View source for Biology:Chromosome 15

{{Short description|Human chromosome}}
{{Infobox chromosome
| image = Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 15 cropped.png
| caption = Human chromosome 15 pair after [[Biology:G banding|G-banding]].<br />One is from mother, one is from father.
| image2 = Human male karyotpe high resolution - Chromosome 15.png
| caption2 = Chromosome 15 pair<br /> in human male karyogram.
| length_bp = 99,753,195 bp<br />(CHM13)
| genes =  561 ([[Biology:Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]])<ref name="CCDS"/>
| type = [[Biology:Autosome|Autosome]]
| centromere_position = [[Biology:Centromere#Acrocentric|Acrocentric]]<ref name="StrachanRead2010">{{cite book|author1=Tom Strachan|author2=Andrew Read|title=Human Molecular Genetics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSwWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|date=2 April 2010|publisher=Garland Science|isbn=978-1-136-84407-2|page=45}}</ref><br />(19.0 Mbp<ref name="850bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.   [http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_850_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (850 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-06-03. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref>)
| chr = 15
| ensembl_id = 15
| entrez_id = 15
| ncbi_id = 15
| ucsc_id = 15
| refseq_id = NC_000015
| genbank_id = CM000677
}}
'''Chromosome 15''' is one of the 23 pairs of [[Biology:Chromosome|chromosome]]s in [[Biology:Human|human]]s. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 15 spans about 99.7 million [[Biology:Base pair|base pair]]s (the building material of [[Biology:DNA|DNA]]) and represents between 3% and 3.5% of the total DNA in [[Biology:Cell|cells]]. Chromosome 15 is an acrocentric chromosome, with a very small short arm (the "p" arm, for "petite"), which contains few protein coding genes among its 19 million base pairs. It has a larger long arm (the "q" arm) that is gene rich, spanning about 83 million base pairs.

The [[Biology:Human leukocyte antigen|human leukocyte antigen]] gene for [[Biology:Beta-2 microglobulin|β2-microglobulin]] is found on chromosome 15, as well as the FBN1 gene, coding for both fibrillin-1 (a protein critical to the proper functioning of connective tissue), and [[Biology:Asprosin|asprosin]] (a small protein produced from part of the transcribed FBN1 gene mRNA), which is involved in fat metabolism.

==Genes==
=== Number of genes ===
The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 15. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see [[Gene prediction|gene prediction]]). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project ([[Biology:Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]]) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.<ref name="pmid20441615">{{cite journal| author=Pertea M, Salzberg SL| title=Between a chicken and a grape: estimating the number of human genes. | journal=Genome Biol | year= 2010 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 206 | pmid=20441615 | doi=10.1186/gb-2010-11-5-206 | pmc=2898077 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! Estimated by
! Protein-coding genes
! [[Biology:Non-coding RNA|Non-coding RNA gene]]s
! [[Biology:Pseudogene|Pseudogene]]s
! Source
! Release date
|-
| [[Biology:Consensus CDS Project|CCDS]] || 561 || — || —
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="CCDS">{{cite web | title=Search results – 15&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ("has ccds"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;) – Gene | website= NCBI |version = CCDS Release 20 for ''Homo sapiens'' | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=15%5BChr%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22has%20ccds%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch |date=2016-09-08 | access-date=2017-05-28}}</ref>
| 2016-09-08
|-
| [[Organization:HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee|HGNC]]|| 559 || 328 || 433
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="HGNC20170512">{{cite web | title=Statistics & Downloads for chromosome 15 | website=HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee | url=https://www.genenames.org/cgi-bin/statistics?c=15  |date=2017-05-12 | access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>
| 2017-05-12
|-
| [[Biology:Ensembl genome database project|Ensembl]] || 605 || 992 || 508
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="Ensembl Release 88">{{cite web | title=Chromosome 15: Chromosome summary – Homo sapiens | website= Ensembl Release 88 | url=http://mar2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Location/Chromosome?r=15 |date=2017-03-29 | access-date=2017-05-19}}</ref>
| 2017-03-29
|-
| [[Biology:UniProt|UniProt]] || 601 || — || —
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="UniProt">{{cite web | title=Human chromosome 15: entries, gene names and cross-references to MIM | website= UniProt | url=https://www.uniprot.org/docs/humchr15.txt |date=2018-02-28 | access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref>
| 2018-02-28
|-
| [[Organization:National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] || 629 || 716 || 594
|style="text-align:center"| <ref name="NCBI coding">{{cite web | title=Search results – 15&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ("genetype protein coding"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;) – Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=15%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref name="NCBI noncoding">{{cite web | title=Search results – 15&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ( ("genetype miscrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype ncrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype rrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype trna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype scrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype snrna"&#91;Properties&#93; OR "genetype snorna"&#91;Properties&#93;) NOT "genetype protein coding"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;) – Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=15%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%28%22genetype%20miscrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20ncrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20rrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20trna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20scrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snrna%22%5BProperties%5D%20OR%20%22genetype%20snorna%22%5BProperties%5D%29%20NOT%20%22genetype%20protein%20coding%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref><ref name="NCBI pseudo">{{cite web | title=Search results – 15&#91;CHR&#93; AND "Homo sapiens"&#91;Organism&#93; AND ("genetype pseudo"&#91;Properties&#93; AND alive&#91;prop&#93;) – Gene | website=NCBI | date=2017-05-19 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=15%5BCHR%5D%20AND%20%22Homo%20sapiens%22%5BOrganism%5D%20AND%20%28%22genetype%20pseudo%22%5BProperties%5D%20AND%20alive%5Bprop%5D%29&cmd=DetailsSearch | access-date=2017-05-20}}</ref>
| 2017-05-19
|}

