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[[File:KeckObservatory.jpg|right|240px|thumb|[[Astronomy:Mauna Kea Observatory|Mauna Kea]] in Hawaii is one of the world's premier observatory sites. Pictured is the W. M. Keck Observatory, an optical interferometer.]]

The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to astronomy:

'''[[Astronomy:Astronomy|Astronomy]]''' – studies the [[Astronomy:Universe|universe]] beyond Earth, including its [[Astronomy:Physical cosmology|formation and development]], and the evolution, [[Physics:Physics|physics]], [[Chemistry:Chemistry|chemistry]], [[Physics:Meteorology|meteorology]], and [[Physics:Motion|motion]] of [[Astronomy:Astronomical object|celestial objects]] (such as [[Astronomy:Galaxy|galaxies]], [[Astronomy:Planet|planet]]s, etc.) and [[Philosophy:Phenomenon|phenomena]] that originate outside the [[Earth:Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere of Earth]] (such as the cosmic background radiation). Astronomy also intersect with biology, as [[Astronomy:Astrobiology|astrobiology]], studying potential life throughout the universe.


==Nature of astronomy==
Astronomy can be described as all the following:

* An [[Academic discipline|academic discipline]]: one with academic departments, curricula and degrees; national and international societies; and specialized journals.
* A scientific field (a branch of [[Science|science]]) – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies it
** A [[Natural science|natural science]] – one that seeks to elucidate the rules that govern the [[Earth:Nature|natural]] world using empirical and [[Scientific method|scientific method]]s.
*** A branch or field of [[Astronomy:Space science|space science]]
* A [[Astronomy:Amateur astronomy|hobby or part-time pursuit]] for the satisfaction of personal [[Curiosity|curiosity]] or appreciation of [[Philosophy:Beauty|beauty]], the latter especially including [[Astrophotography|astrophotography]].

==Branches of astronomy==
* [[Astronomy:Astrobiology|Astrobiology]] – studies the advent and [[Biology:Evolution|evolution]] of [[Biology:Biological system|biological system]]s in the universe.
* [[Physics:Astrophysics|Astrophysics]] – branch of [[Astronomy:Astronomy|astronomy]] that deals with the [[Physics:Physics|physics]] of the universe, including the physical properties of celestial objects, as well as their interactions and behavior.<ref>{{cite web | title=astrophysics | publisher=Merriam-Webster, Incorporated | url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/astrophysics | access-date=2011-05-22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Stern kaufen |url=https://deinstern24.de/stern-kaufen/ |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref> Among the objects studied are galaxies, [[Astronomy:Star|star]]s, planets, [[Astronomy:Exoplanet|exoplanet]]s, the [[Astronomy:Interstellar medium|interstellar medium]] and the [[Astronomy:Cosmic microwave background|cosmic microwave background]]; and the properties examined include [[Astronomy:Luminosity|luminosity]], [[Physics:Density|density]], [[Physics:Temperature|temperature]], and [[Chemistry:Chemistry|chemical]] composition. The subdisciplines of theoretical astrophysics are:
** Compact objects – this subdiscipline studies very dense matter in [[Astronomy:White dwarf|white dwarf]]s and [[Astronomy:Neutron star|neutron star]]s and their effects on environments including [[Physics:Accretion (astrophysics)|accretion]].
** [[Astronomy:Physical cosmology|Physical cosmology]] – origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. The study of cosmology is theoretical astrophysics at its largest scale.
** [[Astronomy:Quantum cosmology|Quantum cosmology]] - the study of cosmology through the use of [[Physics:Quantum field theory|quantum field theory]] to explain phenomena [[Physics:General relativity|general relativity]] cannot due to limitations in its framework.
** [[Physics:Computational astrophysics|Computational astrophysics]] – The study of astrophysics using computational methods and tools to develop computational models.
** [[Astronomy:Galactic astronomy|Galactic astronomy]] – deals with the structure and components of our Galaxy and of other galaxies.
** High energy astrophysics – studies phenomena occurring at high energies including active galactic nuclei, [[Astronomy:Supernova|supernova]]e, [[Astronomy:Gamma-ray burst|gamma-ray burst]]s, [[Astronomy:Quasar|quasar]]s, and [[Astronomy:Bow shock|shock]]s.
** Interstellar astrophysics – study of the [[Astronomy:Interstellar medium|interstellar medium]], intergalactic medium and [[Astronomy:Cosmic dust|dust]].
** [[Astronomy:Extragalactic astronomy|Extragalactic astronomy]] – study of objects (mainly galaxies) outside our Galaxy, including [[Astronomy:Galaxy formation and evolution|galaxy formation and evolution]].
** [[Astronomy:Astronomy#Stellar astronomy|Stellar astronomy]] – concerned with [[Astronomy:Star formation|Star formation]], physical properties, [[Astronomy:Main sequence|main sequence]] life span, [[Astronomy:Variable star|variability]], [[Astronomy:Stellar evolution|stellar evolution]] and extinction.
** Plasma astrophysics – studies properties of [[Physics:Plasma|plasma]] in outer space.
** Relativistic astrophysics – studies effects of [[Physics:Special relativity|special relativity]] and [[Physics:General relativity|general relativity]] in astrophysical contexts including gravitational waves, [[Astronomy:Gravitational lens|gravitational lens]]ing and [[Astronomy:Black hole|black hole]]s.
** [[Physics:Solar physics|Solar physics]] – Sun and its interaction with the remainder of the Solar System and interstellar space.
* Planetary Science – study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
** [[Physics:Atmospheric science|Atmospheric science]] – study of atmospheres and weather.
** [[Astronomy:Exoplanetology|Exoplanetology]] – various planets outside of the Solar System
** Planetary formation – formation of planets and moons in the context of the [[Astronomy:Formation and evolution of the Solar System|formation and evolution of the Solar System]].
** Planetary rings – dynamics, stability, and composition of planetary rings
** [[Astronomy:Magnetosphere|Magnetosphere]]s – magnetic fields of planets and moons
** [[Planetary surface]]s – surface geology of planets and moons
** Planetary interiors – interior composition of planets and moons
** [[Astronomy:Small Solar System bodies|Small Solar System bodies]] – smallest bodies, including [[Astronomy:Asteroid|asteroid]]s, [[Astronomy:Comet|comet]]s, Kuiper belt objects, and dust.
* Astronomy divided by general technique used for astronomical research:
** [[Astronomy:Astrometry|Astrometry]] – study of the position of objects in the sky and their changes of position. Defines the system of coordinates used and the [[Physics:Kinematics|kinematics]] of objects in our Galaxy.
** [[Astronomy:Observational astronomy|Observational astronomy]] – practice of observing celestial objects by using telescopes and other astronomical apparatus. It is concerned with recording data. The subdisciplines of [[Astronomy:Observational astronomy|observational astronomy]] are generally made by the specifications of the detectors: 
*** [[Astronomy:Radio astronomy|Radio astronomy]] – Above 300&nbsp;µm
*** [[Astronomy:Submillimetre astronomy|Submillimetre astronomy]] – 200&nbsp;µm to 1&nbsp;mm
*** [[Astronomy:Infrared astronomy|Infrared astronomy]] – 0.7–350&nbsp;µm
*** Optical astronomy – 380–750&nbsp;nm
*** [[Astronomy:Ultraviolet astronomy|Ultraviolet astronomy]] – 10–320&nbsp;nm
*** [[Astronomy:X-ray astronomy|X-ray astronomy]] – 0.01–10&nbsp;nm
*** [[Astronomy:Gamma-ray astronomy|Gamma-ray astronomy]] – Below 0.01&nbsp;nm
*** Cosmic ray astronomy – [[Astronomy:Cosmic ray|Cosmic ray]]s, including plasma
*** [[Astronomy:Neutrino astronomy|Neutrino astronomy]] – [[Physics:Neutrino|Neutrino]]s
*** [[Astronomy:Dust astronomy|Dust astronomy]] – [[Astronomy:Cosmic dust|Cosmic dust]]
*** Gravitational wave astronomy – [[Physics:Graviton|Graviton]]s
** [[Astronomy:Photometry|Photometry]] – study of how bright celestial objects are when passed through different filters
** [[Physics:Spectroscopy|Spectroscopy]] – study of the spectra of astronomical objects
* Other disciplines that may be considered part of astronomy:
** [[Astronomy:Archaeoastronomy|Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[Chemistry:Astrochemistry|Astrochemistry]]

