Social:Winner-take-all system

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Short description: System favoring larger parties over smaller ones
Not to be confused with Majority rule.

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Template:Electoral systems A winner take all or (winner-take-all) system is a type of voting system where the candidate, party or voting bloc that receives the most votes in an election, even if it is not an absolute majority, wins all the seats or representation for that legislative body or electoral district. This system, a form of plurality rule, effectively denies representation to any political minorities, as it does not allocate seats proportionally to the votes received. It is a defining feature of many single-member district systems, but it can also be a part of a multi-member system where all seats go to the top vote-getter. The term "Majoritarian representation" is often used to describe these systems, but is a misnomer, as such systems do not guarantee that the winning candidate has the support of the majority of votes in their district.

Instead, a candidate can be elected with only a plurality (the most votes, but less than 50%), leaving the majority of voters unrepresented. This can lead to significant disproportionality, where a political party can win a majority of seats in a legislature with only a minority of the national popular vote. Conversely, a party with significant nationwide support may win no seats if its votes are not geographically concentrated enough to win a plurality in any single district, which can lead to political instability and disenfranchisement. These systems are contrasted with forms of proportional representation, which aim to allocate seats in a way that reflects the distribution of votes.

Definition and types

Pie charts plurality (left) and majority (right)

Formally, a voting system is called winner-take-all if a majority of voters, by coordinating, can force all seats up for election in their district, denying representation to all minorities. By definition, all single-winner voting systems are winner-take-all. For multi-winner elections, the electorate can be divided into constituencies, such as single-member districts (SMDs), or the election can be held using block voting with at-large or multi-member districts.

Majoritarian representation does not mean the party with a plurality or majority always receive a majority of seats, which is not always guaranteed (see hung parliament). Sometimes the party receiving the most votes gets fewer seats than the party with the second most votes (see electoral inversion).

Popular vote and proportional representation
Party A B C D frameless If the assembly were elected using an at-large (nationwide) party-list proportional representation, the number of seats won by each party would correspond to their share of the popular vote.
Popular vote 44% 40% 10% 6%
Seats 44 40 10 6
Winner-take-all systems
Electoral system Party Seat distribution Explanation of example
A B C D
Block voting 100 0 0 0 frameless If the whole assembly is elected in a single (nationwide) constituency under party block voting using block FPP, the party with the highest number of votes always can win all the seats, as long as it does not run too many candidates who split the vote.
Single-member district 64 33 0 3 frameless If the assembly is elected in single-member districts using the first-past-the-post (single-member plurality) method, the candidate with the highest number of votes wins (the only) seat in their district. Often, the party with the highest number of votes wins in a landslide as shown here, but electoral inversion is still possible, as well as the case where no party receives an outright majority of seats (called a hung parliament in the UK).

The principle of majoritarian democracy does not necessarily imply that a winner-take-all electoral system needs to be used, in fact, using proportional systems to elect legislature usually better serve this principle as such aims to ensures that the legislature accurately reflects the whole population, not just the winners of the election and the majority rule is then used within the legislature. The most widely accepted modern views of representative democracy no longer consider winner-take-all representation to be democratic. For this reason, nowadays winner-take-all representation is most often used in single-winner districts, which allows nationwide minorities to gain representation if they make up a plurality or majority in at least one district, but some also consider this anti-democratic because of the possibility of an electoral inversion (like in the case of some US presidential elections: 2000, 2016).

Winner-take-all and proportional systems are the most commonly used voting system worldwide, followed by mixed electoral systems, which usually combine winner-take-all and proportional representation, although there are mixed system that combine two winner-take-all systems as well. Winner-take-all representation is also contrasted with proportional representation, which provides for representation of political minorities according to their share of the popular vote and semi-proportional representation, which inherently provides for some representation of minorities (at least above a certain threshold). Within mixed systems, mixed-member majoritarian representation (also known as parallel voting) provides semi-proportional representation, as opposed to mixed-member proportional systems.

At-large winner-take-all representation

Decline

Until the first half of the 19th century, the classic winner-take-all system of block voting began to be more and more criticized. This introduced in two senses:

  • a first possibility was to reduce the size of the constituencies, so to divide the election in many local contests, and consequently increase the possibility for the minority to win in some areas. At-large elections were substituted by many multi-member constituencies and, finally, by single-winner electoral districts.
  • Cumulative voting and the single non-transferable vote were introduced to allow minorities to have some representation, creating the first semiproportional systems. By allowing minority groups to concentrate their votes on a few candidates, such systems ended the winner-take-all nature of the
  • Eventually, proportional representation methods were developed in both Europe and separately (for apportionment) in the United States

The version of block voting using electoral lists instead of individual candidates (general ticket or party block voting) was almost completely replaced by party-list proportional voting systems, which fully abandon the winner-take-all ideal in favor of equal representation. However, with the majority bonus or majority jackpot types of mixed system, this type of winner-take-most system has partially reappeared in certain electoral systems.