=== Gene list ===
{{Category see also|Genes on human chromosome 15}}
The following is a partial list of genes on human chromosome 15. For complete list, see the link in the infobox on the right.
{{Columns-list|
* [[Biology:AAGAB|AAGAB]]: alpha- and gamma-adaptin binding protein
* [[Biology:ACSBG1|ACSBG1]]: encoding [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] Acyl-CoA Synthetase, Bubblegum Family, member 1
* ADH1: alcohol dehydrogenase 
* [[Biology:ARHGAP11B|ARHGAP11B]]: a human-specific gene encoding the Rho GTPase activating protein 11B, that amplifies [[Biology:Progenitor cell|basal progenitors]], controls neural progenitor proliferation, and contributes to [[Biology:Neocortex|neocortex]] folding.
* ARPIN: encoding protein Actin related protein 2/3 complex inhibitor
* [[Biology:ARPP-19|ARPP-19]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein 19
* [[Biology:B2MR|B2MR]]: encoding protein Beta-2-microglobulin regulator
* C15orf15: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Probable ribosome biogenesis protein RLP24
* C15orf32: encoding protein Uncharacterized protein C15orf32
* [[Biology:C15orf54|C15orf54]]: encoding protein Chromosome 15 Open Reading Frame 54
* CAPN3: Calpain 3 (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A)
* CELF6: encoding protein Cugbp elav-like family member 6
* CHP: Calcium binding protein P22\
* [[Biology:CHSY1|CHSY1]]: Chondroitin sulfate synthase 1
* [[Biology:CLK3 (gene)|CLK3]]: CDC like kinase 3
* [[Biology:ClpX|ClpX]]: encoding [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] ATP-dependent Clp protease ATP-binding subunit clpX-like, mitochondrial
* [[Biology:COMMD4|COMMD4]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] COMM domain-containing protein 4
* [[Biology:CPEB1|CPEB1]]: Cytoplasmic polyladenylation element binding protein 1
* CRAT37: encoding protein Cervical cancer-associated transcript 37
* CYP19A1: encoding protein Cytochrome p450 family 19 subfamily a member 1
* [[Biology:DTWD1|DTWD1]]:
* [[Biology:ELL3|ELL3]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Elongation factor RNA polymerase II-like 3
* FAH: fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (fumarylacetoacetase)
* FAM214A: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Protein FAM214A
* FBN1: fibrillin 1 (Marfan syndrome)
* [[Biology:Forkhead box b1|FOXB1]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Forkhead box B1
* [[Biology:GATM (gene)|GATM]]: Glycine aminotransferase, mitochondrial
* [[Biology:GCHFR|GCHFR]]: GTP cyclohydrolase 1 feedback regulatory protein
* GLC1I: encoding protein Glaucoma 1, open angle, i
* [[Biology:GLCE|GLCE]]: D-glucuronyl C5-epimerase
* [[Biology:GOLGA8H|GOLGA8H]]: encoding protein Golgin subfamily A member 8H
* [[Biology:HDGFRP3|HDGFRP3]]:
* [[Biology:HEXA|HEXA]]: hexosaminidase A (alpha polypeptide)([[Medicine:Tay–Sachs disease|Tay–Sachs disease]])
* [[Biology:HMG20A|HMG20A]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] High mobility group protein 20A
* IDDM3 encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus 3
* [[Biology:IMP3|IMP3]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein protein IMP3
* ITPKA: encoding [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] Inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase A
* IVD: isovaleryl Coenzyme A dehydrogenase
* [[Biology:KATNBL1|KATNBL1]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] KATNBL1
* KIAA1024: encoding protein Kiaa1024
* LARP6 encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] La-related protein 6 also known as acheron or La ribonucleoprotein domain family member 6 (LARP6),
* [[Biology:LCMT2|LCMT2]]: encoding [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] Leucine carboxyl methyltransferase 2
* LINC00926 encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 926
* MESDC2: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] LDLR chaperone MESD
* [[Biology:MESP1|MESP1]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] [[Biology:Mesoderm|Mesoderm]] posterior 1 homolog (mouse)
* [[Biology:MFAP1|MFAP1]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Microfibrillar-associated protein 1
* [[Biology:Microcephalin|MCPH4]]: microcephaly, primary autosomal recessive 4
* [[Biology:Multiple c2 domains, transmembrane 2|MCTP2]]: encoding protein Multiple c2 domains, transmembrane 2
