Unsolved:Denial of the Holodomor

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Short description: Claim that the 1932–1933 Holodomor, a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine, did not occur, or diminishing the scale and significance of the famine

Denial of the Holodomor (Ukrainian: Заперечення Голодомору, Russian: Отрицание Голодомора) is the false claim that the 1932–1933 Holodomor, a large-scale, man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine,[1] did not occur[2][3][4][5] or diminishing the scale and significance of the famine. Officially the Soviet Union denied the famine and suppressed information about it from its very beginning until the 1980s. This was also circulated by some Western journalists and intellectuals.[3][6][7] It was echoed at the time of the famine by some prominent Western journalists, including The New York Times ' Walter Duranty.

Soviet Union

Cover-up of the famine

The Soviet leadership undertook extensive efforts to prevent the spread of any information about the famine by keeping state communications top secret and taking other measures to prevent word of the famine from spreading. When Ukrainian peasants traveled north to Russia seeking bread, Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov sent a secret telegram to the party and provincial police chiefs with instructions to turn them back,[8] alleging Poland agents were attempting to create a famine scare. OGPU chairman Genrikh Yagoda subsequently reported that over 200,000 peasants had been turned back.[citation needed]

Stanislav Kosior sent a telegram to the politburo assuring that there was no major famine in the Ukrainian SSR. Joseph Stalin began to receive reports of Kosoir's deception and urged the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine to take appropriate measures to prevent a crop failure. An excerpt from the protocol number of the meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist party (Bolsheviks) "Regarding Measures to Prevent Failure to Sow in Ukraine, March 16th, 1932" shows Stalin's fear that the severity of the famine had been understated, saying: "The Political Bureau believes that shortage of seed grain in Ukraine is many times worse than what was described in comrade Kosior's telegram; therefore, the Political Bureau recommends the Central Committee of the Communist party of Ukraine to take all measures within its reach to prevent the threat of failing to sow [field crops] in Ukraine. Signed: Secretary of the Central Committee — J. Stalin"[9]

Soviet head-of-state Mikhail Kalinin responded to Western offers of food by telling of "political cheats who offer to help the starving Ukraine," and commented, "Only the most decadent classes are capable of producing such cynical elements."[5][10] In an interview with Gareth Jones in March 1933, Soviet Foreign Minister Maxim Litvinov stated, "Well, there is no famine", and went on to say: "You must take a longer view. The present hunger is temporary. In writing books you must have a longer view. It would be difficult to describe it as hunger."[11]

On instructions from Litvinov, Boris Skvirsky, embassy counselor of the recently opened Soviet Embassy in the United States, published a letter on 3 January 1934, in response to a pamphlet about the famine.[12] In his letter, Skvirsky stated that the idea that the Soviet government was "deliberately killing the population of the Ukraine" "wholly grotesque." He claimed that the Ukrainian population had been increasing at an annual rate of 2 percent during the preceding five years and asserted that the death rate in Ukraine "was the lowest of that of any of the constituent republics composing the Soviet Union", concluding that it "was about 35 percent lower than the pre-war death rate of tsarist days."[13]

Mention of the famine was criminalized, punishable with a five-year term in the Gulag labor camps. Blaming the authorities was punishable by death.[5] William Henry Chamberlin was a Moscow correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor for 10 years; in 1934 he was reassigned to the Far East. After he left the Soviet Union he wrote his account of the situation in Ukraine and North Caucasus (Poltava, Bila Tserkva, and Kropotkin). Chamberlin later published a couple of books: Russia's Iron Age and The Ukraine: A Submerged Nation.[14][15] He wrote in the Christian Science Monitor in 1934 that "the evidence of a large-scale famine was so overwhelming, was so unanimously confirmed by the peasants that the most 'hard-boiled' local officials could say nothing in denial."[16]

Falsification and suppression of evidence

The true number of dead was concealed. At the Kyiv Medical Inspectorate, for example, the actual number of corpses, 9,472, was recorded as only 3,997. The GPU was directly involved in the deliberate destruction of actual birth and death records, as well as the fabrication of false information to cover up information regarding the causes and scale of death in Ukraine.[17] Similar falsifications of official records were widespread.[5]