Winner-take-all districts

Winner-take-all representation using single-winner districts is the most common form of pure winner-take-all systems today, with the most common being single-member plurality (SMP).

However, due to high disproportionalities, it is also considered undemocratic by many.[who?] In Europe only Belarus and the United Kingdom use FPTP/SMP to elect the primary (lower) chamber of their legislature and France uses a two-round system (TRS). All other European countries either use proportional representation or use winner-take-all representation as part of a mixed-member winner-take-all system (Andorra, Italy, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia and Ukraine) or a mixed-member proportional system (Germany). However, other European countries also occasionally use winner-take-all systems (apart from single-winner elections, like presidential or mayoral elections) for elections to the secondary chamber (upper house) of their legislature (Poland) and sub-national (local and regional) elections.

Winner-take-all system are much more common outside Europe, particularly in the countries of the former British Empire, like Australia (IRV), Bangladesh, Canada, Egypt, India, Pakistan and the United States (FPTP/SMP).

Nowadays, at-large winner-take-all representation is used for national elections only in the Senate of the Philippines, while it is sometimes still used for local elections organised on non-partisan bases. Residual usage in several multi-member constituencies is reduced to the election of the Electoral college of the President of the United States. Block voting is also used to elect a part of the assemblies in the regional elections in Italy and France.

Countries using winner-take-all rules

Lower (or only) house of legislature chambers Upper house of legislature chambers (where applicable)
Single-member constituencies: Other
  First past the post (FPTP/SMP)
  Two-round system (TRS)
  Instant-runoff voting (IRV)
  Varies by federal states or constituencies
  No direct election
  No information
Multi-member constituencies:
  Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP/SMP + BV
  Party block voting / General ticket (PBV) or mixed (FPTP/SMP + PBV) or (FPTP/SMP + majority jackpot)

Below is a table of winner-take-all systems currently used on a national level.[1][2] Single-winner elections (presidential elections) and mixed systems are not included, see List of electoral systems by country for full list of electoral systems.

Key:

  • Legislative body
    • Light blue background indicates upper houses of bicameral legislatures, in countries where such a chamber exists, the (usually more important) lower house might be elected with a winner-take-all system as well (in which case it is also in the list) or in might be elected with a different system, in which case (the lower house) is not included in the list. See List of electoral systems by country for full list of electoral systems.
    • Light turquoise background indicates an electoral college elected by a winner-take-all system, instead of a chamber of legislature.
  • Latest election (year), in most cases this election was held under the electoral system indicated, however if the next election is already scheduled to be held under a different system, the new system is indicated and the former system is listed under Notes.
  • Type of winner-take-all system may be
    • block voting at-large
    • block voting via multi-member districts or coexistence of multi-member districts and single-winner districts
    • single-winner districts
    • or varies by state if different states may set their own system in federal countries
  • Constituencies indicates if the electoral districts are equivalent to or based on other administrative divisions of the country

Current use

Country Legislative body Latest election (year) System (Seats per

constituency)

Electoral system Total seats Constituencies Governmental system Notes
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda House of Representatives 2023 single-winner districts Parliamentary system
Australia Australia and its external territories House of Representatives 2022 single-winner districts Instant runoff voting (IRV) 151 Parliamentary system
Template:Country data Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands single-winner districts 7
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan National Assembly (Milli Mejlis) 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 125 Presidential system
The Bahamas Bahamas House of Assembly single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Parliamentary system
Bahrain Bahrain Council of Representatives 2022 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) 40
Bangladesh Bangladesh House of the Nation (Jatiyo Sangshad) 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 350 (300 directly elected + 50 seats reserved for women) Parliamentary system
Barbados Barbados House of Assembly 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 30 Parliamentary system
Belarus Belarus House of Representatives 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 110 Presidential system Belarus used a two-round system before the 2016 election.
Belize Belize National Assembly 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Parliamentary system
Bhutan Bhutan National Assembly 2023–24 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 47
National Council 2023 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Botswana Botswana National Assembly 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 63 (57 directly elected + 4 members appointed by the governing party + 2 members ex officio: the President and the Attorney General) Presidential system
Brazil Brazil Senate 2022 block voting via multi-winner districts 1 or 2 (alternates each election) Plurality block voting (BV) and First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 81 States and the Federal district Presidential system
Cameroon Cameroon National Assembly 2020 block voting via multi-winner districts 1-7 Coexistence+conditional supermixed/hybrid:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies,

party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota)

