuptial must be distinguished from a separation agreement. A separation agreement, entered into by parties in anticipation of immediate separation or immediate separation or after separation, is favored in the law.”)
  6. ↑ "Legally bound: Pre-nuptial agreements have no legal sanctity in India yet a few rich and affluent insist on signing them". Business Standard. 21 July 2012. http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/legally-bound-112072100025_1.html. Retrieved 5 November 2013. 
  7. ↑ "Indian Contract Act". Article 10, Act No. 9 of 1872. 
  8. ↑ "Indian Contract Act". Article 23, Act No. 9 of 1872. 
  9. ↑ "I do — and I want". The Telegraph (India). 25 November 2015. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151125/jsp/opinion/story_54807.jsp#.VmaWcV5R2D4. Retrieved 8 December 2015. 
  10. ↑ "Why marriages are made in Goa". DNA India. 3 March 2008. http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-why-marriages-are-made-in-goa-1154015. Retrieved 8 December 2015. 
  11. ↑ "Marriage Contract Prenuptial in Thailand | Article (older) Archive". http://www.thailandlawonline.com/article-older-archive/mariage-contract-prenuptial-in-thailand. 
  12. ↑ "Civil and Commercial Code: Marriage (Section 1465-1493) | Thailand Law Library". library.siam-legal.com. http://library.siam-legal.com/thai-law/civil-and-commercial-code-marriage-section-1465-1493/. Retrieved 2018-09-18. 
  13. ↑ https://siam-attorney.com/prenuptial-agreement/
  14. ↑ LLC., UKRCONSULTING LAW FIRM. "Marriage (prenuptial) contract in Ukraine" (in ru-ru). http://ukrconsulting.biz/Law-Firm-Ukraine-Kharkov-English/Marriage-prenuptial-contract-in-Ukraine-Kharkov-Kharkiv.html. 
  15. ↑ Bowcott, Owen (20 October 2010). "Prenup agreement enforced under UK law". The Guardian (London). https://www.theguardian.com/money/2010/oct/20/prenuptial-agreement-enforced-uk-law. 
  16. ↑ Croft, Jane (6 November 2010). "UK court upholds prenuptial deal for heiress". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b0624326-dc2a-11df-a9a4-00144feabdc0. Retrieved 9 April 2019. 
  17. ↑ "Supreme Court rules in favour of pre-nuptial agreement". BBC News. 20 October 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11580907. 
  18. ↑ "Prenuptial Agreements by Province". http://www.prenup.ca/provinces/. Retrieved 1 July 2016. 
  19. ↑ Grant, Kelli (January 10, 2019). "Jeff Bezos didn’t have a prenup. But maybe you should". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/10/bezos-divorce-highlights-usefulness-of-prenuptial-agreements.html. 
  20. ↑ Hoffower, Hillary (February 5, 2019). "Prenups aren't just for the rich or famous — more millennials are signing them before getting married, and you probably should too". Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/why-sign-a-prenup-marriage-divorce-2018-9. 
  21. ↑ Shain, Susan (July 6, 2018). "The Rise of the Millennial Prenup". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/06/smarter-living/millennial-prenup-weddings-money.html. 
  22. ↑ Gardner, Heather (April 8, 2019). "Millennials Are The Reason For The Spike In Prenups". Huffpost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/millennials-cause-spike-prenups_l_5ca79e66e4b0dca033012757. 
  23. ↑ "Prenuptial Agreements on the Rise Finds Survey". American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers. http://old.aaml.org/about-the-academy/press/press-releases/prenuptial-agreements-rise-finds-survey. Retrieved 3 December 2019. 
  24. ↑ "Florida Statutes, Sec. 61.079. Premarital agreements". Florida Legislature. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0000-0099/0061/Sections/0061.079.html. Retrieved 3 December 2019. 
  25. ↑ "Code of Virginia, Chapter 8. Premarital Agreement Act". Commonwealth of Virginia. https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title20/chapter8/. Retrieved 3 December 2019. 
  26. ↑ "NJSA Sec. 37:2-31. Short Title, Uniform Premarital and Pre-Civil Union Agreement Act". http://njlaw.rutgers.edu/collections/njstats/showsect.php?title=37&chapter=2&section=31&actn=getsect. Retrieved 3 December 2019. 
  27. ↑ "California Family Code, Article 2, Sec. 1610-1617, Premarital Agreements". State of California. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=FAM&division=4.&title=&part=5.&chapter=2.&article=2. Retrieved 3 December 2019. 
  28. ↑ Masterson, David (2016). Crouch, Richard. ed. Negotiating and Drafting Marital Agreements, Seventh Edition. Virginia Law Foundation. pp. 141. 
  29. ↑ Why States Should Adopt the Uniform Premarital and Marital Agreements Act, 2012, Uniform Law Commission, National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws.
  30. ↑ See Fla. Stat. Ann. (2019) § 732.702(2).
  31. ↑ See Fla. Stat. Ann. 2019 § 61.079(7) (2019).
  32. ↑ See Bloomfield v, Bloomfield, 97 N.Y.2d 188, 193 (N.Y. 2001)(citing Sunshine v. Sunshine, 40 N.Y.2d 875, affg 51 A.D.2d 326).