The January 1937 census, the first in 11 years, was intended to reflect the achievements of Stalin's rule. It became evident that population growth particularly in Ukraine failed to meet official targets—evidence of the mortality resulting from the famine and from associated indirect demographic losses. Those collecting the data, senior statisticians with decades of experience, were arrested and executed, including three successive heads of the Soviet Central Statistical Administration. The census data itself was locked away for half a century in the Russian State Archive of the Economy.[18][19]

The subsequent 1939 census was organized in a manner that certainly inflated data on population numbers. It showed a population figure of 170.6 million people, manipulated so as to match the numbers stated by Joseph Stalin in his report to the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party that March. No other census in the Soviet Union was conducted until 1959.

Soviet campaign in the 1980s

The Soviet Union denied the existence of the famine until its 50th anniversary, in 1983, when the worldwide Ukrainian community coordinated famine remembrance. The Ukrainian diaspora exerted significant pressure on the media and various governments, including the United States and Canada, to raise the issue of the famine with the government of the Soviet Union.

While the Soviet government admitted that some peasantry died, it also sought to launch a disinformation campaign, in February 1983, to blame drought. The head of the directorate for relations with foreign countries for the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), A. Merkulov, charged Leonid Kravchuk, the chief ideologue for the Communist Party in Ukraine, with finding rainfall evidence for the Great famine. This new evidence was to be sent to the Novosti press centers in the U.S. and Canada, denouncing the "antidemocratic base of the Ukrainian bourgeois Nationalists, the collaboration of the Banderists and the Hitlerite Fascists during the Second World War."[20] Kravchuk's inquiry into the rainfalls for the 1932-1933 period found that they were within normal parameters.[21][unreliable source?][22] Nevertheless, the official position regarding drought did not change.

In February 1983, Alexander Yakovlev, the Soviet Ambassador to Canada, in a secret analysis "Some thoughts regarding the advertising of the Ukrainian SSR Pavilion held at the International Exposition "Man and the world" held in Canada" put forward a prognosis for a campaign being prepared to bring international attention to the Ukrainian Holodomor which was spearheaded by the Ukrainian nationalist community. Yakovlev proposed a list of concrete proposals to "neutralise the enemy ideological actions of the Ukrainian bourgeoise nationalists".[23]

By April 1983, the bureau of the Soviet Novosti Press Agency had prepared and sent out a special press release denying the occurrence of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. This press release was sent to every major newspaper, radio and television station as well as University in Canada. It was also sent out to all members of the Canadian parliament.[24]

A Holodomor monument in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

On 5 July 1983 the Soviet Embassy issued an official note of protest regarding the planned opening of a monument in memory of the victims of the Holodomor in Edmonton[25] attempting to smear the opening of the monument.

In October 1983, the World Congress of Ukrainians led by V-Yu Danyliv attempted to launch an international tribunal to judge the facts regarding the Holodomor. At the 4th World Congress of Ukrainians held in December 1983, a resolution was passed to form such an international tribunal.[25]

Former Ukrainian president Leonid Kravchuk recalled that he was responsible for countering the Ukrainian Diaspora's public education campaign of the 1980s, marking 50 years of the Soviet terror famine in 1983: " In the early 1980s many publications began appearing in the Western press on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of one of the most horrific tragedies in the history of our people. A counter-propaganda machine was put into motion, and I was one of its wheels." The first book on the famine was published in Ukraine only in 1989, after a major shake-up that occurred in the Communist Party of Ukraine when Volodymyr Ivashko replaced Volodymyr Shcherbytsky and the Political Bureau decided that such book could be published. However, even in this book, "the most terrifying photographs were not approved for print, and their number was reduced from 1,500 to around 350."[26]

Ultimately, as President of Ukraine, Kravchuk exposed the official cover-up attempts and came out in support of recognizing the famine, named the "Holodomor",[27] as genocide.[21]