180
Canada Canada House of Commons 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 338 Parliamentary system
Central African Republic Central African Republic National Assembly 2020 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS)
Chad Chad National Assembly 2024 block voting via multi-winner districts Coexistence+conditional supermixed/hybrid:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise List PR (largest remainder, closed list)[3]

188
Comoros Comoros Assembly of the Union 2020 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) 33 (24 directly elected + 9 elected by lsland assemblies) Presidential system
Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo National Assembly 2022 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS)
Ivory Coast Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) National Assembly 2021 block voting via multi-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and party block voting (PBV) in multi-member districts 255 Presidential system
Cuba Cuba National Assembly of People's Power 2023 single-winner districts Two-round system (Endorsement of selected candidates)
Czech Republic Czech Republic Senate 2022 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) Parliamentary system
Djibouti Djibouti National Assembly 2023 mixed-member 3-28 Fusion / majority jackpot (MBS):

80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method)

65 regions Presidential system
Dominica Dominica House of Assembly 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Parliamentary system
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Senate 2024 single-winner districts 32 31 provinces and the Distrito Nacional Presidential system
Eritrea Eritrea National Assembly never held (postponed since 2001) single-winner districts Presidential system
Eswatini Eswatini House of Assembly 2023 single-winner districts 70 (59 directly elected) Absolute monarchy
Ethiopia Ethiopia House of People's Representatives 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Parliamentary system
France France and its overseas collectivities and territories France National Assembly 2024 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) 577 Semi-presidential system
French Polynesia French Polynesia Assembly 2023 mixed-member 4-17 Two-round majority bonus system (MBS) in multi-member constituencies 57 electoral districts
New Caledonia New Caledonia 2019 single-winner districts 54
Gabon Gabon National Assembly 2018 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) Presidential system
The Gambia Gambia National Assembly 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Presidential system
Ghana Ghana Parliament 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Presidential system
Grenada Grenada House of Representatives 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 15 Parliamentary system
Haiti Haiti Chamber of Deputies 2021 single-winner districts Modified two-round system (TRS), more than 50% result or more than 25% lead required to win in the first round Semi-presidential system
Senate 2021 single-winner districts 10 seats up for electionin each general election Two-round system (TRS) 30 Semi-presidential system
India India House of the People (Lok Sabha) 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 543[4] Parliamentary system
Iran Islamic Republic of Iran Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majlis) 2024 block voting via multi-winner districts Modified two-round block voting (BV) in multi-member districts, modified two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts (25% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency) 290 (285 directly elected) Presidential system
Assembly of Experts block voting via multi-winner districts 1-16 Plurality block voting (BV) Presidential system
Jamaica Jamaica House of Representatives 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Parliamentary system
Kenya Kenya National Assembly 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 290 electoral districts, 47 seats reserved for women, elected from single-member constituencies based on the 47 counties of Kenya Presidential system
Kiribati Kiribati House of Assembly 2020 block voting via multi-winner districts 1-3 Two-round block voting (BV) in multi-member districts, two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts (50% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency) 46 (44 directly elected + 1 delegate from Banaba Island and 1 ex officio)
North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) Supreme People's Assembly 2019 687
Laos Laos National Assembly 2021 block voting via multi-winner districts 5-19 Plurality block voting (BV) provinces
Liberia Liberia House of Representatives 2023 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 73 Presidential system
Senate single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Presidential system
Malawi Malawi National Assembly 2019 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Presidential system
Malaysia Malaysia House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 222 electoral districts within the states and federal territories of Malaysia Parliamentary system
Maldives Maldives People's Majlis 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Presidential system
Mali Mali National Assembly 2020 block voting via multi-winner districts Two-round block voting (BV) in multi-member districts, two-round system (TRS) in single-member districts (50% of votes required to win in 1st round in every constituency)
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Legislature 2023 block voting via multi-winner districts 1-5 First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies (19 seats) and Plurality block voting (BV) in multi-member constituencies (14 seats) 33
Mauritius Mauritius National Assembly 2024 block voting via multi-winner districts 2-3 Plurality block voting (BV) 70 (62 directly elected + 8 'best losers' appointed) Parliamentary system
Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia Congress 2023 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 14 Presidential system
Mongolia Mongolia State Great Assembly (Khural) 2020 block voting via multi-winner districts 1-5 Two round plurality block voting (BV) candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats[5] 76 Semi-presidential system
Myanmar Myanmar House of Representatives (Pyithu Hluttaw) 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 440 (330 directly elected)
House of Nationalities (Amyotha Hluttaw) 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 224 (168 directly elected)
New Zealand Realm of New Zealand (overseas territories) Cook Islands Cook Islands 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 24 Parliamentary system
Niue Niue Assembly 2023 block voting via multi-winner districts 1 (local districts), 6 (nationwide constituency) Parallel voting / superposition:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 14 seats + Plurality block voting 6 seats