==History of astronomy==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

[[Astronomy:History of astronomy|History of astronomy]]
* History of the Center of the Universe
** [[Geocentric model]]
** [[Astronomy:Heliocentrism|Heliocentrism]]
*** [[Astronomy:Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican heliocentrism]]
*** [[Astronomy:Tychonic system|Tychonic system]]
* [[Astronomy:Archaeoastronomy|Archaeoastronomy]]
** [[Astronomy:Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology|Archaeoastronomy and Vedic chronology]]
* Pretelescopic astronomy 
** [[Astronomy:Babylonian astronomy|Babylonian astronomy]]
** [[Astronomy:Chinese astronomy|Chinese astronomy]]
** [[Astronomy:Egyptian astronomy|Egyptian astronomy]]
** Greek astronomy
** [[Astronomy:Hebrew astronomy|Hebrew astronomy]]
** [[Astronomy:Indian astronomy|Indian astronomy]]
** Islamic astronomy
** Russian astronomy
** Astronomy in the Middle Ages
*** Science in Medieval Western Europe
*** Astronomy in medieval Islam
* [[History:History of science in the Renaissance#Astronomy|History of astronomy in the Renaissance]]
** Scientific developments during the Scientific Revolution
*** [[Astronomy:Patronage in astronomy|Patronage in astronomy]]
*** [[Astronomy:Copernican Revolution|Copernican Revolution]]
**** [[Astronomy:Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican heliocentrism]]
**** [[Biography:Nicolaus Copernicus|Nicolaus Copernicus]]
***** ''[[Astronomy:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium|On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres]]''
**** [[Biography:Tycho Brahe|Tycho Brahe]]
***** [[Astronomy:Tychonic system|Tychonic system]]
**** [[Biography:Galileo Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]
***** ''[[Physics:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems|Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems]]'' defense of the heliocentric system written by Galileo, which led to his trial and house arrest by the Inquisition.
*** [[Astronomy:History of the telescope|Invention of the telescope]]
**** [[Astronomy:Visible-light astronomy#Beginning|History of visible-light astronomy]]
* History of astronomy in the Age of Reflection
* {{section link|Radio astronomy|History of radio astronomy}}
* [[Astronomy:History of X-ray astronomy|History of X-ray astronomy]]
* [[Astronomy:Infrared astronomy#History|History of infrared astronomy]]
* [[Astronomy:Gamma-ray astronomy#Early history|History of gamma-ray astronomy]]
* [[Astronomy:History of supernova observation|History of supernova observation]]
** [[Astronomy:List of supernovae|List of supernovae]]
{{div col end}}

==Basic astronomical phenomena==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Astronomy:Atmosphere|Atmosphere]]
* [[Astronomy:Celestial pole|Celestial pole]]
* [[Astronomy:Eclipse|Eclipse]]
* [[Astronomy:Ecliptic|Ecliptic]]
* Cosmic rays
* Kepler's laws
* [[Physics:Doppler effect|Doppler effect]]
* [[Astronomy:Nutation|Nutation]]
* [[Physics:Orbit|Orbit]]
* [[Astronomy:Perturbation|Perturbation]]
* Precession
* [[Astronomy:Proper motion|Proper motion]]
* [[Astronomy:Redshift|Redshift]]
* [[Earth:Solar eclipse|Solar eclipse]]
* Tides
* [[Astronomy:Zodiac|Zodiac]]
{{div col end}}

== Astronomical objects ==
[[Astronomy:Astronomical object|Astronomical object]]

===Solar System===
{{Solar System navmap}}

* [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]]
* [[Astronomy:Geology of solar terrestrial planets|Geology of solar terrestrial planets]]
* [[Astronomy:List of Solar System objects|List of Solar System objects]]
** [[Astronomy:List of Solar System objects by size|List of Solar System objects by size]]
* Galilean satellites
* Halley's comet

====Sun====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]]
* Location
** [[Astronomy:Milky Way|Milky Way]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]]
* [[Astronomy:Stellar classification|Stellar classification]]
** {{section link|Stellar classification|Class G}}
* Internal structure
** Standard Solar Model
** [[Astronomy:Solar core|Solar core]]
** [[Astronomy:Radiation zone|Radiation zone]]
** [[Astronomy:Convection zone|Convection zone]]
* [[Astronomy:Stellar atmosphere|Stellar atmosphere]]
** [[Astronomy:Photosphere|Photosphere]]
*** [[Astronomy:Supergranulation|Supergranulation]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar granule|Granule]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar facula|Facula]]
*** [[Astronomy:Sunspot|Sunspot]]
** [[Astronomy:Chromosphere|Chromosphere]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar plage|Plage]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar spicule|Spicule]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moreton wave|Moreton wave]]
** [[Physics:Solar corona|Solar corona]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar transition region|Solar transition region]]
*** [[Astronomy:Coronal hole|Coronal hole]]
*** [[Astronomy:Coronal loop|Coronal loop]]
*** [[Astronomy:Coronal mass ejection|Coronal mass ejection]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar prominence|Solar prominence]]
*** [[Astronomy:Helmet streamer|Helmet streamer]]
* Solar variation
** [[Astronomy:Solar cycle|Solar cycle]]
*** [[Astronomy:List of solar cycles|List of solar cycles]]
** [[Astronomy:Solar maximum|Solar maximum]]
** [[Astronomy:Solar minimum|Solar minimum]]
** [[Astronomy:Wolf number|Wolf number]]
** [[Astronomy:Solar flare|Solar flare]]
** [[Astronomy:Helioseismology|Helioseismology]]
* [[Astronomy:Heliosphere|Heliosphere]]
** [[Astronomy:Solar wind|Solar wind]]
*** [[Astronomy:Heliospheric current sheet|Heliospheric current sheet]]
** {{section link|Heliosphere|Termination shock}}
** {{section link|Heliosphere|Heliosheath}}
** Heliopause
** [[Astronomy:Bow shock|Bow shock]]
* Related phenomena
** [[Astronomy:Solar dynamo|Solar dynamo]]
** [[Earth:Solar eclipse|Solar eclipse]]
** [[Astronomy:Sunlight|Sunlight]]
** [[Physics:Solar energy|Solar energy]]
* Equipment used to study the Sun
** [[Astronomy:Solar telescope|Solar telescope]]
{{div col end}}

==== Planets ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Astronomy:Planet|Planet]]
** Features
*** [[Astronomy:Natural satellite|Natural satellite]]s (moons)
*** Planetary rings
* Planets of the Solar System
** [[Astronomy:Mercury (planet)|Mercury]]
** [[Astronomy:Venus|Venus]]
** [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moon|Moon]]
** [[Astronomy:Mars|Mars]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moons of Mars|Moons of Mars]]
** [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moons of Jupiter|Moons of Jupiter]]
*** [[Astronomy:Rings of Jupiter|Rings of Jupiter]]
** [[Astronomy:Saturn|Saturn]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moons of Saturn|Moons of Saturn]]
*** [[Astronomy:Rings of Saturn|Rings of Saturn]]
** [[Astronomy:Uranus|Uranus]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moons of Uranus|Moons of Uranus]]
*** [[Astronomy:Rings of Uranus|Rings of Uranus]]
** [[Astronomy:Neptune|Neptune]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moons of Neptune|Moons of Neptune]]
*** [[Astronomy:Rings of Neptune|Rings of Neptune]]
* [[Astronomy:Dwarf planet|Dwarf planet]]s of the Solar System
** [[Astronomy:Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]
** [[Astronomy:Pluto|Pluto]]
*** [[Astronomy:Moons of Pluto|Moons of Pluto]]
** Haumea
*** [[Astronomy:Moons of Haumea|Moons of Haumea]]
** Makemake
** [[Astronomy:Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]
*** [[Astronomy:Dysnomia (moon)|Dysnomia]]
{{div col end}}