* MIR7-2: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] MicroRNA 7-2
* MIR1282: encoding protein MicroRNA 1282
* [[Biology:MIR627|MIR627]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] MicroRNA 627
* [[Biology:MIR9-3HG|MIR9-3HG]]: encoding protein MIR9-3 host gene
* [[Biology:NIPA2|NIPA2]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Non-imprinted in Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome region protein 2
* NUSAP1: encoding protein Nucleolar and spindle associated protein 1
* [[Biology:OCA2|OCA2]]: oculocutaneous albinism II (pink-eye dilution homolog, mouse)
* [[Biology:PDCD7|PDCD7]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Programmed cell death protein 7
* PIF1: encoding protein PIF1 5'-to-3' DNA helicase
* PIGBOS1: encoding protein Pigb opposite strand 1
* PLA2G4D: encoding protein Phospholipase A2 group IVD
* PLA2G4E: encoding protein Phospholipase A2 group IVE
* PML: promyelocytic leukemia protein (involved in t(15,17) with RARalpha, predominant cause of acute promyelocytic leukemia.
* [[Biology:POTEB|POTEB]]: encoding protein POTE ankyrin domain family, member B
* [[Biology:PTPLAD1|PTPLAD1]]: encoding [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] Protein tyrosine phosphatase-like protein PTPLAD1
* [[Biology:PYGO1|PYGO1]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Pygopus homolog 1 (Drosophila)
* [[Biology:RAD51|RAD51]]: RAD51 homolog (RecA homolog, E. coli) (S. cerevisiae)
* [[Biology:RMDN3|RMDN3]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Regulator of microtubule dynamics protein 3
* [[Biology:RNR3|RNR3]]: encoding RNA, ribosomal 45S cluster 3
* [[Biology:RTF1|RTF1]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Rtf1, Paf1/RNA polymerase II complex component, homolog (''S. cerevisiae'')
* [[Biology:RTFDC1|RTFDC1]]: encoding protein Replication termination factor 2
* [[Biology:SCAMP2|SCAMP2]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 2
* SCAMP5: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Secretory carrier-associated membrane protein 5
* [[Biology:Schizophrenia disorder 10 (periodic catatonia)|SCZD10]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Schizophrenia disorder 10 (periodic catatonia)
* [[Biology:SCAPER|SCAPER]]: S-phase CyclinA Associated Protein residing in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
* [[Biology:SENP8|SENP8]]: encoding [[Biology:Enzyme|enzyme]] Sentrin-specific protease 8
* [[Biology:SERF2|SERF2]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Small EDRK-rich factor 2
* [[Biology:SLC24A5|SLC24A5]]: the gene responsible for at least 1/3 of the skin color differences between races, expressed in the brain and the nervous system
* [[Biology:SNAPC5|SNAPC5]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] snRNA-activating protein complex subunit 5
* [[Biology:SPN1|SPN1]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Snurportin1
* [[Biology:STRC|STRC]]: stereocilin
* SUHW4: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Zinc finger protein 280D
* SYNM: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Synemin
* [[Biology:TEX9|TEX9]]: encoding protein Testis-expressed protein 9
* TGFBR2: location 3p24.2-p25 due to a inactivation mutation
* TMC3: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Transmembrane channel like 3
* TM6SF1: encoding protein Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 1
* [[Biology:TMCO5A|TMCO5A]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Transmembrane and coiled-coil domains 5A
* TMED3: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 3
* [[Biology:Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme e2 q2|UBE2Q2]]: encoding protein Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme e2 q2
* [[Biology:UBE3A|UBE3A]]: ubiquitin protein ligase E3A (human papilloma virus E6-associated protein, Angelman syndrome)
* [[Biology:Ube3a-ATS|Ube3a-ATS]]:
* UNC13C: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Unc-13 homolog C
* [[Biology:VPS39|VPS39]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] hVam6p/Vps39-like protein
* WDR76: encoding protein Wd repeat domain 76
* [[Biology:Zinc finger protein 592|ZNF592]]: encoding [[Biology:Protein|protein]] Zinc finger protein 592
}}