  33. ↑ See Matter of the Estate of Grieff, 92 N.Y.2d 341 at 344.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 See subsection (c) of "California Family Code, Sec. 612". California State Legislature. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=FAM&division=4.&title=&part=5.&chapter=2.&article=2.. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  35. ↑ See, e.g., "Kremer vs. Kremer (2018)". State of Minnesota. http://www.mncourts.gov/mncourtsgov/media/Appellate/Supreme%20Court/Standard%20Opinions/OPA152006-053018.pdf. Retrieved 1 June 2018. 
  36. ↑ Colello v. Colello, 9 A.D.3d 855, 858, 780 N.Y.S.2d. 450 (2004).
  37. ↑ Locus, Heather (September 23, 2018). "Why Prenuptial And Postnuptial Agreements Lead To Stronger Marriages And Prevent Disastrous Divorces". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/heatherlocus/2018/09/23/why-prenuptial-and-postnuptial-agreements-lead-to-stronger-marriages-and-prevent-disastrous-divorces/#bd8947964883. 
  38. ↑ Debele, Gary A.; Rhode, Susan C.. "717363v1 1 Prenuptial Agreements in the United States". https://www.iafl.com/cms_media/files/prenuptial_agreements_in_the_us.pdf. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  39. ↑ See generally, Krause, Elrod, Garrison & Oldham, "Family Law: Cases, Comments, and Questions", Thomson West, St. Paul MN (2003) ISBN:0-314-26377-2
  40. ↑ Larson, Aaron. "Mistakes to Avoid in Prenuptial Agreements". https://www.expertlaw.com/library/family-law-and-divorce/mistakes-avoid-prenuptial-agreements. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Fields, Jonathan E. (2008). "Forbidden Provisions in Prenuptial Agreements: Legal and Practical Considerations for the Matrimonial Lawyer". Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers 21: 413–438. http://sc.aaml.org/sites/default/files/MAT210.pdf. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  42. ↑ James Andrew Miller (16 July 2007). "Preparing for a Broken Home". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/16/opinion/16miller.html. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  43. ↑ Effron, Laura (3 June 2014). "I Love You, You're Perfect, but Watch What You Facebook: Social Media Prenups". ABC News. https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/love-perfect-watch-facebook-social-media-prenups/story?id=23977608. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  44. ↑ "Maine Uniform Premarital Agreement Act, Sec. 606. Effect of children". Maine Legislature. http://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/19-A/title19-Asec606.html. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  45. ↑ See N.D. Cent. Code § 14-03.2-08(5).
  46. ↑ See Fla. Stat. Ann § 61.079(7)(b).
  47. ↑ See Oberfell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584 (2015).
  48. ↑ “The Retirement Equity Act of 1984: A Review”, Social Security Bulletin, May 1985, Vol. 48, No. 5 at p. 38, Social Security Administration.
  49. ↑ "I-864 Affidavit of Support". https://www.uscis.gov/i-864. Retrieved 3 December 2019. 
  50. ↑ See Toure-Davis v. Davis, United States District Court for the District of Maryland, holding “[t]hat affidavit is a contract in which ‘the sponsor agrees to provide support to maintain the sponsored alien at an annual income that is not less than 125 percent of the Federal poverty line during the period in which the affidavit is enforceable[.]’ Id. § 1183a(a)(1)(A). The contract is legally enforceable against the sponsor by the sponsored alien (or by the Federal Government, any State, local or any other entity providing any means-tested public benefit) and, pursuant to the contract, the sponsor agrees to submit to the jurisdiction of any Federal or State court for the purposes of enforcement of the contract. Id. §1183a(a)(1)(B)-(C).” 2014 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42522, *9-10 (D.Md., March 28, 2014).
  51. ↑ "Hall v. Hall, 271 Cal. Rptr. 773, 222 Cal.App.3d 578 (1990)". Google. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5523723356137506136. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  52. ↑ "In re Marriage of Benson, 32 Cal.Rptr.3d 471, 36 Cal.4th 1096 (2005)". Google. https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5523723356137506136. Retrieved 3 December 2019. 
  53. ↑ See Cal. Fam. Code § 1615(c)(2).
  54. ↑ Tour-Sarkissian, Christine (7 July 2016). "When Does Separate Property Become Community Property (or Vice Versa)?". Real Property Law Reporter, Continuing Education of the Bar. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2912717. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  55. ↑ "Family Law Act 1975 - Sect 90C". Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. Australasian Legal Information Institute. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/s90c.html. Retrieved 18 June 2012. 
  56. ↑ "Family Law Act 1975 - Sect 90C aa". Commonwealth Consolidated Acts. Australasian Legal Information Institute. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/fla1975114/s90c.html. Retrieved 18 June 2012. 
  57. ↑ Bregmans (8 May 2014). "Court upholds Jewish Orthodox right of excommunication". https://www.bregmans.co.za/court-upholds-jewish-orthodox-right-of-excommunication/. 
  58. ↑ Ramadan, Hisham (2006). Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary. AltaMira Press. pp. 119. ISBN 9780759114340. 
  59. ↑ Awad, Abed. "Marriage Legal Foundations". p. 625. https://www.academia.edu/29677976/Marriage_Legal_Foundations. Retrieved 15 April 2019. 

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