==== Small Solar System bodies ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Astronomy:Small Solar System body|Small Solar System body]]
* [[Astronomy:Asteroid|Asteroid]]s
** Minor planets
** [[:Category:Asteroid groups and families]]
*** Vulcanoid asteroids
*** [[Astronomy:Near-Earth asteroid|Near-Earth asteroid]]s
*** [[Astronomy:Asteroid belt|Asteroid belt]]
*** [[Astronomy:Trojan asteroid|Trojan asteroid]]
*** Centaur
*** Neptune Trojans
*** Minor planet moons
*** Meteoroids
*** [[Astronomy:2 Pallas|2 Pallas]]
*** [[Astronomy:3 Juno|3 Juno]]
*** [[Astronomy:4 Vesta|4 Vesta]]
*** [[Astronomy:10 Hygiea|10 Hygiea]]
** List of asteroids
** Meanings of asteroid names
* [[Astronomy:Trans-Neptunian object|Trans-Neptunian object]]s
**[[Astronomy:Kuiper belt|Kuiper belt]]
*** [[Astronomy:Plutino|Plutino]]s
**** [[Astronomy:90482 Orcus|90482 Orcus]]
**** [[Astronomy:28978 Ixion|28978 Ixion]]
*** Cubewanos
**** {{mpl-|55637|2002 UX|25}}
*** [[Astronomy:20000 Varuna|20000 Varuna]]
*** {{mpl-|15760| 1992 QB|1}}
*** {{mpl-|55636|2002 TX|300}}
*** [[Astronomy:50000 Quaoar|50000 Quaoar]]
*** [[Astronomy:38628 Huya|38628 Huya]]
*** {{mpl-|55565|2002 AW|197}}
**[[Astronomy:Scattered disc|Scattered disc]]
*** {{mpl-|84522|2002 TC|302}}
*** {{mpl|2004 XR|190}}
*** [[Astronomy:90377 Sedna|90377 Sedna]]
** [[Astronomy:Comet|Comet]]s
** List of periodic comets
** List of non-periodic comets
** Damocloids
** [[Astronomy:Hills cloud|Hills cloud]]
** [[Astronomy:Oort cloud|Oort cloud]]
{{div col end}}

=== Exoplanets ===
* [[Astronomy:Exoplanet|Exoplanet]] (also known as extrasolar planets) – planet outside the Solar System. A total of 4,341 such planets have been identified as of 28 Jan 2021.
** [[Astronomy:Super-Earth|Super-Earth]] – exoplanet with a mass higher than Earth's, but substantially below those of the Solar System's [[Astronomy:Ice giant|ice giant]]s.
** [[Astronomy:Mini-Neptune|Mini-Neptune]] – also known as a gas dwarf or transitional planet. A planet up to 10 Earth masses, but less massive than Uranus and Neptune. 
** [[Astronomy:Super-Jupiter|Super-Jupiter]] – an exoplanet more massive than [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]].
** [[Astronomy:Sub-Earth|Sub-Earth]] – an exoplanet "substantially less massive" than Earth and [[Astronomy:Venus|Venus]].
** [[Astronomy:Circumbinary planet|Circumbinary planet]] – an exoplanet that orbits two stars.
** [[Astronomy:Hot Jupiter|Hot Jupiter]] – an exoplanet whose characteristics are similar to Jupiter, but that have high surface temperatures because they orbit very close to their parent stars, whereas Jupiter orbits its parent star (the [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]]) at 5.2&nbsp;AU (780×106&nbsp;km), causing low surface temperatures.
** [[Astronomy:Hot Neptune|Hot Neptune]] – an exoplanet in an orbit close to its star (normally less than one astronomical unit away), with a mass similar to that of Uranus or Neptune.
** [[Astronomy:Pulsar planet|Pulsar planet]] – a planet that orbits a pulsar or a rapidly rotating neutron star.
** [[Astronomy:Rogue planet|Rogue planet]] (also known as an interstellar planet) – a planetary-mass object that orbits the galaxy directly.

===Stars and stellar objects===

==== Stars ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Astronomy:Stellar evolution|Stellar evolution]]
** [[Astronomy:Star formation|Star formation]]
** [[Astronomy:Pre-main-sequence star|Pre–main sequence]]
** [[Astronomy:Main sequence|Main sequence]]
** [[Astronomy:Horizontal branch|Horizontal branch]]
** [[Astronomy:Asymptotic giant branch|Asymptotic giant branch]]
** [[Astronomy:Dredge-up|Dredge-up]]
** [[Astronomy:Instability strip|Instability strip]]
** [[Astronomy:Red clump|Red clump]]
** [[Astronomy:PG 1159 star|PG 1159 star]]
** [[Astronomy:Mira variable|Mira variable]]
** [[Astronomy:Planetary nebula|Planetary nebula]]
** [[Astronomy:Protoplanetary nebula|Protoplanetary nebula]]
** [[Astronomy:Luminous red nova|Luminous red nova]]
** [[Astronomy:Luminous blue variable|Luminous blue variable]]
** [[Astronomy:Wolf–Rayet star|Wolf–Rayet star]]
** [[Astronomy:Supernova impostor|Supernova impostor]]
** [[Astronomy:Supernova|Supernova]]
** [[Astronomy:Hypernova|Hypernova]]
** [[Hertzsprung–Russell diagram]]
** [[Astronomy:Color–color diagram|Color–color diagram]]
* [[Astronomy:Protostar|Protostar]]s
** [[Astronomy:Molecular cloud|Molecular cloud]]
*** [[Astronomy:H II region|H II region]]
** [[Astronomy:Bok globule|Bok globule]]
** [[Astronomy:Young stellar object|Young stellar object]]
** [[Astronomy:Herbig–Haro object|Herbig–Haro object]]
** [[Astronomy:Hayashi track|Hayashi track]]
** [[Astronomy:Hayashi limit|Hayashi limit]]
** [[Astronomy:Henyey track|Henyey track]]
** [[Astronomy:Orion variable|Orion variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:T Tauri star|T Tauri star]]
*** [[Astronomy:FU Orionis star|FU Orionis star]]
** Herbig Ae/Be
* Luminosity class
** Subdwarf star
** [[Astronomy:Dwarf star|Dwarf star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)|Blue dwarf]]
*** [[Astronomy:Red dwarf|Red dwarf]]
** [[Astronomy:Subgiant|Subgiant]]
** [[Astronomy:Giant star|Giant star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Blue giant|Blue giant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Red giant|Red giant]]
** [[Astronomy:Bright giant|Bright giant]]
** [[Astronomy:Supergiant|Supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Blue supergiant|Blue supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Red supergiant|Red supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Yellow supergiant|Yellow supergiant]]
** [[Astronomy:Hypergiant|Hypergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Yellow hypergiant|Yellow hypergiant]]
** [[Astronomy:Blue straggler|Blue straggler]]
* [[Astronomy:Stellar classification|Stellar classification]]
** [[Astronomy:O-type main-sequence star|O-type main-sequence star]]
** [[Astronomy:B-type main-sequence star|B-type main-sequence star]]
** [[Astronomy:A-type main-sequence star|A-type main-sequence star]]
** [[Astronomy:F-type main-sequence star|F-type main-sequence star]]
** [[Astronomy:G-type main-sequence star|G-type main-sequence star]]
** [[Astronomy:K-type main-sequence star|K-type main-sequence star]]
** M-type main-sequence star
** [[Astronomy:Be star|Be star]]
** [[Astronomy:OB star|OB star]]
** [[Astronomy:Subdwarf B star|Subdwarf B star]]
** Late-type star
** Peculiar star
*** [[Astronomy:Am star|Am star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Ap and Bp stars|Ap and Bp stars]]
**** [[Astronomy:Rapidly oscillating Ap star|Rapidly oscillating Ap star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Barium star|Barium star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Carbon star|Carbon star]]
*** [[Astronomy:CH star|CH star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Extreme helium star|Extreme helium star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Lambda Boötis star|Lambda Boötis star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Lead star|Lead star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Mercury-manganese star|Mercury-manganese star]]
*** [[Astronomy:S-type star|S-type star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Shell star|Shell star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Technetium star|Technetium star]]
* Remnants
** [[Astronomy:White dwarf|White dwarf]]
*** [[Astronomy:Black dwarf|Black dwarf]]
*** [[Astronomy:Helium planet|Helium planet]]
** [[Astronomy:Neutron star|Neutron star]]
***[[Astronomy:Pulsar|Pulsar]]
*** [[Astronomy:Magnetar|Magnetar]]
** [[Astronomy:Stellar black hole|Stellar black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Compact star|Compact star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Quark star|Quark star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Exotic star|Exotic star]]
** Stellar core: [[Astronomy:EF Eridani|EF Eridani]]
* Failed and theoretical stars
** [[Astronomy:Substellar object|Substellar object]]
*** [[Astronomy:Brown dwarf|Brown dwarf]]
**** [[Astronomy:Sub-brown dwarf|Sub-brown dwarf]]
*** Planetar
** Boson star
** [[Astronomy:Dark star (dark matter)|Dark star]]
** Quasistar
** [[Astronomy:Thorne–Żytkow object|Thorne–Żytkow object]]
** [[Astronomy:Iron star|Iron star]]
* [[Physics:Stellar nucleosynthesis|Stellar nucleosynthesis]]
** [[Astronomy:Alpha process|Alpha process]]
** [[Astronomy:Triple-alpha process|Triple-alpha process]]
** [[Astronomy:Proton–proton chain reaction|Proton–proton chain reaction]]
** [[Astronomy:Helium flash|Helium flash]]
** [[Astronomy:CNO cycle|CNO cycle]]
** [[Astronomy:Lithium burning|Lithium burning]]
** [[Astronomy:Carbon-burning process|Carbon-burning process]]
** [[Astronomy:Neon-burning process|Neon-burning process]]
** [[Astronomy:Oxygen-burning process|Oxygen-burning process]]
** [[Astronomy:Silicon-burning process|Silicon-burning process]]
** [[Physics:S-process|S-process]]
** [[Physics:R-process|R-process]]
** [[Astronomy:Fusor|Fusor]]
** [[Astronomy:Nova|Nova]]
*** [[Astronomy:Nova remnant|Nova remnant]]
* [[Astronomy:Stellar structure|Stellar structure]]
** [[Astronomy:Solar core|Solar core]]
** [[Astronomy:Convection zone|Convection zone]]
*** [[Physics:Microturbulence|Microturbulence]]
*** [[Astronomy:Solar-like oscillations|Solar-like oscillations]]
** [[Astronomy:Radiation zone|Radiation zone]]
** [[Astronomy:Photosphere|Photosphere]]
** [[Astronomy:Starspot|Starspot]]
** [[Astronomy:Chromosphere|Chromosphere]]
** [[Astronomy:Stellar corona|Stellar corona]]
** [[Astronomy:Stellar wind|Stellar wind]]
*** [[Astronomy:Stellar-wind bubble|Stellar-wind bubble]]
** [[Astronomy:Asteroseismology|Asteroseismology]]
** [[Astronomy:Eddington luminosity|Eddington luminosity]]
** [[Astronomy:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism|Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism]]
* Properties
** Star designation
** [[Physics:Stellar dynamics|Stellar dynamics]]
** [[Astronomy:Effective temperature|Effective temperature]]
** [[Astronomy:Stellar kinematics|Stellar kinematics]]
** [[Physics:Stellar magnetic field|Stellar magnetic field]]
** [[Astronomy:Magnitude|Magnitude]]
*** [[Astronomy:Absolute magnitude|Absolute magnitude]]
** [[Astronomy:Solar mass|Solar mass]]
** [[Astronomy:Metallicity|Metallicity]]
** [[Astronomy:Stellar rotation|Stellar rotation]]
** [[Astronomy:UBV photometric system|UBV photometric system]]
** [[Astronomy:Variable star|Variable star]]
* [[Astronomy:Star system|Star system]]s
** [[Astronomy:Binary star|Binary star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Contact binary|Contact binary]]
*** [[Astronomy:Common envelope|Common envelope]]
** Multiple star
** Accretion disc
** [[Astronomy:Planetary system|Planetary system]]
** [[Astronomy:Solar System|Earth's Solar System]]
* Earth-centric observation of stars
** [[Astronomy:Pole star|Pole star]]
** [[Astronomy:Circumpolar star|Circumpolar star]]
** [[Astronomy:Magnitude|Magnitude]]
*** [[Astronomy:Apparent magnitude|Apparent magnitude]]
*** [[Astronomy:Photographic magnitude|Photographic magnitude]]
*** color-color diagram
** [[Astronomy:Radial velocity|Radial velocity]]
** [[Astronomy:Proper motion|Proper motion]]
** {{section link|Parallax|Stellar parallax}}
** [[Astronomy:Photometric-standard star|Photometric-standard star]]
* [[Astronomy:Lists of stars|Lists of stars]]
** [[Astronomy:List of proper names of stars|List of proper names of stars]]
** [[Astronomy:List of Arabic star names|List of Arabic star names]]
** [[Astronomy:Traditional Chinese star names|Traditional Chinese star names]]
** [[Astronomy:List of most massive stars|List of most massive stars]]
** List of least massive stars
** [[Astronomy:List of largest known stars|List of largest known stars]]
** [[Astronomy:List of brightest stars|List of brightest stars]]
*** [[Astronomy:Historical brightest stars|Historical brightest stars]]
** [[Astronomy:List of most luminous stars|List of most luminous stars]]
** List of nearest stars
*** [[Astronomy:List of nearest bright stars|List of nearest bright stars]]
** [[Astronomy:List of exoplanetary host stars|List of exoplanetary host stars]]
** [[Astronomy:List of brown dwarfs|List of brown dwarfs]]
** [[Astronomy:List of planetary nebulae|List of planetary nebulae]]
** List of novae
** [[Astronomy:List of supernovae|List of supernovae]]
** [[Astronomy:List of supernova remnants|List of supernova remnants]]
** [[Astronomy:List of supernova candidates|List of supernova candidates]]
** [[Astronomy:Timeline of stellar astronomy|Timeline of stellar astronomy]]
{{div col end}}