== Chromosomal conditions ==
The following conditions are caused by mutations in chromosome 15. Two of the&nbsp;conditions ([[Medicine:Angelman syndrome|Angelman syndrome]] and [[Medicine:Prader–Willi syndrome|Prader–Willi syndrome]]) involve a loss of gene activity in the same part of chromosome 15, the 15q11.2-q13.1 region.  This discovery provided the first evidence in humans that something [[Biology:Epigenetics|beyond genes]] could determine how the [[Biology:Gene expression|genes are expressed]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Teacher's Guide | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/programs/3413_genes.html |publisher=Nova (TV series)| work=Ghost in Your Genes (season 35) | date=October 16, 2007 | access-date=2009-09-26 | quote=The program...recounts how one scientist determined how the deletion of a key sequence of DNA on human chromosome 15 could lead to two different syndromes depending on whether the deletion originated from the mother or the father [and] explains that this was the first human evidence that something other than genes themselves could determine how genes are expressed.}}</ref>

=== Angelman syndrome ===
{{Main|Angelman syndrome}}  <!-- check here for refs to use in this summary -->

The main characteristics of Angelman syndrome are severe intellectual disability, [[Medicine:Ataxia|ataxia]], lack of speech, and excessively happy demeanor. Angelman syndrome results from a loss of gene activity in a specific part of chromosome 15, the 15q11-q13 region. This region contains a gene called UBE3A that, when mutated or absent, likely causes the characteristic features of this condition. People normally have two copies of the UBE3A gene, one from each parent. Both copies of this gene are active in many of the body's tissues. In the brain, however, only the copy inherited from a person's mother (the maternal copy) is active. If the maternal copy is lost because of a chromosomal change or a gene mutation, a person will have no working copies of the UBE3A gene in the brain.