Denial outside the Soviet Union

Walter Duranty

According to Patrick Wright,[28] Robert C. Tucker,[29] Eugene Lyons,[30] Mona Charen,[31] and Thomas Woods,[32] one of the first Western Holodomor deniers was Walter Duranty, who won the 1932 Pulitzer prize in journalism, in the category of correspondence, for his dispatches on Soviet Union and the working out of the Five Year Plan.[33] In 1932, he wrote in the pages of The New York Times that "any report of a famine in Russia is today an exaggeration or malignant propaganda".[34] He said that while there was a bad harvest, and consequent food shortages, it did not rise to the level of a famine and that "there is no actual starvation or deaths from starvation, but there is widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition."[30][35] Some have disputed the validity of his distinction between death from starvation and death from disease that is exacerbated by malnutrition.[30]

In his reports, Duranty downplayed the impact of food shortages in Ukraine. As Duranty wrote in a dispatch from Moscow in March 1933, "These conditions are bad, but there is no famine" and "But—to put it brutally—you can't make an omelette without breaking eggs."[36][35]

Duranty also wrote denunciations of those who wrote about the famine, accusing them of being reactionaries and anti-Bolshevik propagandists. In August 1933, Cardinal Theodor Innitzer of Vienna called for relief efforts, stating that the Ukrainian famine was claiming lives "likely... numbered... by the millions" and driving those still alive to infanticide and cannibalism. The New York Times, 20 August 1933, reported Innitzer's charge and published an official Soviet denial: "in the Soviet Union we have neither cannibals nor cardinals". The next day, the Times added Duranty's own denial.

British journalist and spy Malcolm Muggeridge, who went to live in the Soviet Union in 1932 as a reporter for the The Guardian and became a fierce anti-communist, said of Duranty that he "always enjoyed his company; there was something vigorous, vivacious, preposterous, about his unscrupulousness which made his persistent lying somehow absorbing."[37] Muggeridge characterised Duranty as "the greatest liar of any journalist I have met in 50 years of journalism."[38]

An international campaign for the retraction of Duranty's Pulitzer Prize was launched in 2003 by the Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association and its supporters. The newspaper, however, declined to relinquish it, arguing that Duranty received the prize for a series of reports about the Soviet Union, eleven of which were published in June 1931. In 1990, the Times published an editorial calling his work "some of the worst reporting to appear in this newspaper."[39]

Some historians consider Duranty's reports from Moscow to be crucial in the decision taken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to grant the Soviet Union diplomatic recognition in 1933. Bolshevik Karl Radek said that was indeed the case.[3]

By prominent visitors to the Soviet Union

Prominent writers from Ireland and Britain who visited the Soviet Union in 1934, such as George Bernard Shaw and H. G. Wells, are also on record as denying the existence of the famine in Ukraine.[4][40]

In 1934 the British Foreign Office in the House of Lords stated that there was no evidence to support the allegations against the Soviet government regarding the famine in Ukraine, based on the testimony of Sir John Maynard, who had visited Ukraine in the summer of 1933 and rejected "tales of famine-genocide propagated by the Ukrainian Nationalists".[citation needed]

During a visit to Ukraine carried out between 26 August – 9 September 1933, former French Prime Minister Édouard Herriot, said that Soviet Ukraine was "like a garden in full bloom".[2] Herriot declared to the press that there was no famine in Ukraine, that he did not see any trace of it, and that this showed adversaries of the Soviet Union were spreading the rumour. "When one believes that Ukraine is devastated by famine, allow me to shrug my shoulders", he declared. The 13 September 1933 issue of Pravda was able to write that Herriot "categorically contradicted the lies of the bourgeoisie press in connection with a famine in the USSR."[41] It was alleged by anti-communist activist Harry Lang, who claimed to have visited Ukraine at the same time, that Herriot was shown a carefully stage-managed version of Ukraine that hid effects of famine and poverty.[42][41]