==== Variable stars ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Astronomy:Variable star|Variable star]]
* Pulsating
** Cepheids and cepheid-like
*** [[Astronomy:Cepheid variable|Cepheid variable]]
*** Type II Cepheids
*** [[Astronomy:RR Lyrae variable|RR Lyrae variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:Delta Scuti variable|Delta Scuti variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:SX Phoenicis variable|SX Phoenicis variable]]
** Blue-white with early spectra
*** [[Astronomy:Beta Cephei variable|Beta Cephei variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:PV Telescopii variable|PV Telescopii variable]]
** Long Period and Semiregular
*** [[Astronomy:Mira variable|Mira variable]]
*** Semiregular variable
*** [[Astronomy:Slow irregular variable|Slow irregular variable]]
** Other
*** [[Astronomy:RV Tauri variable|RV Tauri variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:Alpha Cygni variable|Alpha Cygni variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:Pulsating white dwarf|Pulsating white dwarf]]
* Eruptive
** Pre-main sequence star
*** Herbig Ae/Be
*** [[Astronomy:Orion variable|Orion variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:FU Orionis star|FU Orionis star]]
** Main Sequence
*** Wolf-Rayet star
*** [[Astronomy:Flare star|Flare star]]
** Giants and supergiants
*** [[Astronomy:Luminous blue variable|Luminous blue variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:Gamma Cassiopeiae variable|Gamma Cassiopeiae variable]]
*** [[Astronomy:R Coronae Borealis variable|R Coronae Borealis variable]]
** Eruptive binary
*** [[Astronomy:RS Canum Venaticorum variable|RS Canum Venaticorum variable]]
** Cataclysmic or explosive
*** [[Astronomy:Cataclysmic variable star|Cataclysmic variable star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Dwarf nova|Dwarf nova]]
*** [[Astronomy:Nova|Nova]]
*** [[Astronomy:Supernova|Supernova]]
*** Z Andromedae
* Rotating
** Non-spherical
***  Ellipsoidal
** Stellar spots
*** FK Comae Berenices
*** [[Astronomy:BY Draconis variable|BY Draconis variable]]
** Magnetic fields
*** Alpha² Canum Venaticorum variable
*** SX Arietis
*** [[Astronomy:Pulsar|Pulsar]]
* [[Astronomy:Eclipsing binary|Eclipsing binary]]
** [[Astronomy:Algol variable|Algol variable]]
** [[Astronomy:Beta Lyrae variable|Beta Lyrae variable]]
** [[Astronomy:W Ursae Majoris variable|W Ursae Majoris variable]]
{{div col end}}

