Biology:Jasmine

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Short description: Genus of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae

Jasmine
Common Jasmine.jpg
Jasminum polyanthum
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Tribe: Jasmineae
Genus: Jasminum
L.
Type species
Jasminum officinale
Species

More than 200, see List of Jasminum species[1][2][3]

Synonyms[4]
  • Mogorium Juss.
  • Noldeanthus Knobl.
  • Nyctanthos St.-Lag.
Common jasmine

Jasmine (taxonomic name: Jasminum; /ˈjæsmɪnəm/, YASS-min-əm[5]) is a genus of shrubs and vines in the olive family of Oleaceae.[4][6][7]:193 It contains around 200 species native to tropical and warm temperate regions of Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania.[7]:194 Jasmines are widely cultivated for the characteristic fragrance of their flowers. Additionally a number of unrelated species of plants or flowers contain the word "jasmine" in their common names (see Other plants called "jasmine").

Description

Jasmine can be either deciduous (leaves falling in autumn) or evergreen (green all year round), and can be erect, spreading, or climbing shrubs and vines. Their leaves are borne in opposing or alternating arrangement and can be of simple, trifoliate, or pinnate formation.

Flowers and fruit

The flowers are typically around 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in diameter. They are white or yellow, although in rare instances they can be slightly reddish. The flowers are borne in cymose clusters with a minimum of three flowers, though they can also be solitary on the ends of branchlets. Each flower has about four to nine petals, two locules, and one to four ovules. They have two stamens with very short filaments. The bracts are linear or ovate. The calyx is bell-shaped. They are usually very fragrant.[7][additional citation(s) needed]

The fruits of jasmines are berries that turn black when ripe.

The basic chromosome number of the genus is 13, and most species are diploid (2n=26). However, natural polyploidy exists, particularly in Jasminum sambac (triploid 3n=39), Jasminum flexile (tetraploid 4n=52), Jasminum mesnyi (triploid 3n=39), and Jasminum angustifolium (tetraploid 4n=52).[7][additional citation(s) needed]

Distribution and habitat

Jasmines are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Eurasia, Africa, Australasia within Oceania, although only one of the 200 species is native to Europe.[8][9][10] Their center of diversity is in South Asia and Southeast Asia.[11]

Several jasmine species have become naturalized in Mediterranean Europe. For example, the so-called Spanish jasmine (Jasminum grandiflorum) was originally from West Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Northeast Africa, and East Africa, and is now naturalized in the Iberian peninsula.[7][12]

Jasminum fluminense (which is sometimes known by the inaccurate name "Brazilian Jasmine") and Jasminum dichotomum (Gold Coast Jasmine) are invasive species in Hawaii and Florida.[13][14] Jasminum polyanthum, also known as pink jasmine, is an invasive weed in Australia.[15]

Etymology

The name comes from Old French jessemin, from Persian: یاسمن‎‎, romanized: yāsamin[16] which is derived from the Middle Persian word yāsaman and yāsamīn (يَاسَمِين) in Arabic.[17][18] The word entered Middle French around 1570 and was first used in English in 16th century England.[18] The Persian name is also the origin of the genus name, Jasminum.[19]

Taxonomy

Species belonging to the genus are classified under the tribe Jasmineae of the olive family (Oleaceae).[7] Jasminum is divided into five sections—Alternifolia, Jasminum, Primulina, Trifoliolata, and Unifoliolata.[20]

Jasmine Rose photo.jpg

Species

Main page: Biology:List of Jasminum species

Species include:[21]


  • Jasminum sambac "Grand Duke of Tuscany"

  • A double-flowered cultivar of Jasminum sambac in flower with an unopened bud.

