Social:Tocharian alphabet

Tocharian script;
Type	Abugida
Languages	Tocharian languages
Time period	8th century
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brāhmī script Tocharian script; ; ; ;
Sister systems	Gupta, Pallava

The Tocharian alphabet (also known as North Turkestan Brāhmī^[1]) is a version of Brahmi script used to write the Central Asian Indo-European Tocharian languages, mostly from the 8th century (with a few earlier ones) that were written on palm leaves, wooden tablets and Chinese paper, preserved by the extremely dry climate of the Tarim Basin. Samples of the language have been discovered at sites in Kucha and Karasahr, including many mural inscriptions.

Tocharian A and B are not mutually intelligible. Properly speaking, based on the tentative interpretation of twqry as related to Tokharoi, only Tocharian A may be referred to as Tocharian, while Tocharian B could be called Kuchean (its native name may have been kuśiññe), but since their grammars are usually treated together in scholarly works, the terms A and B have proven useful. A common Proto-Tocharian language must precede the attested languages by several centuries, probably dating to the 1st millennium BC. Given the small geographical range of and the lack of secular texts in Tocharian A, it might alternatively have been a liturgical language, the relationship between the two being similar to that between Classical Chinese and Mandarin. However, the lack of a secular corpus in Tocharian A is by no means definite, due to the fragmentary preservation of Tocharian texts in general.

The alphabet the Tocharians were using is derived from the Brahmi alphabetic syllabary (abugida) and is referred to as slanting Brahmi. It soon became apparent that a large proportion of the manuscripts were translations of known Buddhist works in Sanskrit and some of them were even bilingual, facilitating decipherment of the new language. Besides the Buddhist and Manichaean religious texts, there were also monastery correspondence and accounts, commercial documents, caravan permits, and medical and magical texts, and one love poem. Many Tocharians embraced Manichaean duality or Buddhism.

In 1998, Chinese linguist Ji Xianlin published a translation and analysis of fragments of a Tocharian Maitreyasamiti-Nataka discovered in 1974 in Yanqi.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Tocharian script probably died out after 840, when the Uyghurs were expelled from Mongolia by the Kyrgyz, retreating to the Tarim Basin. This theory is supported by the discovery of translations of Tocharian texts into Uyghur. During Uyghur rule, the peoples mixed with the Uyghurs to produce much of the modern population of what is now Xinjiang.

Script

The Tocharian script is based on Brahmi, with each consonant having an inherent vowel, which can be altered by adding a vowel mark or removed by a special nullifying mark, the virama. Like Brahmi, Tocharian uses stacking for conjunct consonants and has irregular conjunct forms of , ra.^[5] Unlike other Brahmi scripts, Tocharian has a second set of characters called Fremdzeichen that double up several of the standard consonants, but with an inherent "Ä" vowel.^[6] The eleven Fremdzeichen are most often found as substitutes for the standard consonant+virama in conjuncts, but they can be found in any context other than with the explicit "Ä" vowel mark. Fremdzeichen as consonant+virama is not found in later Tocharian texts.

Table of Tocharian letters

Tocharian vowels
Independent	A	Ā	I	Ī	U	Ū
Independent		75px	75px	75px	75px
R̥	R̥̄	E	Ai	O	Au	Ä
	75px	75px	75px	75px	75px
Marks (on )	Tha	Thā	Thi	Thī	Thu	Thū
Marks (on )		75px	75px	75px	75px
Thr̥	Thr̥̄	The	Thai	Tho	Thau	Thä
	75px	75px	75px	75px	75px

Tocharian consonants
Velars	Ka	Kha	Ga	Gha	Ṅa
Standard		75px	75px	75px
Fremdzeichen
Palatals	Ca	Cha	Ja	Jha	Ña
		75px	75px	75px
Retroflexes	Ṭa	Ṭha	Ḍa	Ḍha	Ṇa
		75px	75px	75px
Dentals	Ta	Tha	Da	Dha	Na
Standard		75px	75px	75px
Fremdzeichen
Labials	Pa	Pha	Ba	Bha	Ma
Standard		75px	75px	75px
Fremdzeichen
Sonorants	Ya	Ra	La	Va
Standard		75px	75px
Fremdzeichen			75px
Sibilants	Śa	Ṣa	Sa	Ha
Standard		75px	75px
Fremdzeichen		75px