==== Supernovae ====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Astronomy:Supernova|Supernova]]
* Classes
** [[Astronomy:Type Ia supernova|Type Ia supernova]]
** [[Astronomy:Type Ib and Ic supernovae|Type Ib and Ic supernovae]]
** [[Astronomy:Type II supernova|Type II (IIP and IIL)]]
* Related
** [[Astronomy:Near-Earth supernova|Near-Earth supernova]]
** [[Astronomy:Supernova impostor|Supernova impostor]]
** [[Astronomy:Hypernova|Hypernova]]
** [[Astronomy:Quark-nova|Quark-nova]]
** Pulsar kicks
* Structure
** [[Astronomy:Pair-instability supernova|Pair-instability supernova]]
** [[Physics:Supernova nucleosynthesis|Supernova nucleosynthesis]]
** [[Physics:P-process|P-process]]
** [[Physics:R-process|R-process]]
** [[Astronomy:Gamma-ray burst|Gamma-ray burst]]
** [[Astronomy:Carbon detonation|Carbon detonation]]
* Progenitors
** [[Astronomy:Luminous blue variable|Luminous blue variable]]
** [[Astronomy:Wolf–Rayet star|Wolf–Rayet star]]
** [[Astronomy:Supergiant|Supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Blue supergiant|Blue supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Red supergiant|Red supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Yellow supergiant|Yellow supergiant]]
** [[Astronomy:Hypergiant|Hypergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Yellow hypergiant|Yellow hypergiant]]
** [[Astronomy:White dwarf|White dwarf]]
* Remnants
** [[Astronomy:Supernova remnant|Supernova remnant]]
** [[Astronomy:Neutron star|Neutron star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Pulsar|Pulsar]]
*** [[Astronomy:Magnetar|Magnetar]]
*** [[Astronomy:Stellar black hole|Stellar black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Compact star|Compact star]]
** [[Astronomy:Supergiant|Supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Quark star|Quark star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Exotic star|Exotic star]]
* Discovery
** [[Astronomy:Guest star|Guest star]]
** [[Astronomy:History of supernova observation|History of supernova observation]]
** Timeline of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and supernovae
* Notable
** [[Astronomy:List of supernovae|List of supernovae]]
** [[Astronomy:List of supernova remnants|List of supernova remnants]]
** [[Astronomy:List of supernova candidates|List of supernova candidates]]
** [[Astronomy:List of most massive stars|List of most massive stars]]
** Supernovae in fiction
** [[Astronomy:SN 1054|SN 1054]]
** [[Astronomy:Supergiant|Supergiant]]
*** [[Astronomy:Crab Nebula|Crab Nebula]]
** [[Astronomy:SN 1572|Tycho's]]
** Kepler's
** [[Astronomy:SN 1987A|SN 1987A]]
** [[Astronomy:SN 185|SN 185]]
** [[Astronomy:SN 1006|SN 1006]]
** [[Astronomy:SN 2003fg|SN 2003fg]]
** [[Astronomy:Vela Supernova Remnant|Vela Supernova Remnant]]
** Remnant G1.9+0.3
** [[Astronomy:SN 2007bi|SN 2007bi]]
* Research
** [[Astronomy:Supernova Cosmology Project|Supernova Cosmology Project]]
** High-z Supernova Search Team
** [[Astronomy:Texas Supernova Search|Texas Supernova Search]]
** [[Astronomy:Nearby Supernova Factory|Nearby Supernova Factory]]
** [[Astronomy:Supernova Legacy Survey|Supernova Legacy Survey]]
** [[Physics:Supernova Early Warning System|Supernova Early Warning System]]
** [[Astronomy:Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey|Monte Agliale Supernovae and Asteroid Survey]]
** Supernova/Acceleration Probe
** {{section link|Sloan Digital Sky Survey|Sloan Supernova Survey}}
{{div col end}}

==== Black holes ====
[[Image:BlackHole.jpg|thumb|Artist's representation of a black hole.]]
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
[[Astronomy:Black hole|Black hole]]
* Types
**[[Astronomy:Schwarzschild metric|Schwarzschild metric]]
** [[Astronomy:Rotating black hole|Rotating black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Charged black hole|Charged black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Virtual black hole|Virtual black hole]]
* Size
**[[Astronomy:Micro black hole|Micro black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Extremal black hole|Extremal black hole]] ([[Astronomy:Black hole electron|Black hole electron]])
** [[Astronomy:Stellar black hole|Stellar black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Intermediate-mass black hole|Intermediate-mass black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Supermassive black hole|Supermassive black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Quasar|Quasar]]
*** [[Active galactic nucleus]]
*** [[Astronomy:Blazar|Blazar]]
* Formation
**[[Astronomy:Stellar evolution|Stellar evolution]]
** [[Astronomy:Gravitational collapse|Gravitational collapse]]
** [[Astronomy:Neutron star|Neutron star]] (Template:neutron star)
** [[Astronomy:Compact star|Compact star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Quark star|Quark star]]
*** [[Astronomy:Exotic star|Exotic star]]
** [[Astronomy:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit|Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit]]
** [[Astronomy:White dwarf|White dwarf]] (Template:white dwarf)
** [[Astronomy:Supernova|Supernova]] (Template:supernovae)
** [[Astronomy:Hypernova|Hypernova]]
** [[Astronomy:Gamma-ray burst|Gamma-ray burst]]
* Properties
**[[Astronomy:Black hole thermodynamics|Black hole thermodynamics]]
** [[Astronomy:Schwarzschild radius|Schwarzschild radius]]
** [[Astronomy:M–sigma relation|M–sigma relation]]
** [[Astronomy:Event horizon|Event horizon]]
** [[Astronomy:Quasi-periodic oscillation|Quasi-periodic oscillation]]
** [[Astronomy:Photon sphere|Photon sphere]]
** [[Astronomy:Ergosphere|Ergosphere]]
** [[Physics:Hawking radiation|Hawking radiation]]
** [[Astronomy:Penrose process|Penrose process]]
** [[Astronomy:Bondi accretion|Bondi accretion]]
** [[Astronomy:Spaghettification|Spaghettification]]
** [[Astronomy:Gravitational lens|Gravitational lens]]
* Models
**[[Gravitational singularity]] ([[Physics:Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems|Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems]])
** [[Astronomy:Primordial black hole|Primordial black hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Gravastar|Gravastar]]
** [[Astronomy:Dark star (Newtonian mechanics)|Dark star]]
** Dark energy star
** [[Astronomy:Black star (semiclassical gravity)|Black star]]
** [[Astronomy:Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object|Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object]]
** [[Astronomy:Fuzzball (string theory)|Fuzzball]]
** [[Physics:White hole|White hole]]
** [[Astronomy:Naked singularity|Naked singularity]]
** [[Astronomy:Ring singularity|Ring singularity]]
** [[Astronomy:Immirzi parameter|Immirzi parameter]]
** [[Astronomy:Membrane paradigm|Membrane paradigm]]
** [[Physics:Kugelblitz (astrophysics)|Kugelblitz]]
** [[Physics:Wormhole|Wormhole]]
** Quasistar
* Issues
**[[Astronomy:No-hair theorem|No-hair theorem]]
** [[Astronomy:Black hole information paradox|Black hole information paradox]]
** [[Astronomy:Cosmic censorship hypothesis|Cosmic censorship hypothesis]]
** [[Astronomy:Nonsingular black hole models|Nonsingular black hole models]]
** [[Physics:Holographic principle|Holographic principle]]
** [[Physics:Black hole complementarity|Black hole complementarity]]
* Metrics
**[[Astronomy:Schwarzschild metric|Schwarzschild metric]]
** [[Astronomy:Kerr metric|Kerr metric]]
** [[Astronomy:Reissner–Nordström metric|Reissner–Nordström]]
** [[Kerr–Newman metric|Kerr–Newman]]
* Related
**[[Astronomy:List of black holes|List of black holes]]
** [[Physics:Timeline of black hole physics|Timeline of black hole physics]]
** [[Astronomy:Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer|Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer]]
** [[Astronomy:Hypercompact stellar system|Hypercompact stellar system]]
{{div col end}}

===Constellations===
* [[Astronomy:Constellation|Constellation]]

