View source for Biology:Jasmine

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae}}
{{automatic taxobox
|image = Common Jasmine.jpg
|image_caption = ''Jasminum polyanthum''
|taxon = Jasminum
|authority = [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
|type_species = ''[[Biology:Jasminum officinale|Jasminum officinale]]''
|type_species_authority=
|subdivision_ranks = [[Biology:Species|Species]]
|subdivision = More than 200, see [[Biology:List of Jasminum species|List of ''Jasminum'' species]]<ref name="ing">{{cite web
 | url = http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Jasminum
 | title = ''Jasminum''
 | access-date = 2008-06-03
 | work = Index Nominum Genericorum
 | publisher = [[Organization:International Association for Plant Taxonomy|International Association for Plant Taxonomy]]
}}</ref><ref name="CPN">{{cite journal
 | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771
 | title = 10. Jasminum Linnaeus
 | access-date = 2008-06-03
 | journal = Chinese Plant Names
  | volume = 15
  | page = 307
 }}</ref><ref name="UniProt">{{UniProt Taxonomy
| name = Jasminum
| id = 4147
| accessdate = 2008-06-03
 }}</ref>
| synonyms=
*''Mogorium''<small> Juss.</small>
*''Noldeanthus''<small> Knobl.</small>
*''Nyctanthos'' <small> St.-Lag.</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328128-2#synonyms |title= ''Tacca'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher= Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=25 March 2023 }}</ref>
|}}
[[File:Jasmine .jpg|thumb|Common jasmine]]

'''Jasmine''' ([[Biology:Taxonomy|taxonomic name]]: '''''Jasminum'''''; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|æ|s|m|ᵻ|n|əm}}, {{respell|YASS|min|əm}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Sunset Western Garden Book|year=1995|pages=606–607}}</ref>) is a [[Biology:Genus|genus]] of [[Biology:Shrub|shrub]]s and [[Biology:Vine|vine]]s in the olive family of [[Biology:Oleaceae|Oleaceae]].<ref name="POWO"/><ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019529 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|193}} It contains around 200 species native to [[Earth:Tropical climate|tropical]] and warm [[Earth:Temperate climate|temperate]] regions of [[Earth:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[Earth:Africa|Africa]], and [[Earth:Oceania|Oceania]].<ref name="singh2006"/>{{rp|194}} Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. Additionally a number of unrelated species of plants or flowers contain the word "jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "jasmine").

== Description ==
Jasmine can be either [[Biology:Deciduous|deciduous]] (leaves falling in autumn) or [[Biology:Evergreen|evergreen]] (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing [[Biology:Shrub|shrub]]s and [[Biology:Vine|vine]]s. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

=== Flowers and fruit ===
The flowers are typically around {{convert|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in [[Biology:Inflorescence|cymose]] clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine [[Biology:Petal|petal]]s, two [[Biology:Locule|locule]]s, and one to four [[Biology:Ovule|ovule]]s. They have two [[Biology:Stamen|stamen]]s with very short filaments. The [[Biology:Bract|bract]]s are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.<ref name="singh2006"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The fruits of jasmines are [[Biology:Berry (botany)|berries]] that turn black when ripe.

The basic [[Biology:Chromosome|chromosome]] number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural [[Biology:Polyploidy|polyploidy]] exists, particularly in ''[[Biology:Jasminum sambac|Jasminum sambac]]'' (triploid 3n=39), ''Jasminum flexile'' (tetraploid 4n=52), ''[[Biology:Jasminum mesnyi|Jasminum mesnyi]]'' (triploid 3n=39), and ''[[Biology:Jasminum angustifolium|Jasminum angustifolium]]'' (tetraploid 4n=52).<ref name="singh2006"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=March 2023}}

==Distribution and habitat==
Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of [[Earth:Eurasia|Eurasia]], [[Earth:Africa|Africa]], [[Place:Australasia|Australasia]] within [[Earth:Oceania|Oceania]], although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.<ref name="CTEG">Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in ''Flora of Iraq,'' Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.</ref><ref name="mccleland">{{cite book|author1=Ernst Schmidt |author2=Mervyn Lötter |author3=Warren McCleland |title =Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park|publisher =Jacana Media|year =2002|page=530|isbn =978-1-919777-30-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530}}</ref><ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771 ''Jasminum'' @ EFloras.org].</ref> Their center of diversity is in [[Place:South Asia|South Asia]] and [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]].<ref name="panda">{{cite book|author =Panda, H. |title =Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants|publisher =National Institute Of Industrial Research|year =2005|page =220|isbn =978-81-7833-027-3|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=wNGkjn-alm8C&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA220}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Several jasmine species have become [[Biology:Naturalisation|naturalized]] in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (''[[Biology:Jasminum grandiflorum|Jasminum grandiflorum]]'') was originally from [[Place:West Asia|West Asia]], the [[Earth:Indian subcontinent|Indian subcontinent]], [[Place:Northeast Africa|Northeast Africa]], and [[Place:East Africa|East Africa]], and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.<ref name="singh2006"/><ref>{{GRIN |id=407300}}</ref>