Douglas Tottle

In the 1980s, the union organizer and journalist Douglas Tottle with the help of Soviet authorities[43] wrote a book alleging that the Ukrainian famine did not occur, under the title "Fraud, Famine and Ukrainian Fascism", to be published in Soviet Ukraine. However, before final publication, reviewers of the book in Kyiv insisted that the name of the book be changed, claiming "Ukrainian fascism never existed".[44][45] Tottle refused this name change, and as a result the book publication was delayed by several years.[citation needed]

In 1987, Tottle published the book in Toronto, Canada as Fraud, Famine, and Fascism: the Ukrainian Genocide Myth from Hitler to Harvard[46] through Progress Publishers. In a review of Tottle's book in the Ukrainian Canadian Magazine, published by the pro-Communist Association of United Ukrainian Canadians, Wilfred Szczesny wrote: "Members of the general public who want to know about the famine, its extent and causes, and about the motives and techniques of those who would make this tragedy into something other than what it was will find Tottle's work invaluable" (The Ukrainian Canadian, April 1988, p. 24), on which historian Roman Serbyn commented that "in the era of glasnost, Szczesny could have rendered his readers no greater disservice".[47] Some of Tottle's material appeared in a 1988 article in the Village Voice, "In Search of a Soviet Holocaust: A 55-Year-Old Famine Feeds the Right".[48]

In 1988, the nonprofit World Congress of Free Ukrainians held an International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine to establish whether the famine existed and its cause. Tottle's book was examined during the Brussels sitting of the commission,[49] held between 23–27 May 1988, with testimony from various expert witnesses. The commission president Professor Jacob Sundberg claimed that Tottle received assistance from the Soviet government, based on information in the book that he felt would not be easily publicly available.[50]

Modern politics

Background

The issue of the Holodomor has been a point of contention between Russia and Ukraine, as well as within Ukrainian politics. According to opinion polls, Russia has experienced an increase in pro-Stalin sentiments since the year 2000,[51] with over half viewing Stalin favourably in 2015.[52] Since independence, Ukrainian governments have passed a number of laws dealing with the Holodomor and the Soviet past. The most recent is the "Decommunization laws" of 2015, which criminalize pro-communist speech and symbols, and ban denial of the famine or of its nature as a genocide, with a punishment of two years in prison.[53]

The Russian government does not recognize the famine as an act of genocide against Ukrainians, viewing it rather as a "tragedy" that affected the Soviet Union as a whole. A 2008 letter from Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to Ukrainian president Viktor Yushchenko asserted that "the tragic events of the 1930s are being used in Ukraine in order to achieve instantaneous and conformist political goals."[54] In November 2010 a leaked confidential U.S. diplomatic cable revealed that Russia had allegedly pressured its neighbors not to support the designation of the Holodomor as a genocide at the United Nations.[55] According to another leaked document, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov described Israel's recognition of the Holodomor as "historical revisionism".[56]

Denial literature

In 2006, the All-Ukrainian Public Association "Intelligentsia of Ukraine for Socialism" published a pamphlet titled "The Myth of the Holodomor" by G. S. Tkachenko. The pamphlet claimed that Ukrainian Nationalists and the US government were responsible for creating the "myth." Russian publicist Yuri Mukhin has a published a book titled "Hysterical Women of the Holodomor", dismissing Holodomor as "Russophobia" and "a trump card of the Ukrainian Nazis." Sigizmund Mironin's "Holodomor in the Rus" argued that the cause of the famine was not Stalin's policies, but rather the chaos engendered by the New Economic Policy.[57]

Russian state media ran several articles denying the severity and causes of the Ukrainian famine.[58]