In most cases (about 70%){{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}, people with Angelman syndrome have a deletion in the maternal copy of chromosome 15. This chromosomal change deletes the region of chromosome 15 that includes the [[Biology:UBE3A|UBE3A]] gene. Because the copy of the UBE3A gene inherited from a person's father (the paternal copy) is normally inactive in the brain, a deletion in the maternal chromosome 15 results in no active copies of the UBE3A gene in the brain.

In 3% to 7% of cases,{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Angelman syndrome occurs when a person has two copies of the paternal chromosome 15 instead of one copy from each parent. This phenomenon is called paternal uniparental disomy (UPD). People with paternal UPD for chromosome 15 have two copies of the UBE3A gene, but they are both inherited from the father and are therefore inactive in the brain.

About 10% of Angelman syndrome cases are caused by a mutation in the UBE3A gene, and another 3% result from a defect in the DNA region that controls the activation of the UBE3A gene and other genes on the maternal copy of chromosome 15. In a small percentage of cases, Angelman syndrome may be caused by a chromosomal rearrangement called a translocation or by a mutation in a gene other than UBE3A. These genetic changes can abnormally inactivate the UBE3A gene.

Angelman syndrome can be hereditary, as evidenced by one case where a patient became pregnant with a daughter who also had the condition.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lossie A, Driscoll D | title = Transmission of Angelman syndrome by an affected mother | journal = Genet Med | volume = 1 | issue = 6 | pages = 262–6 | year = 1999| pmid = 11258627 | doi = 10.1097/00125817-199909000-00004| doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Prader–Willi syndrome ===
{{Main|Prader–Willi syndrome}} <!-- check here for refs to use in this summary -->

The main characteristics of this condition include polyphagia (extreme, insatiable appetite), mild to moderate developmental delay, hypogonadism resulting in delayed to no puberty, and [[Medicine:Hypotonia|hypotonia]]. Prader-Willi syndrome is caused by the loss of active genes in a specific part of chromosome 15, the 15q11-q13 region. People normally have two copies of this chromosome in each cell, one copy from each parent. Prader–Willi syndrome occurs when the paternal copy is partly or entirely missing.

In about 70% of cases,{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} Prader–Willi syndrome occurs when the 15q11-q13 region of the paternal chromosome 15 is deleted. The genes in this region are normally active on the paternal copy of the chromosome and are inactive on the maternal copy. Therefore, a person with a deletion in the paternal chromosome 15 will have no active genes in this region.

In about 25% of cases, a person with Prader–Willi syndrome has two maternal copies of chromosome 15 in each cell instead of one copy from each parent. This phenomenon is called maternal uniparental disomy. Because some genes are normally active only on the paternal copy of this chromosome, a person with two maternal copies of chromosome 15 will have no active copies of these genes.

In a small percentage of cases, Prader–Willi syndrome is not caused by a chromosomal rearrangement called a translocation. Rarely, the condition is caused by an abnormality in the DNA region that controls the activity of genes on the paternal chromosome 15. Because patients almost always have difficulty reproducing, Prader–Willi syndrome is generally not hereditary.

=== Isodicentric chromosome 15 ===
{{Main|Isodicentric 15}} <!-- check here for refs to use in this summary -->

A specific chromosomal change called an isodicentric chromosome 15 (IDIC15) (also known by a number of [https://www.dup15q.org/understanding-dup15q/why-is-it-called-dup15q-syndrome/ other names]) can affect growth and development. The patient possesses an "extra" or "marker" chromosome. This small extra chromosome is made up of genetic material from chromosome 15 that has been abnormally duplicated (copied) and attached end-to-end. In some cases, the extra chromosome is very small and has no effect on a person's health. A larger isodicentric chromosome 15 can result in weak muscle tone (hypotonia),  intellectual disability, seizures, and behavioral problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dup15q.org/understanding-dup15q/what-is-dup15q-syndrome/|title=What is Dup15q Syndrome? – Dup15q|website=www.dup15q.org|language=en|access-date=2017-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906041205/http://www.dup15q.org/understanding-dup15q/what-is-dup15q-syndrome/|archive-date=2017-09-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> Signs and symptoms of [[Medicine:Autism spectrum|autism]] (a developmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction) have also been associated with the presence of an isodicentric chromosome 15.