====The 88 modern constellations====
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Astronomy:Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]]
* [[Astronomy:Antlia|Antlia]]
* [[Astronomy:Apus|Apus]]
* [[Astronomy:Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]
* [[Astronomy:Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]]
* [[Astronomy:Ara (constellation)|Ara]]
* [[Astronomy:Aries (constellation)|Aries]]
* [[Astronomy:Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]]
* [[Astronomy:Boötes|Boötes]]
* [[Astronomy:Caelum|Caelum]]
* [[Astronomy:Camelopardalis|Camelopardalis]]
* [[Astronomy:Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]]
* [[Astronomy:Canes Venatici|Canes Venatici]]
* [[Astronomy:Canis Major|Canis Major]]
* [[Astronomy:Canis Minor|Canis Minor]]
* [[Astronomy:Capricornus|Capricornus]]
* [[Astronomy:Carina (constellation)|Carina]]
* [[Astronomy:Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
* [[Astronomy:Centaurus|Centaurus]]
* [[Astronomy:Cepheus (constellation)|Cepheus]]
* [[Astronomy:Cetus|Cetus]]
* [[Astronomy:Chamaeleon|Chamaeleon]]
* Circinus
* [[Astronomy:Columba (constellation)|Columba]]
* [[Astronomy:Coma Berenices|Coma Berenices]]
* [[Astronomy:Corona Australis|Corona Australis]]
* [[Astronomy:Corona Borealis|Corona Borealis]]
* [[Astronomy:Corvus (constellation)|Corvus]]
* [[Astronomy:Crater (constellation)|Crater]]
* [[Astronomy:Crux|Crux]]
* [[Astronomy:Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]]
* [[Astronomy:Delphinus|Delphinus]]
* [[Astronomy:Dorado|Dorado]]
* [[Astronomy:Draco (constellation)|Draco]]
* [[Astronomy:Equuleus|Equuleus]]
* [[Astronomy:Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]
* [[Astronomy:Fornax|Fornax]]
* [[Astronomy:Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]]
* [[Astronomy:Grus (constellation)|Grus]]
* [[Astronomy:Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]]
* [[Astronomy:Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]]
* [[Astronomy:Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]
* [[Astronomy:Hydrus|Hydrus]]
* [[Astronomy:Indus (constellation)|Indus]]
* [[Astronomy:Lacerta|Lacerta]]
* [[Astronomy:Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
* Leo Minor
* [[Astronomy:Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]]
* [[Astronomy:Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
* [[Astronomy:Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]]
* [[Astronomy:Lynx (constellation)|Lynx]]
* [[Astronomy:Lyra|Lyra]]
* [[Astronomy:Mensa (constellation)|Mensa]]
* [[Astronomy:Microscopium|Microscopium]]
* [[Astronomy:Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]]
* [[Astronomy:Musca|Musca]]
* [[Astronomy:Norma (constellation)|Norma]]
* [[Astronomy:Octans|Octans]]
* [[Astronomy:Ophiuchus|Ophiuchus]]
* [[Astronomy:Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
* [[Astronomy:Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]]
* [[Astronomy:Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]]
* [[Astronomy:Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]]
* [[Astronomy:Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]]
* [[Astronomy:Pictor|Pictor]]
* [[Astronomy:Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]]
* [[Astronomy:Piscis Austrinus|Piscis Austrinus]]
* [[Astronomy:Puppis|Puppis]]
* [[Astronomy:Pyxis|Pyxis]]
* [[Astronomy:Reticulum|Reticulum]]
* [[Astronomy:Sagitta|Sagitta]]
* [[Astronomy:Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
* [[Astronomy:Scorpius|Scorpius]]
* [[Astronomy:Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]
* [[Astronomy:Scutum (constellation)|Scutum]]
* [[Astronomy:Serpens|Serpens]]
* [[Astronomy:Sextans|Sextans]]
* [[Astronomy:Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]
* [[Astronomy:Telescopium|Telescopium]]
* [[Astronomy:Triangulum|Triangulum]]
* [[Astronomy:Triangulum Australe|Triangulum Australe]]
* [[Astronomy:Tucana|Tucana]]
* [[Astronomy:Ursa Major|Ursa Major]]
* [[Astronomy:Ursa Minor|Ursa Minor]]
* [[Astronomy:Vela (constellation)|Vela]]
* [[Astronomy:Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
* [[Astronomy:Volans|Volans]]
* [[Astronomy:Vulpecula|Vulpecula]]
{{div col end}}

==== Constellation history====

===== The 48 constellations listed by [[Biography:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] after 150 AD =====
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Astronomy:Andromeda (constellation)|Andromeda]]
* [[Astronomy:Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]
* [[Astronomy:Aquila (constellation)|Aquila]]
* [[Astronomy:Ara (constellation)|Ara]]
* [[Astronomy:Argo Navis|Argo Navis]]
* [[Astronomy:Aries (constellation)|Aries]]
* [[Astronomy:Auriga (constellation)|Auriga]]
* [[Astronomy:Boötes|Boötes]]
* [[Astronomy:Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]]
* [[Astronomy:Canis Major|Canis Major]]
* [[Astronomy:Canis Minor|Canis Minor]]
* [[Astronomy:Capricornus|Capricornus]]
* [[Astronomy:Cassiopeia (constellation)|Cassiopeia]]
* [[Astronomy:Centaurus|Centaurus]]
* [[Astronomy:Cepheus (constellation)|Cepheus]]
* [[Astronomy:Cetus|Cetus]]
* [[Astronomy:Corona Australis|Corona Australis]]
* [[Astronomy:Corona Borealis|Corona Borealis]]
* [[Astronomy:Corvus (constellation)|Corvus]]
* [[Astronomy:Crater (constellation)|Crater]]
* [[Astronomy:Cygnus (constellation)|Cygnus]]
* [[Astronomy:Delphinus|Delphinus]]
* [[Astronomy:Draco (constellation)|Draco]]
* [[Astronomy:Equuleus|Equuleus]]
* [[Astronomy:Eridanus (constellation)|Eridanus]]
* [[Astronomy:Gemini (constellation)|Gemini]]
* [[Astronomy:Hercules (constellation)|Hercules]]
* [[Astronomy:Hydra (constellation)|Hydra]]
* [[Astronomy:Leo (constellation)|Leo]]
* [[Astronomy:Lepus (constellation)|Lepus]]
* [[Astronomy:Libra (constellation)|Libra]]
* [[Astronomy:Lupus (constellation)|Lupus]]
* [[Astronomy:Lyra|Lyra]]
* [[Astronomy:Ophiuchus|Ophiuchus]]
* [[Astronomy:Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
* [[Astronomy:Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]]
* [[Astronomy:Perseus (constellation)|Perseus]]
* [[Astronomy:Pisces (constellation)|Pisces]]
* [[Astronomy:Piscis Austrinus|Piscis Austrinus]]
* [[Astronomy:Sagitta|Sagitta]]
* [[Astronomy:Sagittarius (constellation)|Sagittarius]]
* [[Astronomy:Scorpius|Scorpius]]
* [[Astronomy:Serpens|Serpens]]
* [[Astronomy:Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]
* [[Astronomy:Triangulum|Triangulum]]
* [[Astronomy:Ursa Major|Ursa Major]]
* [[Astronomy:Ursa Minor|Ursa Minor]]
* [[Astronomy:Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
{{div col end}}

===== The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries =====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* <span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Vespucci&nbsp;or&nbsp;Corsalius&nbsp;early&nbsp;16c'':</span> [[Astronomy:Crux|Crux]]
* [[Astronomy:Triangulum Australe|Triangulum Australe]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Vopel''&nbsp;1536:</span> [[Astronomy:Coma Berenices|Coma Berenices]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Keyser&nbsp;&amp;&nbsp;de&nbsp;Houtman''&nbsp;1596:</span> [[Astronomy:Apus|Apus]]
* [[Astronomy:Chamaeleon|Chamaeleon]]
* [[Astronomy:Dorado|Dorado]]
* [[Astronomy:Grus (constellation)|Grus]]
* [[Astronomy:Hydrus|Hydrus]]
* [[Astronomy:Indus (constellation)|Indus]]
* [[Astronomy:Musca|Musca]]
* [[Astronomy:Pavo (constellation)|Pavo]]
* [[Astronomy:Phoenix (constellation)|Phoenix]]
* [[Astronomy:Tucana|Tucana]]
* [[Astronomy:Volans|Volans]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0; ">''Plancius&nbsp;1613:</span> [[Astronomy:Camelopardalis|Camelopardalis]]
* [[Astronomy:Columba (constellation)|Columba]]
* [[Astronomy:Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Habrecht''&nbsp;1621:</span> [[Astronomy:Reticulum|Reticulum]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''Hevelius''&nbsp;1683:</span> [[Astronomy:Canes Venatici|Canes Venatici]]
* [[Astronomy:Lacerta|Lacerta]]
* Leo Minor
* [[Astronomy:Lynx (constellation)|Lynx]]
* [[Astronomy:Scutum (constellation)|Scutum]]
* [[Astronomy:Sextans|Sextans]]
* [[Astronomy:Vulpecula|Vulpecula]] ▶&nbsp;<span style="background-color: #FFFFc0;">''de&nbsp;Lacaille''&nbsp;1763:</span> [[Astronomy:Antlia|Antlia]]
* [[Astronomy:Caelum|Caelum]]
* [[Astronomy:Carina (constellation)|Carina]]
* Circinus
* [[Astronomy:Fornax|Fornax]]
* [[Astronomy:Horologium (constellation)|Horologium]]
* [[Astronomy:Mensa (constellation)|Mensa]]
* [[Astronomy:Microscopium|Microscopium]]
* [[Astronomy:Norma (constellation)|Norma]]
* [[Astronomy:Octans|Octans]]
* [[Astronomy:Pictor|Pictor]]
* [[Astronomy:Puppis|Puppis]]
* [[Astronomy:Pyxis|Pyxis]]
* [[Astronomy:Sculptor (constellation)|Sculptor]]
* [[Astronomy:Telescopium|Telescopium]]
* [[Astronomy:Vela (constellation)|Vela]]
{{div col end}}

