Unsolved:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa
The Āryamañjuśrīmūlakalpa (The Noble Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī) is a Mahāyāna sūtra and a Mantrayāna ritual manual (kalpa) affiliated with the bodhisattva of wisdom, Mañjuśrī. In Tibetan Buddhism it is classified as a Kriyā-tantra.[1][2][3][4] According to Sanderson (2009: 129) and the study by Matsunaga (1985), the text is datable to about 775 CE.[5][6]
The Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa is often cited as the earliest example of an extant Indian Buddhist Tantra. Some scholars identify it as a compilation of a core verse text dated circa 6th century CE with later accretions and additions.[2] The Sanskrit version, significantly longer than its corresponding Chinese and Tibetan renderings, is still extant.[2]
The Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by Mañjuśrī.[7] The attribution to Mañjuśrī is an attempt by its author(s) to counter the objection that the teachings in this text are of non-Buddhist origin.[7]
The bulk of the text deals with chants and mantras useful for spiritual purposes as well as material gain. Some chapters discuss fierce and sexual tantric rituals.[8]
Editions
The editio princeps of the mixed Sanskrit text was published by T. Ganapati Sastri in three volumes (Trivandrum, published 1920, 1923, and 1925 respectively).[9][10]
Rahul Sankrityayana's edition appeared in 1934.[11] Ganapati Sastri's edition with some modifications was reprinted by P. L. Vaidya in 1964.[12][13]
An English translation was published online in 2020 by the 84000 organization.[14]
External links
Notes
- ↑ "Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa" (in en). https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100131167;jsessionid=D3D5193B6F1E885C85FBF25FCF0758FE.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Keown, Damien (editor) with Hodge, Stephen; Jones, Charles; Tinti, Paola (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN:0-19-860560-9 p.172.
- ↑ "Publication: Manjushri Mula Kalpa (Chapter Colophons)". https://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=6468.
- ↑ C.B.H. Publications. Arya Manjushri Mula Kalpa Of T. Ganapathi Shastri C. B. H. Publications. http://archive.org/details/LsLC_arya-manjushri-mula-kalpa-of-t.-ganapathi-shastri-c.-b.-h.-publications.
- ↑ Sanderson, Alexis (in en). The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period. In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 41-350.. https://www.academia.edu/3621440.
- ↑ Matsunaga, Yukei (1985). "On the Date of the Mañjuśrı̄mūlakalpa". in Strickmann, Michael. Tantric and Taoist Studies in honour of R.A. Stein. Brussels: Institut Belge des Hautes Études Chinoises. pp. 882–894.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 129-131.
- ↑ Delhey, Martin (December 11, 2009). "How Buddhist is the Mañjuśriyamūlakalpa (a.k.a.Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa), Abstract of the talk in Tokyo" (in en). http://www.icabs.ac.jp/iibs/delhey_abstract.pdf.
- ↑ The Āryamanjuśrîmûlakalpa. Trivandrum: Printed by the Superintendent, Govt. Press., 3 vols, 1920, 1923, 1925, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series no. 70, 76, 84, new reprint ed. in one vol. University of Kerala 2008, Trivandrum Sanskrit Series no. 269 (Sri Satguru Publications reprint in 1989, Delhi; 1992 combined CBH reprint edition at Archive org.)
- ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (2020-03-11). "Manjushrimulakalpa, Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa, Manjushri-mulakalpa: 1 definition" (in en). https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/manjushrimulakalpa.
- ↑ Jayaswal, K. P (1934). An imperial history of India in a sanskrit text: [c. 700 B.C. - c. 770 A.D. ; with a special commentary on later Gupta period]. Lahore: Dass. OCLC 257169166. https://ualberta.worldcat.org/title/imperial-history-of-india-in-a-sanskrit-text-c-700-bc-c-770-ad-with-a-special-commentary-on-later-gupta-period/oclc/257169166.
- ↑ Vaidya, Parashuram Lakshman (1964) (in sa). Mahāyāna-sūtra-saṁgraha. P.2 P.2. Darbhanga: Mithila Inst. of Post-graduate Studies and Research in Sanskrit Learning. OCLC 246245976.
- ↑ Einoo, S.; Sanderson, Alexis (2009). Genesis and Development of Tantrism. Tokyo: University of Tokyo. pp. 316.
- ↑ "The Root Manual of the Rites of Mañjuśrī (Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa)" (in en). https://read.84000.co/translation/toh543.html.
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