=== Other chromosomal conditions ===
Other changes in the number or structure of chromosome 15 can cause developmental delays, delayed growth and development, hypotonia, and characteristic facial features.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} These changes include an extra copy of part of chromosome 15 in each cell (partial trisomy 15) or a missing segment of the chromosome in each cell (partial monosomy 15). In some cases, several of the chromosome's DNA building blocks (nucleotides) are deleted or duplicated.

The following diseases are some of those related to genes on chromosome 15:{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}
* [[Medicine:Bloom syndrome|Bloom syndrome]]
* [[Medicine:Breast cancer|Breast cancer]]
* [[Medicine:Isovaleric acidemia|Isovaleric acidemia]]
* [[Medicine:Loeys–Dietz syndrome|Loeys–Dietz]], type 3 (SMAD3 gene)
* [[Medicine:Marfan syndrome|Marfan syndrome]]
* [[Medicine:Nonsyndromic deafness|Nonsyndromic deafness]] <!-- autosomal dominant/recessive, mitochondrial, X-linked -->
* Schaaf–Yang syndrome (SYS)
* [[Medicine:Tay–Sachs disease|Tay–Sachs disease]]
* [[Medicine:Tyrosinemia|Tyrosinemia]]
* [[Medicine:Photic sneeze reflex|Autosomal Dominant Compelling Helio-Ophthalmic Outburst syndrome]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photic Sneeze Reflex {{!}} AncestryDNA® Traits Learning Hub|url=https://www.ancestry.com/lp/traits/photic-sneeze-reflex|access-date=2022-02-22|website=www.ancestry.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Cytogenetic band==
{{multiple image
 | header = G-banding ideograms of human chromosome 15
 | total_width = 400
 | image1 = Human chromosome 15 ideogram vertical.svg
 | width1 = 216
 | height1= 1125
 | caption1 = G-banding ideogram of human chromosome 15 in resolution 850 bphs. Band length in this diagram is proportional to base-pair length. This type of ideogram is generally used in genome browsers (e.g. Ensembl, [[Biology:UCSC Genome Browser|UCSC Genome Browser]]).
 | image2 = Human chromosome 15 - 400 550 850 bphs.png
 | width2 = 1003
 | height2= 2801
 | caption2 = G-banding patterns of human chromosome 15 in three different resolutions (400,<ref name="400bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI. [http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_400_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (400 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2014-03-04. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref> 550<ref name="550bphs">Genome Decoration Page, NCBI.   [http://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/gdp/ideogram_9606_GCF_000001305.14_550_V1 Ideogram data for Homo sapience (550 bphs, Assembly GRCh38.p3)]. Last update 2015-08-11. Retrieved 2017-04-26.</ref> and 850<ref name="850bphs"/>). Band length in this diagram is based on the ideograms from ISCN (2013).<ref name="Nomenclature2013">{{cite book|author=International Standing Committee on Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature|title=ISCN 2013: An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGCLrh0DIwEC|year=2013|publisher=Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers|isbn=978-3-318-02253-7}}</ref> This type of ideogram represents actual relative band length observed under a microscope at the different moments during the [[Biology:Mitosis|mitotic process]].<ref name="SethakulvichaiManitpornsut2012">{{cite book|last1=Sethakulvichai|first1=W.|last2=Manitpornsut|first2=S.|last3=Wiboonrat|first3=M.|last4=Lilakiatsakun|first4=W.|last5=Assawamakin|first5=A.|last6=Tongsima|first6=S.|title=2012 Ninth International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (JCSSE) |chapter=Estimation of band level resolutions of human chromosome images |year=2012|pages=276–282|doi=10.1109/JCSSE.2012.6261965|isbn=978-1-4673-1921-8|s2cid=16666470|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261304470}}</ref>
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ [[Biology:G banding|G-band]]s of human chromosome 15 in resolution 850 bphs<ref name="850bphs"/>
! Chr.
! Arm<ref>"'''p'''": Short arm; "'''q'''": Long arm.</ref>
! Band<ref>For cytogenetic banding nomenclature, see article [[Biology:Locus (genetics)|locus]].</ref>
! ISCN<br />start<ref name="ISCN">These values (ISCN start/stop) are based on the length of bands/ideograms from the ISCN book, An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (2013). [[Arbitrary unit]].</ref>
! ISCN<br />stop<ref name="ISCN"/>
! Basepair<br />start
! Basepair<br />stop
! Stain<ref>'''gpos''': Region which is positively stained by [[Biology:G banding|G banding]], generally [[Biology:GC-content|AT-rich]] and gene poor; '''gneg''': Region which is negatively stained by G banding, generally [[Biology:GC-content|CG-rich]] and gene rich; '''acen''' [[Biology:Centromere|Centromere]]. '''var''': Variable region; '''stalk''': Stalk.</ref>
! Density
|-
| 15 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 13 || 0 || 270 || {{val|1|fmt=commas}} || {{val|4200000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"| gvar ||
|-
| 15 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 12 || 270 || 631 || {{val|4200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|9700000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#708090; color:white;"| stalk ||