===== Obsolete constellations including Ptolemy's ''Argo Navis'' =====
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

[[Astronomy:Former constellations|Obsolete constellations]] including Ptolemy's ''Argo Navis''
[[Astronomy:Vulpecula#History|Anser]]
* [[Astronomy:Antinous (constellation)|Antinous]]
* [[Astronomy:Argo Navis|Argo Navis]]
* [[Astronomy:Canes Venatici#History|Asterion]]
* [[Astronomy:Cancer Minor (constellation)|Cancer Minor]]
* [[Astronomy:Cerberus (constellation)|Cerberus]]
* [[Astronomy:Canes Venatici#History|Chara]]
* [[Astronomy:Custos Messium|Custos Messium]]
* [[Astronomy:Felis (constellation)|Felis]]
* Frederici Honores/Gloria Frederici
* [[Astronomy:Gallus (constellation)|Gallus]]
* [[Astronomy:Globus Aerostaticus|Globus Aerostaticus]]
* [[Astronomy:Jordanus (constellation)|Jordanus]]
* [[Astronomy:Lochium Funis|Lochium Funis]]
* [[Astronomy:Machina Electrica|Machina Electrica]]
* [[Astronomy:Malus (constellation)|Malus]]
* [[Astronomy:Mons Maenalus|Mons Maenalus]]
* [[Astronomy:Musca Borealis|Musca Borealis]]
* [[Astronomy:Noctua (constellation)|Noctua]]
* [[Astronomy:Officina Typographica|Officina Typographica]]
* [[Astronomy:Polophylax|Polophylax]]
* [[Astronomy:Psalterium Georgii|Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii]]
* [[Astronomy:Quadrans Muralis|Quadrans Muralis]]
* [[Astronomy:Ramus Pomifer|Ramus Pomifer]]
* [[Astronomy:Robur Carolinum|Robur Carolinum]]
* [[Astronomy:Sceptrum Brandenburgicum|Sceptrum Brandenburgicum]]
* [[Astronomy:Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae|Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae]]
* [[Astronomy:Solarium (constellation)|Solarium]]
* [[Astronomy:Rangifer (constellation)|Rangifer/Tarandus]]
* [[Astronomy:Taurus Poniatovii|Taurus Poniatovii]]
* [[Astronomy:Telescopium Herschelii|Telescopium Herschelii]]
* [[Astronomy:Pisces (constellation)#Asterisms and subdivision|Testudo]]
* [[Astronomy:River Tigris (constellation)|Tigris]]
* [[Astronomy:Triangulum Minus|Triangulum Minus]]
* [[Astronomy:Turdus Solitarius|Turdus Solitarius]]
* Vespa
* Vultur cadens
* [[Astronomy:Aquila (constellation)#History|Vultur volans]]
{{div col end}}

===Clusters and nebulae===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* Interstellar matter
* [[Astronomy:Nebula|Nebula]]
* [[Astronomy:Crab Nebula|Crab Nebula]]
* [[Astronomy:H I region|H I region]]
* [[Astronomy:H II region|H II region]]
* Orion nebula
* [[Astronomy:Planetary nebula|Planetary nebula]]
* [[Astronomy:Pleiades|Pleiades]]
{{div col end}}

{{Stellar system}}

===Galaxies===
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy|Galaxy]]
* [[Astronomy:Andromeda Galaxy|Andromeda Galaxy]]
* [[Astronomy:Magellanic Clouds|Magellanic Clouds]]
* [[Astronomy:Quasar|Quasar]]

{{Milky Way}}
{{Galaxy}}

===Cosmology===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

* [[Astronomy:Big Bang|Big Bang]]
* [[Astronomy:Cosmic microwave background|Cosmic microwave background]]
* [[Astronomy:Cosmos|Cosmos]]
* [[Astronomy:Dark matter|Dark matter]]
* [[Astronomy:Cosmic distance ladder|Cosmic distance ladder]]
* [[Physics:Hubble constant|Hubble constant]]
* [[Astronomy:Olbers's paradox|Olbers's paradox]]
* [[Astronomy:Universe|Universe]]
{{div col end}}

{{CMB}}

===Space exploration===
: ''See: [[Astronomy:Outline of space exploration|Outline of space exploration]]''

===Organizations===

====Public sector space agencies====

Space agencies

=====Africa=====

======North Africa======
* {{flagicon|ALG|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Algerian Space Agency|Algerian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|EGY|size=15px}}&nbsp;National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences
* Egypt Remote Sensing Center
* {{flagicon|MAR|size=15px}}&nbsp;Royal Centre for Remote Sensing
* {{flagicon|TUN|size=15px}}&nbsp;National Remote Sensing Center

======Sub-Saharan======
* {{flagicon|NGA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:National Space Research and Development Agency|National Space Research and Development Agency]]
* {{flagicon|RSA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:South African National Space Agency|South African National Space Agency]]

=====North America=====
* {{flagicon|MEX|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Agencia Espacial Mexicana|Agencia Espacial Mexicana]]
* {{flagicon|CAN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Canadian Space Agency|Canadian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|USA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:NASA|NASA]]
* {{flagicon|USA|size=15px}}&nbsp;United States Department of Defense
** National Reconnaissance Office
** United States Army Space and Missile Defense Command
** United States Space Command
** United States Space Force

=====South America=====
* {{flagicon|VEN<!-- Yes Venezuela, not Bolivia! -->|size=15px}}&nbsp;Agencia Bolivariana para Actividades Espaciales
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Brazilian Space Agency|Brazilian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology
* {{flagicon|COL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Colombian Space Commission|Colombian Space Commission]]
* {{flagicon|ARG|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales|Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales]]
* {{flagicon|PER|size=15px}}&nbsp;Comisión Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Aeroespacial
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
* {{flagicon|VEN|size=15px}}&nbsp;Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas
* {{flagicon|BRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:National Institute for Space Research|National Institute for Space Research]]

=====Asia=====

======East Asia======
* {{flagicon|PRC|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Company:China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]] ([[Organization:China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology|China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology]]
* China Academy of Space Technology
* [[Company:China Chang Feng|China Chang Feng]]
* [[Company:China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation|China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation]]
* Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense)
* [[Organization:China National Space Administration|China National Space Administration]]
* {{flagicon|JPN|size=15px}}&nbsp;Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ([[Organization:Institute of Space and Astronautical Science|Institute of Space and Astronautical Science]]
* [[Organization:National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan|National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan]]
* National Space Development Agency of Japan)
* [[Organization:National Institute of Information and Communications Technology|National Institute of Information and Communications Technology]]
* Institute for Unmanned Space Experiment Free Flyer
* {{flagicon|MGL|size=15px}}&nbsp;National Remote Sensing Center
* {{flagicon|PRK|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Korean Committee of Space Technology|Korean Committee of Space Technology]]
* {{flagicon|KOR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Korea Aerospace Research Institute|Korea Aerospace Research Institute]]
* {{flagicon|ROC|size=15px}}&nbsp;National Space Organization

======Southeast Asia======
* {{flagicon|IDN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:National Institute of Aeronautics and Space|National Institute of Aeronautics and Space]]
* {{flagicon|MYS|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Malaysian Space Agency|Malaysian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|PHL|size=15px}}&nbsp;Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
* {{flagicon|THA|size=15px}}&nbsp;Thai Ministry of Science and Technology's Space Agency
* {{flagicon|VIE|size=15px}}&nbsp;Space Technology Institute
* Vietnam Space Commission

======South Asia======
* {{flagicon|BAN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization|Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization]]
* {{flagicon|IND|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Astronomy:Department of Space|Department of Space]]
** [[Company:Antrix Corporation|Antrix Corporation]]
** [[Organization:Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology|Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]]
** [[Astronomy:Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organisation]]
** [[Organization:National Atmospheric Research Laboratory|National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]]
** [[Company:New Space India Limited|New Space India Limited]]
** [[Astronomy:North-Eastern Space Applications Centre|North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]
** [[Organization:Physical Research Laboratory|Physical Research Laboratory]]
** [[Organization:Semi-Conductor Laboratory|Semi-Conductor Laboratory]]
*  {{flagicon|PAK|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Astronomy:Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission|Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission]]