See also

  • Holodomor genocide question

References

  1. ↑ Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust pp xv By Miron Dolot Published by W. W. Norton & Company, 1985 ISBN:0-393-30416-7, ISBN:978-0-393-30416-9
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University Press, 1999, ISBN:0-674-07608-7, pages 159-160
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, Vintage books, Random House Inc., New York, 1995, ISBN:0-394-50242-6, pages 235-236.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Edvard Radzinsky Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives, Anchor, (1997) ISBN:0-385-47954-9, pages 256-259. According to Radzinsky, Stalin "had achieved the impossible: he had silenced all the talk of hunger... Millions were dying, but the nation hymned the praises of collectivization".
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 , pp. 96 , Wikidata Q108386870
  6. ↑ "Famine denial". The Ukrainian Weekly. 14 July 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224182942/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2002/280214.shtml. 
  7. ↑ Dinah Shelton (2005). Encyclopedia of genocide and crimes against humanity. Macmillan Reference. p. 1055. ISBN 978-0-02-865850-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1055. Retrieved 5 November 2015. "The Soviet Union dismissed all references to the famine as anti-Soviet propaganda. Denial of the famine declined after the Communist Party lost power and the Soviet empire disintegrated." 
  8. ↑ Robert Conquest The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History, W.W. Norton and Company (2004), ISBN:0-393-05933-2, page 102.
  9. ↑ Archive of the President of the Russian Federation. Fond 3, Record Series 40, File 80, Page 58
  10. ↑ Conquest, Robert (30 July 1999). "How Liberals Funked It". Hoover Digest (3). http://www.hoover.org/research/how-liberals-funked-it. Retrieved 4 November 2015. 
  11. ↑ Jones, Gareth (March 1933). "Gareth Jones Interview with Commissar Maxim Litvinov March 1933". garethjones.org. http://www.garethjones.org/published_articles/st_patricks/litvinov_famine_denia-oldlxxxx.htm. 
  12. ↑ Carynnyk, Marco (25 September 1983). "The New York Times and the Great Famine, Part III". The Ukrainian Weekly LI (39). http://ukrweekly.com/Archive/1983/398325.shtml. 
  13. ↑ New York Times, as quoted in James E. Mace, "Collaboration in the suppression of the Ukrainian famine" (paper delivered at a conference on "Recognition and Denial of Genocide and Mass Killing in the 20th Century", held in New York City on 13 November 1987), The Ukrainian Weekly, 10 January 1988, No. 2, Vol. LVI
  14. ↑ William Henry Chamberlin (1944). The Ukraine: A Submerged Nation. Macmillan. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.178779. 
  15. ↑ "What Is the Ukraine Famine Disaster of 1932–1933?". semp.us. 2 January 2005. http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=160. 
  16. ↑ Chamberlin, William Henry (20 March 1983). "Famine proves potent weapon in Soviet policy". The Ukrainian Weekly 51 (12): 6. http://www.ukrweekly.com/archive/pdf2/1983/The_Ukrainian_Weekly_1983-12.pdf. Retrieved 22 July 2012: Reprint of original article dated 29 May 1934 
  17. ↑ Boriak, Hennadii (Fall 2001). "The publication of sources on the history of the 1932-1933 famine-genocide: history, current state, and prospects". Harvard Ukrainian Studies 25 (3-4): 167–186.
  18. ↑ Lisa Shymko, "The Politics of Genocide", The American Spectator, 14 November 2007
  19. ↑ Catherine Merridale, "The 1937 Census and the Limits of Stalinist Rule" Historical Journal 39, 1996
  20. ↑ ЦГАООУ. Ф.1. Оп. 25 Д. 2719. Л.27-28. Подлинник.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Stephen Bandera, "Holodomor as a source of national unity", Ukrainian Echo, 5 February 2007
  22. ↑ When I first called the Holodomor genocide, I received many threats, - Kravchuk at the conference "Artificial Famine in Ukraine"
  23. ↑ Serhiychuk, Volodymyr Ivanovych (2006) (in uk) (3rd ed.). Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Centre for Ukrainian Studies. p. 322. ISBN 978-966-2911-07-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=ckqmGAAACAAJ. 