  • Jasmine buds

  • Lifecycle of Arabian jasmine flower

  • Jasmine flowers

Jasmonates

Main page: Biology:Jasmonate

Jasmine lends its name to jasmonate plant hormones, as methyl jasmonate isolated from the oil of Jasminum grandiflorum led to the discovery of the molecular structure of jasmonates.[22] Jasmonates occur ubiquitously across the plant kingdom, having key roles in responses to environmental cues, such as heat or cold stress, and participate in the signal transduction pathways of many plants.[23]

Cultural importance

Jasmine is cultivated commercially for domestic and industrial uses, such as the perfume industry.[24] It is used in rituals like marriages, religious ceremonies, and festivals.[25] Jasmine flower vendors sell garlands of jasmine, or in the case of the thicker motiyaa (in Hindi) or mograa (in Marathi) varieties, bunches of jasmine are common.[26] They may be found around entrances to temples, on major thoroughfares, and in major business areas.

A change in presidency in Tunisia in 1987[27][28] and the Tunisian Revolution of 2011 are both called "Jasmine revolutions" in reference to the flower.[29]

"Jasmine" is a common female given name.

  • surface of Jasmine tea

  • The White Jasmine Branch, painting of ink and color on silk by Chinese artist Zhao Chang, early 12th century

  • Jasmine used as garland

  • Jasmine flower blooming

  • Jasmine flowers harvest in Reggio Calabria, Italy (1965)

Symbolism

Several countries and states consider jasmine as a national symbol.

  • Syria: The Syrian city Damascus is called the City of Jasmine.[30]
  • Hawaii: Jasminum sambac ("pikake") is a common flower used in leis and is the subject of many Hawaiian songs.[31]
  • Indonesia: Jasminum sambac is the national flower, adopted in 1990.[32] It goes by the name "melati putih" and is used in wedding ceremonies for ethnic Indonesians, especially on the island of Java.
  • Pakistan : Jasminum officinale is known as the "chambeli" or "yasmin", it is the national flower.[33]
  • Philippines : Jasminum sambac is the national flower. Adopted in 1935, it is known as "sampaguita" in the islands. It is usually strung in garlands which are then used to adorn religious images.[34]
  • Thailand: Jasmine flowers are used as a symbol of motherhood.[35]
  • Tunisia: The national flower of Tunisia is jasmine. It was chosen as a symbol for the 2010 Tunisian Revolution.

Other plants called "jasmine"


