Social:Yayoi people

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The Yayoi people (弥生人, Yayoi jin) were an ancient ethnic group that migrated to the Japanese archipelago mainly from the East Asian continent during the Yayoi period (300 BCE–300 CE). They interacted and mixed with the Jōmon people to form the modern Japanese people. Most modern Japanese people have primarily Yayoi ancestry (over 80% genetic contribution, in average about 90%).[1][2]

Language

Main page: Classification of the Japonic languages

Origin

The Yayoi are direct descendants of the Wajin. These terms may be used as a synonym.

There are several hypotheses about the origin of the Yayoi people:

  • The most popular theory is that they were the people who brought wet rice cultivation to Japan from the Korean peninsula and Jiangnan near the Yangtze River Delta in ancient China.[3] This is supported by archeological researches and bones found in today southeastern China.[4]
  • Another view is that they are from the northern part of the Korean peninsula. This is because the human bones of the Doigahama ruins resemble the ancient human bones of the northern part of the Korean peninsula, and pottery is similar to the "Engraved band sentence pottery", that is widely used during the Yayoi period and was also discovered in the Sini-Gai culture in the southwestern coastal province of Primorskaya Oblast.[5]
  • The theory that Yayoi people have multiple origins has also been suggested and is influential.[6][7]
  • The historian Ann Kumar[note 1] presented genetic and linguistic evidence that some of the Yayoi people were of Austronesian origin.[8] According to several Japanese historians, the Yayoi and their ancestors, the Wajin, originated in the today Yunnan province in southern China.[9] Suwa Haruo[note 2] considered Wa-zoku (Wajin) to be part of the Baiyue (百越).[10]

The Yayoi were present on large parts of the Korean Peninsula before they were displaced and assimilated by arriving proto-Koreans.[11][12] Similarly Whitman (2012) suggests that the Yayoi are not related to the proto-Koreans but that they were present on the Korean peninsula during the Mumun pottery period. According to him, Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BCE and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by the Yayoi at around 950 BCE. The language family associated with both Mumun and Yayoi culture is Japonic. Koreanic arrived later from Manchuria to the Korean peninsula at around 300 BCE and coexist with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families.[13]

Genetics

It is estimated that Yayoi people mainly belonged to Haplogroup O-M176 (O1b2) (today ~36%), Haplogroup O-M122 (O2, formerly O3) (today ~23%) and Haplogroup O-M119 (O1) (today ~4%), which are typical for East- and Southeast-Asians.[14][15] Mitsuru Sakitani suggests that haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today Koreans, Japanese and some Manchu, and O1 are one of the carriers of Yangtze civilization. As the Yangtze civilization declined several tribes crossed westward and northerly, to the Shandong peninsula, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelago.[16] One study calls haplogroup O1b1 as a major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and the haplogroup O1b2 (of Koreans and Japanese) as a "para-Austroasiatic" paternal lineage.[17]

The modern Yamato people are predominantly descendants of the Yayoi people and closely related to other modern East Asians, particularly Koreans and Han Chinese.[18][19] It is estimated that the majority of Japanese people around Tokyo have about 12% Jōmon ancestry or less.[20] The general estimate for mainland Japanese is they have inherited less than 20% of the Jōmon genome.[21]

References

  1. ↑ Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Kryukov, Kirill; Jinam, Timothy A; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Saso, Aiko; Suwa, Gen; Ueda, Shintaroh; Yoneda, Minoru et al. (February 2017). "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". Journal of Human Genetics 62 (2): 213–221. doi:10.1038/jhg.2016.110. ISSN 1434-5161. PMID 27581845. PMC 5285490. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285490/. 
  2. ↑ "'Jomon woman' helps solve Japan's genetic mystery | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News" (in en). https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/555/. 
  3. ↑ 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』(勉誠出版　2009年)(in Japanese)
  4. ↑ http://www.trussel.com/prehist/news111.htm
  5. ↑ ロシア極東新石器時代研究の新展開 (in Japanese)
  6. ↑ 徳永勝士 (2003)「HLA と人類の移動」『Science of humanity Bensei 』(42), 4-9, 東京：勉誠出版 (in Japanese)
  7. ↑ 岡正雄『異人その他 日本民族=文化の源流と日本国家の形成』 言叢社 1979 (in Japanese)
  8. ↑ "Javanese influence on Japanese - Languages Of The World". Languages Of The World. 2011-05-09. https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/historical-linguistics/javanese-influence-on-japanese.html. 
  9. ↑ 鳥越憲三郎『原弥生人の渡来 』(角川書店,1982)、『倭族から日本人へ』(弘文堂 ,1985)、『古代朝鮮と倭族』(中公新書,1992)、『倭族トラジャ』(若林弘子との共著、大修館書店,1995)、『弥生文化の源流考』(若林弘子との共著、大修館書店,1998)、『古代中国と倭族』(中公新書,2000)、『中国正史倭人・倭国伝全釈』(中央公論新社,2004)
  10. ↑ 諏訪春雄編『倭族と古代日本』(雄山閣出版、1993)また諏訪春雄通信100
  11. ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia". Studia Orientalia (108): 281–304. "... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.". 
  12. ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean". Korean Linguistics. 15 (2): 222–240.
  13. ↑ Whitman, John (2011-12-01). "Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan" (in en). Rice 4 (3): 149–158. doi:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0. ISSN 1939-8433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0. 
  14. ↑ Nonaka, I.; Minaguchi, K.; Takezaki, N. (2007). "Y-chromosomal Binary Haplogroups in the Japanese Population and their Relationship to 16 Y-STR Polymorphisms". Annals of Human Genetics 71 (4): 480–495. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. ISSN 1469-1809. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00343.x. 
  15. ↑ Kutanan, Wibhu; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Eisenberg, Arthur; Sun, Jie; Chantawannakul, Panuwan; Ghirotto, Silvia; Pittayaporn, Pittayawat; Srikummool, Metawee et al. (July 2015). "Genetic and linguistic correlation of the Kra–Dai-speaking groups in Thailand". Journal of Human Genetics 60 (7): 371–380. doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.32. ISSN 1435-232X. https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201532. 
  16. ↑ 崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』(勉誠出版 2009年
  17. ↑ Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (2017-12-21). Language Dispersal Beyond Farming. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 9789027264640. https://books.google.at/books?id=5Z5BDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=japonic+austroasiatic&source=bl&ots=yEdib0l2H3&sig=ACfU3U1lps5zeFcEbsGSj2m5wQa7XSUr1g&hl=de&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjE2sOWkOThAhXKxqQKHeDaCHA4ChDoATAJegQIBRAB#v=onepage&q=japonic%20austroasiatic&f=false. 
  18. ↑ Xu, Shuhua (2018-04-10). "Common ancestor of Han Chinese, Japanese and Koreans dated to 3000 – 3600 years ago". http://blogs.biomedcentral.com/on-biology/2018/04/10/common-ancestor-of-han-chinese-japanese-and-koreans-dated-to-3000-3600-years-ago/. 
  19. ↑ Chen, Angela (2017-02-01). "Today’s East Asians are very genetically similar to their ancient ancestors". https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/1/14469236/east-asian-genetic-sequencing-ancestors-history-hunter-gatherers. 
  20. ↑ "「縄文人」は独自進化したアジアの特異集団だった！: 深読み" (in ja). 2017-12-15. https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/fukayomi/20171214-OYT8T50003/. 
  21. ↑ "A partial nuclear genome of the Jomons who lived 3000 years ago in Fukushima, Japan". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2016-06-01. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5285490/. Retrieved 2019-06-25. 

Template:Ethnic groups in Japan


Notes



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