|-
| 15 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 11.2 || 631 || 1142 || {{val|9700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|17500000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#e0e0e0"| gvar ||
|-
| 15 || p
|style="text-align:left"| 11.1 || 1142 || 1382 || {{val|17500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|19000000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;"| acen ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 11.1 || 1382 || 1487 || {{val|19000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|20500000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#6e7f8f; color:white;"| acen ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 11.2 || 1487 || 1773 || {{val|20500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|25500000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 12 || 1773 || 1968 || {{val|25500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|27800000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.1 || 1968 || 2164 || {{val|27800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|30000000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.2 || 2164 || 2284 || {{val|30000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|30900000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 13.3 || 2284 || 2524 || {{val|30900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|33400000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 14 || 2524 || 2765 || {{val|33400001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|39800000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#636363; color:white;"| gpos || 75
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 15.1 || 2765 || 2975 || {{val|39800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|42500000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 15.2 || 2975 || 3065 || {{val|42500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|43300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 15.3 || 3065 || 3245 || {{val|43300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|44500000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.1 || 3245 || 3471 || {{val|44500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|49200000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#636363; color:white;"| gpos || 75
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.2 || 3471 || 3621 || {{val|49200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|52600000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 21.3 || 3621 || 3846 || {{val|52600001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|58800000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#636363; color:white;"| gpos || 75
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 22.1 || 3846 || 3982 || {{val|58800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|59000000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 22.2 || 3982 || 4087 || {{val|59000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|63400000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 22.31 || 4087 || 4252 || {{val|63400001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|66900000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 22.32 || 4252 || 4357 || {{val|66900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|67000000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 22.33 || 4357 || 4507 || {{val|67000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|67200000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 23 || 4507 || 4613 || {{val|67200001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|72400000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.1 || 4613 || 4748 || {{val|72400001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|74900000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.2 || 4748 || 4808 || {{val|74900001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|76300000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#d9d9d9"| gpos || 25
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 24.3 || 4808 || 4928 || {{val|76300001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|78000000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 25.1 || 4928 || 5048 || {{val|78000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|81400000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 25.2 || 5048 || 5169 || {{val|81400001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|84700000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 25.3 || 5169 || 5379 || {{val|84700001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|88500000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 26.1 || 5379 || 5649 || {{val|88500001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|93800000|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 26.2 || 5649 || 5860 || {{val|93800001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|98000000|fmt=commas}}
|style="background:#979797"| gpos || 50
|-
| 15 || q
|style="text-align:left"| 26.3 || 5860 || 6070 || {{val|98000001|fmt=commas}} || {{val|101991189|fmt=commas}}
| style="background:white"| gneg ||
|}

