View source for Biology:Dinichthys

{{Short description|Extinct genus of placoderm fish}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Late Devonian: [[Earth:Famennian|Famennian]], {{Fossil range|371.1|359.3}}
| image = Dinichthys herzi.jpg
| display_parents = 5
| taxon = Dinichthys
| authority = Newberry, 1868
| subdivision_ranks = [[Biology:Species|Species]]
| subdivision =
* '''''Dinichthys herzeri''''' <small>Newberry, 1868 ([[Biology:Type species|type]])</small>
| synonyms = 
* ''Ponerichthys'' <small>Miller, 1892</small>
}}

'''''Dinichthys''''' (from {{lang-el|δεινός}} {{transliteration|el|deinós}}, 'terrible' and {{lang-el|ἰχθύς}} {{transliteration|el|ichthys}} 'fish') is an extinct monospecific [[Biology:Genus|genus]] of large marine [[Biology:Arthrodire|arthrodire]] placoderm from the Late Devonian ([[Earth:Famennian|Famennian]] stage) measuring around {{convert|3|m|ft}} long.<ref>{{cite book
| url         = https://books.google.com/books?id=KlA9AAAAYAAJ&dq=Titanichthys+length&pg=PA130
| title       = Fishes, Living and Fossil: An Outline of Their Forms and Probable Relationships
| publisher   = Macmillan and Company
| date        = 1895
| access-date  = 2022-08-28
| page        = 130
| author      = Bashford Dean
}}</ref> Fossils were recovered from the [[Earth:Ohio Shale|Ohio Shale Formation]] along the Olentangy River in Delaware County, Ohio.

==Classification History==
''Dinichthys'' was originally described in 1868 by John Newberry on the basis of an incomplete skull roof and mandibles ([[Biology:Holotype|holotype]] [[Biology:American Museum of Natural History|AMNH]] 81). Subsequently, many unrelated large arthrodires were originally classified together within this genus, including species now assigned to ''[[Biology:Dunkleosteus|Dunkleosteus]]'', ''[[Biology:Eastmanosteus|Eastmanosteus]]'', and ''[[Biology:Titanichthys|Titanichthys]]''. Notably, the [[Biology:Type species|type species]] of ''Dunkleosteus'' was originally described as ''Dinichthys terrelli'' by Newberry in 1873, and was later separated into ''Dunkleosteus'' by Jean-Pierre Lehman in 1956. ''Dunkleosteus'' was still thought to be closely related to ''Dinichthys'', and they were grouped together in the family '''Dinichthyidae'''. However, in the 2010 Carr & Hlavin phylogenetic study, ''Dunkleosteus'' and ''Dinichthys'' were found to belong to two separate [[Biology:Clade|clade]]s. Carr & Hlavin resurrected the family [[Biology:Dunkleosteidae|Dunkleosteidae]] and placed ''Dunkleosteus'', ''[[Biology:Eastmanosteus|Eastmanosteus]]'', and a few other genera from Dinichthyidae within it.<ref name=Carr2010>{{Cite journal |last1=Carr |first1=R.K. |last2=Hlavin |first2=W.J. |title=Two new species of Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956, from the Ohio Shale Formation (USA, Famennian) and the Kettle Point Formation (Canada, Upper Devonian), and a cladistic analysis of the Eubrachythoraci (Placodermi, Arthrodira) |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=159 |issue=1 |pages=195–222 |year=2010 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00578.x |doi-access=free }}</ref> Dinichthyidae, in turn, is left a [[Biology:Monotypic taxon|monospecific]] family<ref name=Carr1995>{{cite journal|last=Carr|first=Robert K.|author2=William J. Hlavin|title=Dinichthyidae (Placodermi):A paleontological fiction?|journal=Geobios|date=September 2, 1995|volume=28|pages=85–87|doi=10.1016/S0016-6995(95)80092-1}}</ref> and dismissed as a family grouping,<ref name=Zhu2013>{{Cite journal |author1=You-An Zhu |author2=Min Zhu |title=A redescription of Kiangyousteus yohii (Arthrodira: Eubrachythoraci) from the Middle Devonian of China, with remarks on the systematics of the Eubrachythoraci | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=169 |issue=4 |pages=798–819 |year=2013 |doi=10.1111/zoj12089 |doi-access= }}</ref> and the genus ''Dinichthys'' is now considered a monotypic genus, containing only the [[Biology:Type species|type species]], ''D. herzeri''.<ref name=Carr2010/>

==Phylogeny==
''Dinichthys'' is a member of the [[Biology:Clade|clade]] [[Biology:Aspinothoracidi|Aspinothoracidi]], which belongs to the clade [[Biology:Pachyosteomorphi|Pachyosteomorphi]], one of the two major clades within [[Biology:Eubrachythoraci|Eubrachythoraci]]. The [[Biology:Cladogram|cladogram]] below shows the [[Biology:Phylogeny|phylogeny]] of ''Dinichthys'':<ref name=Zhu2016>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhu |first1=You-An |last2=Zhu |first2=Min |last3=Wang |first3=Jun-Qing |date=1 April 2016 |title=Redescription of Yinostius major (Arthrodira: Heterostiidae) from the Lower Devonian of China, and the interrelationships of Brachythoraci |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=176 |issue=4 |pages=806–834 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12356|issn=0024-4082 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
 |label1='''[[Biology:Eubrachythoraci|Eubrachythoraci]]'''&nbsp;
 |1={{clade
  |1='''[[Biology:Coccosteomorphi|Coccosteomorphi]]'''
  |label2=&nbsp;'''[[Biology:Pachyosteomorphi|Pachyosteomorphi]]'''&nbsp;
  |2={{clade
   |1=''Rhachiosteus pterygiatus''
   |2={{clade
    |label1='''[[Biology:Dunkleosteoidea|Dunkleosteoidea]]'''&nbsp;
    |1={{clade
     |1=''Eastmanosteus calliaspis''
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''Eastmanosteus pustulosus''
       |2=''Kiangyousteus yohii'' }}
      |2={{clade
       |1=''Golshanichthys asiatica''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''Westralichthys uwagedensis''
        |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
          |1=''Dunkleosteus raveri''
          |2=''Dunkleosteus terrelli'' }}
         |2={{clade
          |1=''Dunkleosteus amblyodoratus''
          |label2=&nbsp;Heterostiidae&nbsp;
          |2={{clade
           |1=''Heterosteus ingens''
           |2=''Yinosteus major'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }}
    |label2='''[[Biology:Aspinothoracidi|Aspinothoracidi]]'''
    |2={{clade
     |1=''Tapinosteus heintzi''
     |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
       |1=''Bullerichthys fascidens''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''Kendrickichthys cavernosus''
        |2=''Bruntonichthys multidens'' }} }}
      |2={{clade
       |1='''''Dinichthys herzeri'''''
       |2={{clade
        |1=''Hadrosteus rapax''
        |2={{clade
         |1=''Gorgonichthys clarki''
         |label2=&nbsp;[[Biology:Selenosteidae|Selenosteidae]]&nbsp;
         |2={{clade
          |1=''Heintzichthys gouldii''
          |2=''Pachyosteus bulla''
          |3=''Gymnotrachelus hydei''
          |4=''Stenosteus angustopectus''
          |5=''Brachyosteus dietrichi''
          |6={{clade
           |1=''Melanosteus occitanus''
           |2=''Rhinosteus parvulus'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q112325116|from2=Q283002|from3=Q112325246}}

[[Category:Arthrodires]]
[[Category:Arthrodire genera]]
[[Category:Monotypic fish genera]]



{{Sourceattribution|Dinichthys}}