References

  1. ↑ "Jasminum". Index Nominum Genericorum. International Association for Plant Taxonomy. http://botany.si.edu/ing/INGsearch.cfm?searchword=Jasminum. 
  2. ↑ "10. Jasminum Linnaeus". Chinese Plant Names 15: 307. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=116771. Retrieved 2008-06-03. 
  3. ↑ UniProt. "Jasminum". https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/4147. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Tacca J.R.Forst. & G.Forst". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328128-2#synonyms. 
  5. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607. 
  6. ↑ "Jasminum L.". World Flora Consortium. 2023. http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019529. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Singh, A. K. (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and Management. New India Publishing. pp. 193–205. ISBN 978-81-89422-35-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Bfb1T6QbfaAC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA193. 
  8. ↑ Townsend, C. C. and Evan Guest (1980). "Jasminum officinale," in Flora of Iraq, Vol. 4.1. Baghdad, pp. 513–519.
  9. ↑ Ernst Schmidt; Mervyn Lötter; Warren McCleland (2002). Trees and shrubs of Mpumalanga and Kruger National Park. Jacana Media. p. 530. ISBN 978-1-919777-30-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=RpVJJH3kV0oC&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA530. 
  10. ↑ Jasminum @ EFloras.org.
  11. ↑ Panda, H. (2005). Cultivation and Utilization of Aromatic Plants. National Institute Of Industrial Research. p. 220. ISBN 978-81-7833-027-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=wNGkjn-alm8C&q=Jasminum+genus&pg=PA220. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  12. ↑ {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Jasmine | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?407300 | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = }}
  13. ↑ "Jasminum fluminense". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JAFL. 
  14. ↑ "Jasminum dichotomum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=JADI2. 
  15. ↑ "Weeds of the Blue Mountains Bushland – Jasminum polyanthum". http://www.weedsbluemountains.org.au/jasmine.php. 
  16. ↑ Weekley, Ernest (1921). "Jasmine, Jessamine". Jasmine, Jessamine. London J. Murray. p. 779. https://archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00weekuoft/page/390/. 
  17. ↑ "Definition of Jasmine". 2021-10-23. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jasmine. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Jasmine". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2022. https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=jasmine. Retrieved 4 March 2022. 
  19. ↑ Bayton, Ross (2019). The Gardener's Botanical: An Encyclopedia of Latin Plant Names. London, UK: Royal Horticultural Society. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-78472-677-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=D0ipDwAAQBAJ&q=jasminum. 
  20. ↑ USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. "Jasminum L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?6186. 
  21. ↑ GRIN. "Jasminum information from NPGS/GRIN". Taxonomy for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland: USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?6186. 
  22. ↑ Demole E; Lederer, E.; Mercier, D. (1962). "Isolement et détermination de la structure du jasmonate de méthyle, constituant odorant caractéristique de l'essence de jasmin". Helv Chim Acta 45 (2): 675–85. doi:10.1002/hlca.19620450233. 
  23. ↑ Sharma, M; Laxmi, A (2016). "Jasmonates: Emerging Players in Controlling Temperature Stress Tolerance". Frontiers in Plant Science 6: 1129. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.01129. PMID 26779205. 
  24. ↑ "What's So Great About the Jasmine Flower?" (in en). https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/whats-great-about-jasmine/. 
  25. ↑ August 8; Comments, 2018 | Micaela Nerguizian |. "Hopa! Rituals and Symbols of an Armenian Wedding" (in en-US). https://festival.si.edu/blog/rituals-symbols-armenian-wedding-celebration. 
  26. ↑ "10 Different Types of Jasmine Plants (Photos) - Garden Lovers Club" (in en-us). 22 February 2020. https://www.gardenloversclub.com/ornamental/flowers/jasmine/types-of-jasmine/. 
  27. ↑ Michael, Ayari; Vincent Geisser (2011). "Tunisie : la Révolution des "Nouzouh"* n'a pas l'odeur du jasmin" (in fr). Témoignage chrétien. http://www.temoignagechretien.fr/ARTICLES/International/Tunisie-la-Revolution-des-%C2%ABNouzouh%C2%BB*-n%E2%80%99a-pas-l%E2%80%99odeur-du-jasmin/Default-3-2370.xhtml. 
  28. ↑ "La révolution par le feu et par un clic" (in fr). Le Quotidien d'Oran/moofid.com. 2011-02-25. http://news.moofid.com/fr-8441-La-revolution-par-le-feu-et-par-un-clic.htm. 
  29. ↑ Kim, Elvis H (September 2021). "Democratization and Authoritarianism in the Information Age" (in en). International Area Studies Review 24 (3): 205–223. doi:10.1177/22338659211026006. ISSN 2233-8659. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/22338659211026006. 
  30. ↑ Anabel Bachour (23 February 2017). "Damascus, the City of Jasmine". Peacock Plume, Student Media, The American University of Paris, France. http://peacockplume.fr/food-travel/damascus-city-jasmine. 
  31. ↑ Hitt, Christine (1 May 2018). "7 of Hawaii's Most Popular Lei and What Makes Them Unique". Hawaii Magazine. https://www.hawaiimagazine.com/7-of-hawaiis-most-popular-lei-and-what-makes-them-unique/. 
  32. ↑ Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993
  33. ↑ Akhtar, Moin (26 October 2020). "Pakistan National Flower, Animal and Bird". https://ilm.com.pk/pakistan/pakistan-information/pakistan-national-flower-animal-and-bird/. 
  34. ↑ "Philippine National Flower- Sampaguita". 10 November 2021. https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2021/11/10/philippine-national-flower-sampaguita/#:~:text=For%20today's%20%23WildlifeWednesday%2C%20let's%20learn,purity%2C%20fidelity%2C%20and%20hope.. 
  35. ↑ "Symbolic and spiritual meaning of jasmine flowers" (in en-US). 2017-01-03. https://www.flowerstips.org/symbolic-spiritual-meaning-jasmine-flowers/. 

Further reading

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q82014 entry



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