''[[Biology:Jasminum fluminense|Jasminum fluminense]]'' (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and ''[[Biology:Jasminum dichotomum|Jasminum dichotomum]]'' (Gold Coast Jasmine) are [[Earth:Invasive species|invasive species]] in Hawaii and Florida.<ref>{{PLANTS |id=JAFL |taxon=Jasminum fluminense}}</ref><ref>{{PLANTS |id=JADI2 |taxon=Jasminum dichotomum}}</ref> ''[[Biology:Jasminum polyanthum|Jasminum polyanthum]]'', also known as pink jasmine, is an [[Earth:Invasive species|invasive weed]] in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum |url=http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204150633/http://weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php |archive-date=2014-02-04 }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name comes from Old French ''jessemin'', from {{lang-fa|یاسمن‎|yāsamin}}<ref>{{cite dictionary |title=Jasmine, Jessamine |dictionary=An etymological dictionary of modern English |page=779 |url=https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/ |last1=Weekley |first1=Ernest |date=1921 |publisher=London J. Murray }}</ref> which is derived from the [[Social:Middle Persian|Middle Persian]] word {{lang|pal-Latn|yāsaman}} and {{lang|ar-Latn|yāsamīn}} ({{lang|ar|يَاسَمِين}}) in [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]].<ref name="MWdict">{{cite web |title=Definition of Jasmine |website=Merriam-Webster |date=2021-10-23 |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine |access-date=2022-01-20 }}</ref><ref name="oed">{{cite web |url=https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine |title=Jasmine |publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary |date=2022 |accessdate=4 March 2022 }}</ref> The word entered [[Social:Middle French|Middle French]] around 1570 and was first used in English in [[History:16th century|16th century]] England.<ref name=oed/> The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, ''Jasminum''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bayton |first1=Ross |title=The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum |date=2019 |publisher=Royal Horticultural Society |location=London, UK |isbn=978-1-78472-677-5 |page=170}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
[[Biology:Species|Species]] belonging to the [[Biology:Genus|genus]] are classified under the tribe [[Biology:Jasmineae|Jasmineae]] of the olive family ([[Biology:Oleaceae|Oleaceae]]).<ref name="singh2006">{{cite book|author=Singh, A. K. |title =Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management|publisher =New India Publishing|year =2006|pages=193–205|isbn =978-81-89422-35-6|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193}}</ref> ''Jasminum'' is divided into five [[Biology:Section (botany)|sections]]—''Alternifolia'', ''Jasminum'', ''Primulina'', ''Trifoliolata'', and ''Unifoliolata''.<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' L. |author=USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program |publisher=Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory |access-date=November 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126042226/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186 |archive-date=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Jasmine Rose photo.jpg|thumb]]