20
Tokelau Tokelau 2023 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 22 electoral districts in the 3 villages
Nigeria Nigeria House of Representatives 2023 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 360 Presidential system
Senate 2023 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 109 3 electoral districts in each state and one for the Federal Capital Territory Presidential system
Oman Oman Consultative Assembly 2023 block voting via multi-winner districts 1-2 First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and Plurality block voting (BV) in two-seat districts 86
Pakistan Pakistan National Assembly 2024 single-winner districts 1 (local districts), 60 (seats reserved for women), 10 (seats reserved for religious minorities) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) for 272 seats + 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won 342 Parliamentary system
Palau Palau House of Delegates 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 16 single-member constituencies based Presidential system
Senate single-winner districts 13 Plurality block voting (BV) 13 single nationwide constituency Presidential system
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea National Parliament 2022 single-winner districts Instant runoff voting (IRV) - modified (at most 3 preferences, two tiers) 111 89 elected from "open" seats and 22 from provincial seats based on the twenty provinces Parliamentary system
Philippines Philippines Senate 2022 block voting at-large 12 (alternating elections) Plurality block voting (BV) 24 single nationwide constituency Presidential system
Poland Poland Senate single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 100 Parliamentary system
Qatar Qatar Consultative Assembly 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 45 (30 directly elected)
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis National Assembly 2022 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 15 (11 directly elected) Parliamentary system
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia House of Assembly 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 17 Parliamentary system
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines House of Assembly 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 23 (15 directly elected) Parliamentary system
Samoa Samoa Legislative Assembly (Fono) 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 51 Parliamentary system
San Marino San Marino Grand and General Council 2024 majority jackpot 60 Majority jackpot system (35 seat jackpot) 60 single nationwide constituency Assembly-independent diarchic directorial republic
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Parliament 2023 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 146 (132 directly elected) Presidential system
Singapore Singapore Parliament 2020 block voting via multi-winner districts ? First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single member constituencies + party block voting group representation constituencies (PBV) 104 (93 directly elected) single member constituencies (SMCs) and a group representation constituencies (GRCs) Parliamentary system
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands National Parliament 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 50 Parliamentary system
Switzerland Switzerland Council of States

All cantons, except:

2023 block voting via multi-winner districts 1-2 46 Cantons
Syria Syria People's Council 2020 block voting via multi-winner districts Party block voting (PBV) 250 Semi-presidential system
Tonga Tonga Legislative Assembly 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 26 (17 directly elected) electoral districts in 5 islands and nobility Parliamentary system
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago House of Representatives 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 41 Parliamentary system
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Assembly 2023 single-winner districts 125 Presidential system
Tuvalu Tuvalu Parliament 2024 block voting via multi-winner districts 2 Plurality block voting (BV) 16 Parliamentary system
Uganda Uganda Parliament 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 529 (499 directly elected) electoral districts, 146 seats reserved for women Presidential system
United Kingdom United Kingdom and its devolved assemblies, Crown Dependencies and British overseas territories United Kingdom House of Commons 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 650 electoral districts Parliamentary system
Anguilla Anguilla House of Assembly 2020 single-winner districts 1 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in local constituencies+ plurality block voting (BV) nationwide 13 electoral districts and a single nationwide constituency Parliamentary system
Bermuda Bermuda House of Assembly 2020 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 36 Parliamentary system
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands Parliament 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Parliamentary system Block voting was used before the 2017 election
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands Legislative Assembly 2021 block voting via multi-winner districts 3-5 Plurality block voting (BV) 8 Stanley constituency and Camp constituency Parliamentary system
Bermuda Guernsey States of Deliberation 2020 block voting at-large 38 Plurality block voting, each voter has up to 38 votes 40 (38 directly elected) single nationwide constituency Parliamentary system
Isle of Man Isle of Man House of Keys 2021 block voting via multi-winner districts 2 Plurality block voting (BV) 24 Parliamentary system
Jersey Jersey States Assembly 2022 block voting via multi-winner districts 1-4 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency) Winner-take-all parallel voting / superposition:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts, Plurality block voting (BV) in multi-member districts seats + Plurality block voting (BV) nationwide