  24. ↑ Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.323 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kyiv University, Kyiv, 2006 page 323
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Serhiĭchuk, Volodymyr (2006). Kyiv: Kyiv National University. pp. 323–325. ISBN 966-2911-07-3. 
  26. ↑ Kravchuk, Leonid Mayemo te, shcho mayemo: spohady i rozdumy, Kyiv, 2002, Stolittya (392 p.) ISBN:966-95952-8-2, pp. 44-46,
  27. ↑ "The Great Famine (Holodomor) in Ukraine in 1932-1933 and its Lessons for the International Community". mfa.gov.ua. 4 December 2007. http://www.mfa.gov.ua/denmark/ua/8992.htm: Oleksa Musienko was the first to use the term Holodomor on 18 February 1988. 
  28. ↑ Wright, Patrick (2007). Iron Curtain. Oxford University Press. pp. 306, 307. ISBN 978-0-19-923150-8. https://archive.org/details/ironcurtainfroms0000wrig_a3q1. "He (Duranty) had become creatures of the Soviet censors" 
  29. ↑ Tucker, Robert (1992). Stalin in Power. Norton & Company. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-393-30869-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=L9pcTIEP1OQC&pg=PA191. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Lyons, Eugene (1991). "The Press Corps Conceals a Famine". Assignment in Utopia. Transaction Publishers. pp. 572, 573. ISBN 978-0-88738-856-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXLhwVJvfXMC&pg=PA572. 
  31. ↑ Charen, Mona (2004). Useful Idiots. HarperCollins. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-06-057941-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=CQaepQzEzCQC&pg=PA87. 
  32. ↑ Woods, Thomas (2004). "The New York Reporter who covered up Stalin's crimes". The Politically Incorrect Guide to American History. Regnery Publishing. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-89526-047-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=ltSIOnW6XLsC&pg=PA165. 
  33. ↑ "Correspondence between Markian Pelech and the Board of the Pulitzer Prizes regarding Walter Duranty's 1932 Pulitzer Prize" (30 December 2002 – 28 April 2003)
  34. ↑ Duranty, Walter (1933-08-24). "FAMINE TOLL HEAVY IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA: Death Rate During Last Year Has Trebled—Food Supply Now Held Assured. BREAD PRICE EXPLAINED Increase in Moscow Reported as Part of Move to End the Ration System There. FAMINE TOLL HIGH IN SOUTH RUSSIA". New York Times 82 (27606): p. 1, 9. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Duranty, Walter (1933-03-31). "RUSSIANS HUNGRY, BUT NOT STARVING: Deaths From Diseases Due to Malnutrition High, Yet the Soviet Is Entrenched. LARGER CITIES HAVE FOOD Ukraine, North Caucasus and Lower Volga Regions Suffer From Shortages. KREMLIN'S 'DOOM' DENIED Russians and Foreign Observers In Country See No Ground for Predictions of Disaster.". New York Times 82 (27460): p. 13. 
  36. ↑ "New York Times Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty" (in en-US). https://www.nytco.com/company/prizes-awards/new-york-times-statement-about-1932-pulitzer-prize-awarded-to-walter-duranty/. 
  37. ↑ Muggeridge, Malcolm: The Green Stick: Chronicles of Wasted Time Volume I Chapter 5 (1972).
  38. ↑ Robert Conquest. The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine Oxford University Press (1987), ISBN:0-19-505180-7, page 320. [1]
  39. ↑ Meyer, Karl E. (24 June 1990). "The Editorial Notebook; Trenchcoats, Then and Now". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/24/opinion/the-editorial-notebook-trenchcoats-then-and-now.html. 
  40. ↑ "Stalin-Wells talk / the verbatim record and a discussion by G.B. Shaw, H.G. Wells, J.M. Keynes, E. Toller and others". Monash University. 2007. http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/exhibitions/communism/com107.html. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Thevenin, Etienne (29 June 2005). "France, Germany and Austria: Facing the famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine". James Mace Memorial Panel, IAUS Congress, Donetsk, Ukraine. p. 8. http://ncua.inform-decisions.com/eng/files/EThevenin.pdf. Retrieved 20 June 2021. 
  42. ↑ , pp. 122 , Wikidata Q108386870
  43. ↑ Applebaum, Anne (2017). Red Famine: Stalin's War on Ukraine (1 ed.). New York: Doubleday. p. 338. ISBN 9780385538855. 