=== Species ===
{{Main|Biology:List of Jasminum species}}

Species include:<ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |title=''Jasminum'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=GRIN |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=USDA, [[Organization:Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland |access-date=October 19, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122055/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186 |archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum abyssinicum|J.&nbsp;abyssinicum]]'' <small>Hochst. ex DC.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;forest jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum adenophyllum|J.&nbsp;adenophyllum]]'' <small>Wall.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;bluegrape jasmine, pinwheel jasmine, princess jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum andamanicum|J.&nbsp;andamanicum]]'' <small>N.P.Balakr. & N.G.Nair</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum angulare|J.&nbsp;angulare]]'' <small>Vahl</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum angustifolium|J.&nbsp;angustifolium]]'' <small>(L.) Willd.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum auriculatum|J.&nbsp;auriculatum]]'' <small>Vahl</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;Indian jasmine<!--May be typo; spelled "hasmine'' according to http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?405167-->, needle-flower jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum azoricum|J.&nbsp;azoricum]]'' <small>L.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;beesianum'' <small>Forrest & Diels</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;red jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum dichotomum|J.&nbsp;dichotomum]]'' <small>Vahl</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;Gold Coast jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum didymum|J.&nbsp;didymum]]'' <small>G.Forst.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;dispermum'' <small>Wall.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;elegans'' <small>Knobl.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum elongatum|J.&nbsp;elongatum]]'' <small>(P.J.Bergius) Willd.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;floridum'' <small>Bunge</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum fluminense|J.&nbsp;fluminense]]'' <small>Vell.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;fruticans'' <small>L.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum grandiflorum|J.&nbsp;grandiflorum]]'' <small>L.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;Catalan jasmine, jasmin odorant, royal jasmine, Spanish jasmine
* ''J.&nbsp;grandiflorum'' <small>L.Vell.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum humile|J.&nbsp;humile]]'' <small>L.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;Italian jasmine, Italian yellow jasmine
* ''J.&nbsp;lanceolarium'' <small>Roxb.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum laurifolium|J.&nbsp;laurifolium]]'' <small>Roxb. ex Hornem.</small> angel-wing jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum malabaricum|J.&nbsp;malabaricum]]'' <small>Wight</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum mesnyi|J.&nbsp;mesnyi]]'' <small>Hance</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;Japanese jasmine, primrose jasmine, yellow jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum multiflorum|J.&nbsp;multiflorum]]'' <small>(Burm.f.) Andrews</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;Indian jasmine, star jasmine, winter jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum multipartitum|J.&nbsp;multipartitum]]'' <small>Hochst.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;starry wild jasmine
* ''J.&nbsp;nervosum'' <small>Lour.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;nobile'' <small>C.B.Clarke</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum nudiflorum|J.&nbsp;nudiflorum]]'' <small>Lindl.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;winter jasmine
* ''J.&nbsp;odoratissimum'' <small>L.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;yellow jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum officinale|J.&nbsp;officinale]]'' <small>L.</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;common jasmine, jasmine, jessamine, poet's jasmine, summer jasmine, white jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum parkeri|J.&nbsp;parkeri]]'' <small>Dunn</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;dwarf jasmine
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum polyanthum|J.&nbsp;polyanthum]]'' <small>Franch.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum sambac|J.&nbsp;sambac]]'' <small>(L.) Aiton</small>&nbsp;–&nbsp;Arabian jasmine, Sambac jasmine
* ''J.&nbsp;simplicifolium'' <small>G.Forst.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;sinense'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;subhumile'' <small>W.W.Sm.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum subtriplinerve|J.&nbsp;subtriplinerve]]'' <small>Blume</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum tortuosum|J.&nbsp;tortuosum]]'' <small>Willd.</small>
* ''J.&nbsp;urophyllum'' <small>Hemsl.</small>
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum volubile|J.&nbsp;volubile]]'' <small>Jacq..</small>
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File: Jasminum sambac 'Grand Duke of Tuscany'.jpg|''[[Biology:Jasminum sambac|Jasminum sambac]]'' "Grand Duke of Tuscany"
File:Jsambac.jpg|A [[Biology:Double-flowered|double-flowered]] cultivar of ''Jasminum sambac'' in flower with an unopened bud.
File: Jasmine Bud.jpg|Jasmine buds
File: Jasmine lifecycle.jpg|Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower
File: Bunch of jasmine flowers.jpg|Jasmine flowers
</gallery>

==Jasmonates==
{{Main|Biology:Jasmonate}}
Jasmine lends its name to [[Biology:Jasmonate|jasmonate]] plant hormones, as [[Chemistry:Methyl jasmonate|methyl jasmonate]] isolated from the oil of ''[[Biology:Jasminum grandiflorum|Jasminum grandiflorum]]'' led to the discovery of the molecular structure of [[Biology:Jasmonate|jasmonate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Demole E  |year=1962 |title=Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin|journal=Helv Chim Acta|volume=45 |pages=675–85 |doi=10.1002/hlca.19620450233 |last2=Lederer |first2=E. |last3=Mercier |first3=D. |issue=2 }}</ref> Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the [[Biology:Signal transduction|signal transduction]] pathways of many plants.<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=4701901|year=2016|last1=Sharma|first1=M|title=Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|volume=6|pages=1129|last2=Laxmi|first2=A|doi=10.3389/fpls.2015.01129|pmid=26779205|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Cultural importance==
Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower? |url=https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Earth.com |language=en}}</ref> It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=August 8 |last2=Comments |first2=2018 {{!}} Micaela Nerguizian {{!}} |title=Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding |url=https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=Smithsonian Folklife Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker ''motiyaa'' (in Hindi) or ''mograa'' (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club |url=https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/ |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.gardenloversclub.com |date=22 February 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref> They may be found around entrances to [[Engineering:Temple|temple]]s, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987<ref name="jasmin87_ayari_geisser">{{cite web |last=Michael |first=Ayari |author2=Vincent Geisser |language=fr |title=Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin |publisher=Témoignage chrétien |year=2011 |url=http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128201953/http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml |archive-date=2011-01-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="jasmin87_QudOran">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La révolution par le feu et par un clic |publisher=Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com |date=2011-02-25 |url=http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |access-date=2011-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714113629/http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm |archive-date=2011-07-14 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kim |first=Elvis H |date=September 2021 |title=Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006 |journal=International Area Studies Review |language=en |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=205–223 |doi=10.1177/22338659211026006 |s2cid=237434616 |issn=2233-8659}}</ref>