49 electoral districts and a single nationwide constituency Parliamentary system
Montserrat Montserrat Legislative Assembly 2024 block voting at-large 9 Plurality block voting, each voter has up to 9 votes 11 (9 directly elected) single nationwide constituency Parliamentary system
Saint Helena Saint Helena Legislative Council 2021 block voting at-large 12 Plurality block voting, each voter has up to 12 votes 15 (12 directly elected) single nationwide constituency Parliamentary system
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands House of Assembly 2021 block voting via multi-winner districts 1 (local districts), 5 (nationwide constituency) Winner-take-all parallel voting / superposition:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts + Plurality block voting (BV) nationwide

21 (15 directly elected + 4 appointed + 2 ex officio) electoral districts and a single nationwide constituency Parliamentary system
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands House of Assembly 2023 single-winner districts 1 (local districts), 4 (nationwide constituency) Winner-take-all parallel voting / superposition:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts + Plurality block voting (BV) nationwide

13 electoral districts and a single nationwide constituency Parliamentary system
United States United States and its territories United States House of Representatives 2024 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in 45 states 435 electoral districts within states (congressional districts) Presidential system
Runoff (RV/TRS) in Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas (in case, if required for majority votes)
Instant-runoff (IRV/RCV) for Alaska (in the second half for its general election) and Maine
United States Senate 2024 single-winner districts 1 (alternating elections) First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in 45 states 100 states Presidential system
Runoff (RV/TRS) in Georgia, Mississippi, and Texas (in case, if required for majority votes)
Instant-runoff (IRV/RCV) for Alaska (in the second half for its general election) and Maine
United States Electoral College 2024 varies by state 1-55 General ticket in 48 states based on the results of the first-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) and 2 states (Alaska and Maine) based on the results of the Instant-runoff (IRV/RCV) election(s)

Maine and Nebraska use the same method for 2 statewide electors, the remaining electors are chosen in congressional districts

538 states and Washington D.C.(except Maine and Nebraska, where the congressional districts also work as constituencies) Presidential system Alaska has used FPTP in the 2020 election, RCV/IRV will be used first in the next (2024) presidential election.
American Samoa American Samoa single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Guam Guam single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Legislative Chamber 2020 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) 150 second round is also held if turnout is lower than 33%
Vietnam Vietnam National Assembly 2021 block voting via multi-winner districts Two-round block voting system in multi-member constituencies (first round needs more than 50% to get elected, second round uses plurality) 500
Yemen Yemen House of Representatives 2003 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 301
Zambia Zambia National Assembly 2021 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Presidential system

Former use

Countries that replaced winner-take-all representation before 1990 are not (yet) included.

Country Legislative body Last use System Old System New System Governmental system Notes
Albania Albania 1991 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) Mixed-member proportional / additional member system (MMP/AMS)
Algeria Algeria 1991 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Cyprus Cyprus single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Denmark Denmark single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Fiji Fiji 2006 single-winner districts Instant runoff voting (IRV) Party-list proportional representation (List PR) Before 1999, plurality block voting and single member plurality were used
Hong Kong Hong Kong single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Lebanon Lebanon 2012 block voting Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Lesotho Lesotho 1998 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Mixed-member proportional / additional member system (MMP/AMS)
Malta Malta single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Single transferable vote (STV)
Moldova Moldova 1994 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Morocco Morocco 1993 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Netherlands Netherlands single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
New Zealand New Zealand 1993 single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP)
Portugal Portugal single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
South Africa South Africa single-winner districts First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)
Togo Togo 2002 single-winner districts Two-round system (TRS) Party-list proportional representation (List PR)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Advanced search | International IDEA". https://www.idea.int/advanced-search?th=Electoral%20System%20Design%20Database&region=&question=. 
  2. ↑ "Comparative Data —". https://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDTable?question=ES005&view=country. 
  3. ↑ "Le système électoral au Tchad - Comité de Suivi de l'Appel à la Paix et à la Réconciliation" (in fr). Comité de Suivi de l'Appel à la Paix et à la Réconciliation. 23 September 2015. http://www.csapr-initiative-paix.org/le-systeme-electoral-au-tchad/. 
  4. ↑ "Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Lok Sabha" (in en), Wikipedia, 2024-03-09, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Indian_reserved_seats_in_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=1212801247, retrieved 2024-05-06 
  5. ↑ Law on the Election of the State Great Hural of Mongolia
    Procedure for Observation and Reporting on the Election of the State Great Hural of Mongolia    . 2012. http://www.gec.gov.mn/uploads/page/41ebe18c30810d33b063cad8fac38c1c.pdf. Retrieved 3 December 2014.     



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