  44. ↑ Сергійчук В. Як нас морили Голодом 1932-1933 - Київський Національний Університет, Київ, 2006 с.324 (In Ukrainian) Serhiychuk, V. How we were tired by Famine 1932-33 - Kyiv University, Kyiv, 2006 page 324
  45. ↑ In his book, Searching for place, Lubomyr Luciuk commented: "For a particularly base example of famine-denial literature, see Tottle, Fraud, famine, and fascism...", see Lubomyr Luciuk, Searching for place: Ukrainian displaced persons, Canada, and the migration of memory, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000, p. 413. ISBN:0-8020-4245-7
  46. ↑ Douglas Tottle (1987). Fraud, famine, and fascism: the Ukrainian genocide myth from Hitler to Harvard. Toronto: Progress Books. ISBN 978-0-919396-51-7. http://rationalrevolution.net/special/library/famine.htm. Retrieved 11 December 2015. 
  47. ↑ Roman Serbyn (1989). "The Last Stand of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide Deniers". infoukes.com. http://www.infoukes.com/history/famine/serbyn/. 
  48. ↑ Serbyn, Roman. "Competing Memories of Communist and Nazi Crimes in Ukraine". Chair of Ukrainian Studies, University of Ottawa. http://www.ukrainianstudies.uottawa.ca/pdf/P_Serbyn_Danyliw07.pdf. 
  49. ↑ Sundberg, Jacob W.F. (10 May 1990). "International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. The Final Report (1990)". ioir.se. http://www.ioir.se/ukrfamine.htm. 
  50. ↑ A.J.Hobbins, Daniel Boyer, Seeking Historical Truth: the International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932-33 Famine in the Ukraine, Dalhousie Law Journal, 2001, Vol 24, page 166
  51. ↑ Monaghan, Jennifer (31 March 2015). "Was Stalin's Terror Justified? Poll Shows More Russians Think It Was". Moscow Times. https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/was-stalins-terror-justified-poll-shows-more-russians-think-it-was-45301. 
  52. ↑ "More Than Half of Russians See Stalin in a Positive Light". Moscow Times. 20 January 2015. https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/more-than-half-of-russians-see-stalin-in-a-positive-light-43055. 
  53. ↑ Hyde, Lily (20 April 2015). "Ukraine to rewrite Soviet history with controversial 'decommunisation' laws". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/20/ukraine-decommunisation-law-soviet. 
  54. ↑ Kucera, Joshua (23 February 2009). "Is Ukraine Next?". Slate. https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2009/02/is-ukraine-next.html. 
  55. ↑ "Candid discussion with Prince Andrew on the Kyrgyz economy and the 'Great Game'". WikiLeaks. November 2010. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08BISHKEK1095_a.html. "He [Prince Andrew, Duke of York] stated the following story related to him recently by Azerbaijan's President Aliyev. Aliyev had received a letter from President Medvedev telling him that if Azerbaijan supported the designation of the Bolshevik artificial famine in Ukraine as 'genocide' at the United Nations, 'then you can forget about seeing Nagorno-Karabakh ever again.' Prince Andrew added that every single other regional President had told him of receiving similar 'directive' letters from Medvedev except for [Kyrgyz president] Bakiyev." 
  56. ↑ "Israeli FM Lieberman in Moscow". Wikileaks. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09MOSCOW1488_a.html. "The FMs discussed expanding bilateral economic ties, and Lavrov raised Russian concern that Israel was partaking in 'historical revisionism' that sought to blame Russia for the Ukrainian famine of the 1930s." 
  57. ↑ Dobczansky, Jurij (2009). "Affirmation and Denial: Holodomor-related Resources Recently Acquired by the Library of Congress". Holodomor Studies 1 (2 [Summer-Autumn 2009]): 155–164. https://www.academia.edu/28799900/Affirmation_and_Denial. 
  58. ↑ Young, Cathy (31 October 2015). "Russia Denies Stalin's Killer Famine". The Daily Beast. http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/10/31/russia-denies-stalin-s-killer-famine.html. 

Further reading

Video resources

  • Harvest of Despair (1983), produced by the Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre.

External links




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