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:Tea patterns p1160028.jpg|surface of Jasmine tea
File:Chinesischer Maler des 12. Jahrhunderts (I) 001.jpg|'' The White Jasmine Branch'', painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century
File:Meenakshi Sundareswarar.jpg|Jasmine used as garland
File:Jasmine Flower full bloom on the plant near Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. 01.jpg|Jasmine flower blooming
File:Photo Jasmine flowers harvest 1965 - Touring Club Italiano 1.2940.jpg|Jasmine flowers harvest in Reggio Calabria, Italy (1965)
</gallery>

===Symbolism===
Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

* [[Place:Syria|Syria]]: The Syrian city [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]] is called the City of Jasmine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine|title=Damascus, the City of Jasmine|author=Anabel Bachour|date=23 February 2017|publisher=Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France|access-date=26 May 2019}}</ref>
* Hawaii: ''[[Biology:Jasminum sambac|Jasminum sambac]]'' ("''pikake''") is a common flower used in leis and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hitt |first=Christine |date=1 May 2018 |title=7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique |work=Hawaii Magazine |url=https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/ |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
* Indonesia: ''[[Biology:Jasminum sambac|Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower, adopted in 1990.<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}</ref> It goes by the name "''melati putih''" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of Java.
* {{wipe|Pakistan}}: ''[[Biology:Jasminum officinale|Jasminum officinale]]'' is known as the "''chambeli''" or "''yasmin''", it is the national flower.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Moin |date=26 October 2020 |title=Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird |url=https://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/pakistan-national-flower-animal-and-bird/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=ILM.com.pk}}</ref>
* {{wipe|Philippines}}: ''[[Biology:Jasminum sambac|Jasminum sambac]]'' is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "''sampaguita''" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita |url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope. |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=National Museum of the Philippines}}</ref>
* Thailand: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/|title=Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers|date=2017-01-03|website=Gardening Tips {{!}} Flower Wiki|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref>
* Tunisia: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the 2010 Tunisian Revolution.

==Other plants called "jasmine"==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}} 
*Brazilian jasmine ''[[Biology:Mandevilla sanderi|Mandevilla sanderi]]'' 
*Cape jasmine ''[[Biology:Gardenia|Gardenia]]''
*Carolina jasmine ''[[Biology:Gelsemium sempervirens|Gelsemium sempervirens]]''
*Crape jasmine ''[[Biology:Tabernaemontana divaricata|Tabernaemontana divaricata]]''
*Chilean jasmine ''[[Biology:Mandevilla laxa|Mandevilla laxa]]''
*Jasmine rice, a type of long-grain rice
*Madagascar jasmine ''[[Biology:Stephanotis floribunda|Stephanotis floribunda]]''
*New Zealand jasmine ''[[Biology:Parsonsia capsularis|Parsonsia capsularis]]''
*Night-blooming jasmine ''[[Biology:Cestrum nocturnum|Cestrum nocturnum]]'' 
*Night-flowering jasmine ''[[Biology:Nyctanthes arbor-tristis|Nyctanthes arbor-tristis]]''
*Orange jasmine ''[[Biology:Murraya paniculata|Murraya paniculata]]'' 
*Red jasmine ''[[Biology:Plumeria rubra|Plumeria rubra]]''
*Star jasmine, Confederate jasmine ''[[Biology:Trachelospermum jasminoides|Trachelospermum jasminoides]]'' 
*Tree jasmine (disambiguation)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal
 | url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=116771
 | title = ''Jasminum'' Linn
 | access-date = 2008-06-03
 | journal = Flora of Pakistan
 | page = 12
 }}
*{{Cite book |title=The World in So Many Words |first=Allan A. |last=Metcalf |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |year=1999 |isbn=0-395-95920-9 <!--|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4O0W5XyQVCYC&pg=PA123&dq=sash+etymology+arabic#PPA123,M1-->}}

==External links==

* {{cite web
 | url = http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Jasminum
 | title = Flora Europaea Search Results
 | access-date = 2008-06-03
 | work = [[Biology:Flora Europaea|Flora Europaea]]
 | publisher = Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
}}
* {{cite web
 | url = http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/africa/index.php?langue=an
 | title = African Plants Database
 | publisher = South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q82014}}

[[Category:Jasminum| ]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Oleaceae genera]]

{{Sourceattribution|Jasmine}}