==References==
Specific references:
{{Reflist}}
General references:
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Bittel DC, Butler MG | title=Prader-Willi syndrome: clinical genetics, cytogenetics and molecular biology | journal=Expert Rev Mol Med | year=2005 | pages=1–20 | volume=7 | issue=14  | pmid=16038620 | doi=10.1017/S1462399405009531| pmc=6750281 }}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Bittel DC, Kibiryeva N, Talebizadeh Z, Butler MG | title=Microarray analysis of gene/transcript expression in Prader-Willi syndrome: deletion versus UPD | journal=J Med Genet | year=2003 | pages=568–574 | volume=40 | issue=8  | pmid=12920063 | doi=10.1136/jmg.40.8.568 | pmc=1735542}}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Bittel DC, Kibiryeva N, Talebizadeh Z, Driscoll DJ, Butler MG | title=Microarray analysis of gene/transcript expression in Angelman syndrome: deletion versus UPD | journal=Genomics | year=2005 | pages=85–91 | volume=85 | issue=1  | pmid=15607424 | doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2004.10.010| pmc=6800218 }}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Borgatti R, Piccinelli P, Passoni D, Dalpra L, Miozzo M, Micheli R, Gagliardi C, Balottin U | title=Relationship between clinical and genetic features in "inverted duplicated chromosome 15" patients | journal=Pediatr Neurol | year=2001 | pages=111–116 | volume=24 | issue=2  | pmid=11275459 | doi=10.1016/S0887-8994(00)00244-7}}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Butler MG, Bittel DC, Kibiryeva N, Talebizadeh Z, Thompson T | title=Behavioral differences among subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome and type I or type II deletion and maternal disomy | journal=Pediatrics | year=2004 | pages=565–573 | volume=113 | issue=3 Pt 1  | pmid=14993551 | doi=10.1542/peds.113.3.565| pmc=6743499 }}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Cassidy SB, Dykens E, Williams CA | title=Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes: sister imprinted disorders | journal=Am J Med Genet | year=2000 | pages=136–146 | volume=97 | issue=2  | pmid=11180221 | doi=10.1002/1096-8628(200022)97:2<136::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-V| s2cid=20832857 }}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Clayton-Smith J, Laan L | title=Angelman syndrome: a review of the clinical and genetic aspects | journal=J Med Genet | year=2003 | pages=87–95 | volume=40 | issue=2  | pmid=12566516 | doi=10.1136/jmg.40.2.87 | pmc=1735357}}
* {{Cite journal | author=Gilbert F | title=Disease genes and chromosomes: disease maps of the human genome. Chromosome 15 | journal=Genet Test | year=1999 | pages=309–322 | volume=3 | issue=3  | pmid=10495933 | doi=10.1089/109065799316653}}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Lee S, Wevrick R | title=Identification of novel imprinted transcripts in the Prader-Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome deletion region: further evidence for regional imprinting control | journal=Am J Hum Genet | year=2000 | pages=848–858 | volume=66 | issue=3  | pmid=10712201 | doi=10.1086/302817 | pmc=1288168}}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Rineer S, Finucane B, Simon EW | title=Autistic symptoms among children and young adults with isodicentric chromosome 15 | journal=Am J Med Genet | year=1998 | pages=428–433 | volume=81 | issue=5  | pmid=9754629 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<428::AID-AJMG12>3.0.CO;2-E}}
* {{Cite journal | vauthors=Zollino M, Tiziano F, Di Stefano C, Neri G | title=Partial duplication of the long arm of chromosome 15: confirmation of a causative role in craniosynostosis and definition of a 15q25-qter trisomy syndrome | journal=Am J Med Genet | year=1999 | pages=391–394 | volume=87 | issue=5  | pmid=10594876 | doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19991222)87:5<391::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-O| doi-access=free }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | author= National Institutes of Health | title= Chromosome 15 | work= Genetics Home Reference | url= http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=15 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040803050038/http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome=15 | url-status= dead | archive-date= August 3, 2004 | access-date= 2017-05-06 }}
* {{Cite web|url=http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/chromo15.shtml|title=Chromosome 15|website=Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990–2003|access-date=2017-05-06}}

{{Chromosome genetics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chromosome 15 (Human)}}
[[Category:Chromosomes (human)]]
[[Category:Genes on human chromosome 15|*]]

{{Sourceattribution|Chromosome 15}}