======Southwest Asia======
* {{flagicon|AZE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency|Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|IRN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Iran Aviation Industries Organization|Iran Aviation Industries Organization]]
* [[Organization:Iranian Space Agency|Iranian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|ISR|size=15px}}&nbsp;Israel Space Agency
* National Committee for Space Research
* {{flagicon|TUR|size=15px}}&nbsp;TÜBİTAK UZAY

======Central Asia======
* {{flagicon|KAZ|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:KazCosmos|KazCosmos]]
* Kazakh Space Research Institute{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|TKM|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Turkmenistan National Space Agency|Turkmenistan National Space Agency]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|UZB|size=15px}}&nbsp;UzbekCosmos{{smallsup|1}}

=====Europe=====
* {{flagicon|AUT|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Austrian Space Agency|Austrian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|BLR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Belarus Space Agency|Belarus Space Agency]]{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|BEL|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy|Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy]]
* {{flagicon|BUL|size=15px}}&nbsp;Bulgarian Space Agency
* {{flagicon|CZE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Czech Space Office|Czech Space Office]]
* {{flagicon|DEN|size=15px}}&nbsp;Danish National Space Center
* <span style="background:blue; text-align:center; font-size:7pt; color:white;">esa</span>&nbsp;[[Organization:European Cooperation for Space Standardization|European Cooperation for Space Standardization]]
* [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|EU|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:EUMETSAT|EUMETSAT]]
* European Union Satellite Centre
* {{flagicon|FRA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:CNES|CNES]]
* {{flagicon|GER|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:German Aerospace Center|German Aerospace Center]]
* {{flagicon|GRE|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing|Institute for Space Applications and Remote Sensing]]
* {{flagicon|HUN|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Hungarian Space Office|Hungarian Space Office]]
* {{flagicon|IRL|size=15px}}&nbsp;Space Ireland
* {{flagicon|ITA|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Italian Space Agency|Italian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|LTU|size=15px}}&nbsp;Space Science and Technology Institute{{smallsup|1}}
* {{flagicon|LUX|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Luxinnovation|Luxinnovation]]
* {{flagicon|NLD|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Netherlands Institute for Space Research|Netherlands Institute for Space Research]]
* {{flagicon|NOR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Norwegian Space Centre|Norwegian Space Centre]]
* {{flagicon|POL|size=15px}}&nbsp;Space Research Centre
* {{flagicon|POR|size=15px}}&nbsp;Portuguese Space Company
* {{flagicon|ROU|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Romanian Space Agency|Romanian Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|RUS|size=15px}}&nbsp;Russian Federal Space Agency{{smallsup|1}}
* [[Organization:Russian Space Research Institute|Russian Space Research Institute]]{{smallsup|1}}
* [[Organization:Russian Space Forces|Russian Space Forces]]
* {{flagicon|URS|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Astronomy:Soviet space program|Soviet space program]]
* {{flagicon|Spain|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial|Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial]]
* {{flagicon|SWE|size=15px}}&nbsp;Swedish National Space Board
* {{flagicon|SUI|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:Swiss Space Office|Swiss Space Office]]
* {{flagicon|UK|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:UK Space Agency|UK Space Agency]]
* {{flagicon|UKR|size=15px}}&nbsp;[[Organization:State Space Agency of Ukraine|State Space Agency of Ukraine]]{{smallsup|1}}

=====Oceania=====
* {{flagicon|AUS|size=15px}}&nbsp;Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

=====World=====
* [[Organization:Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization|Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization]]
* [[Organization:Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems|Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems]]
* [[File:COSPAR symbol placeholder.svg]]&nbsp;[[Organization:Committee on Space Research|Committee on Space Research]]
* [[Organization:International Academy of Astronautics|International Academy of Astronautics]]
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intercosmos
* [[Organization:Intersputnik|Intersputnik]]
* {{flagicon|Arab League|size=15px}}&nbsp;Pan-Arab Space Agency
* {{flagicon|UN|size=15px}}&nbsp;{{wipe|United Nations}}
** United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
** [[Organization:United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs|United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]]


{{smallsup|1}} Preceded by the [[Astronomy:Soviet space program|Soviet space program]]

===Books and publications===
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}

* ''[[Astronomy:Almagest|Almagest]]''
* ''[[Physics:Astronomia nova|Astronomia Nova]]''
* ''Astronomical Journal''
* ''Astrophysical Journal''
* ''[[Astronomy:Durchmusterung|BD Catalogue]]''
* ''De Revolutionibus''
* ''Henry Draper Catalogue''
* ''Messier Catalogue''
* ''[[Astronomy:New General Catalogue|New General Catalogue]]''
* ''[[Physics:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|Principia]]''
{{div col end}}

==Astronomers==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* Aryabhata
* [[Biography:Walter Baade|Walter Baade]]
* Friedrich Bessel
* [[Biography:Tycho Brahe|Tycho Brahe]]
* Annie Jump Cannon
* Alvan Clark
* Nicholas Copernicus
* [[Biography:Galileo Galilei|Galileo Galilei]]
* George Ellery Hale
* William Herschel
* [[Biography:Edwin Hubble|Edwin Hubble]]
* Jacobus Kapteyn
* [[Biography:Johannes Kepler|Johannes Kepler]]
* [[Biography:Gerard Kuiper|Gerard Kuiper]]
* [[Biography:Joseph-Louis Lagrange|Joseph-Louis Lagrange]]
* [[Biography:Pierre-Simon Laplace|Pierre-Simon Laplace]]
* Henrietta Leavitt
* [[Biography:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]]
* Edward C. Pickering
* [[Biography:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]]
* Henry Norris Russell
* Harlow Shapley
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Astronomy:Asterism|Asterism]]
* [[Astronomy:Constellation|Constellation]]
* [[Astronomy:Galaxy|Galaxy]]
* [[Astronomy:Globular cluster|Globular cluster]]
* Gravitation
* [[Astronomy:Guest star|Guest star]]
* [[Astronomy:Helioseismology|Helioseismology]]
* [[Astronomy:Infrared dark cloud|Infrared dark cloud]]
* [[Astronomy:Intergalactic star|Intergalactic star]]
* [[Astronomy:Open cluster|Open cluster]]
* [[Astronomy:Planet|Planet]]
* [[Astronomy:Star cluster|Star cluster]]
* [[Astronomy:Stellar association|Stellar association]]
* [[Astronomy:Supercluster|Supercluster]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://astronomyguide.byethost4.com/ Astronomy Guide] For reviews on astronomy products, how-to's and current events.
*[http://www.astronomy.net/ Astronomy Net] Resources, forums (from 1995), articles on Astronomy.
*[http://www.astronomy2009.org International Year of Astronomy 2009] IYA2009 Main website
* [http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/index.htm Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology] from the American Institute of Physics
*[https://web.archive.org/web/19981202085205/http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ Astronomy Picture of the Day]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190119030529/http://astronomy.net.nz/ Southern Hemisphere Astronomy]
*[http://www.skyandtelescope.com/ ''Sky & Telescope''] publishers
*[http://www.astronomy.com/ ''Astronomy'' Magazine]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195741/http://www.astrolink.ir/en/ Latest astronomy news in 11 languages]
*[http://www.universetoday.com/ Universe Today] for astronomy and space-related news
*[http://www.celestiamotherlode.net/catalog/educational.php/ Celestia Motherlode] Educational site for Astronomical journeys through space
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061018205032/http://www.astrofind.net/ Search Engine for Astronomy]
*[http://www.hubblesite.org Hubblesite.org – home of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231451/http://www.literature.at/elib/index.php5?title=Astronomy_-_A_History_-_George_Forbes_-_1909 ''Astronomy – A History'' – G. Forbes – 1909 (eLibrary Project – eLib Text)]
*  (historical)
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/subseries/16 Prof. Sir Harry Kroto, NL], Astrophysical Chemistry Lecture Series. 8 Freeview Lectures provided by the Vega Science Trust.
* [http://ads.harvard.edu/books/clab/ Core books] and [http://ads.harvard.edu/books/claj/ core journals] in Astronomy, from the Smithsonian/NASA [[Physics:Astrophysics Data System|Astrophysics Data System]]

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