View source for Biology:Marseilleviridae

{{Short description|Family of viruses}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Virusbox
| taxon              = Marseilleviridae
| subdivision_ranks  = Genera
| subdivision        =
* ''[[Biology:Marseillevirus|Marseillevirus]]''
}}

[[File:Mimivirus_virion.png|thumb|right|upright=1.25|The typical form of the virions of the ''Marseilleviridae'' is, in principle, similar to that of the ''[[Biology:Mimiviridae|Mimiviridae]]''.]]
'''''Marseilleviridae''''' is a family of viruses first named in 2012.<ref name=pmid23188494>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00705-012-1537-y |pmid=23188494 |title='Marseilleviridae', a new family of giant viruses infecting amoebae |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=158 |issue=4 |pages=915–20 |year=2012 |last1=Colson |first1=Philippe |last2=Pagnier |first2=Isabelle |last3=Yoosuf |first3=Niyaz |last4=Fournous |first4=Ghislain |last5=La Scola |first5=Bernard |last6=Raoult |first6=Didier |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[Biology:Genome|genome]]s of these viruses are double-stranded DNA. [[Biology:Amoeba|Amoeba]] are often [[Biology:Host|hosts]], but there is evidence that they are found in [[Humans|humans]] as well.<ref name=pmid25218687>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.micpath.2014.09.005 |pmid=25218687 |title=Looking at protists as a source of pathogenic viruses |journal=Microbial Pathogenesis |volume=77 |pages=131–5 |year=2014 |last1=La Scola |first1=Bernard }}</ref><ref name=pmid23664726>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jcv.2013.03.018 |pmid=23664726 |title=Evidence of the megavirome in humans |journal=Journal of Clinical Virology |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |year=2013 |last1=Colson |first1=Philippe |last2=Fancello |first2=Laura |last3=Gimenez |first3=Gregory |last4=Armougom |first4=Fabrice |last5=Desnues |first5=Christelle |last6=Fournous |first6=Ghislain |last7=Yoosuf |first7=Niyaz |last8=Million |first8=Matthieu |last9=La Scola |first9=Bernard |last10=Raoult |first10=Didier }}</ref><ref name=pmid23821720>{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/infdis/jit292 |pmid=23821720 |title=Marseillevirus-Like Virus Recovered from Blood Donated by Asymptomatic Humans |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=208 |issue=7 |pages=1042–50 |year=2013 |last1=Popgeorgiev |first1=Nikolay |last2=Boyer |first2=Mickaël |last3=Fancello |first3=Laura |last4=Monteil |first4=Sonia |last5=Robert |first5=Catherine |last6=Rivet |first6=Romain |last7=Nappez |first7=Claude |last8=Azza |first8=Said |last9=Chiaroni |first9=Jacques |last10=Raoult |first10=Didier |last11=Desnues |first11=Christelle |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=pmid27502174>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30051-2 |pmid=27502174 |title=Marseillevirus in lymphoma: A giant in the lymph node |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=e225–e234 |year=2016 |last1=Aherfi |first1=Sarah |last2=Colson |first2=Philippe |last3=Audoly |first3=Gilles |last4=Nappez |first4=Claude |last5=Xerri |first5=Luc |last6=Valensi |first6=Audrey |last7=Million |first7=Matthieu |last8=Lepidi |first8=Hubert |last9=Costello |first9=Regis |last10=Raoult |first10=Didier }}</ref> The family contains one genus and four species, two of which are unassigned to a genus.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web |title=Viral Zone |url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/4740.html |publisher=ExPASy |access-date=12 August 2015 }}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web |title=Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release |url=https://ictv.global/taxonomy |publisher=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) |date=March 2021 |access-date=22 May 2021}}</ref> It is a member of the [[Biology:Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses|nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses]] clade.
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==Taxonomy==
The genus contains the following genera and species:<ref name=ICTV />
*''[[Biology:Marseillevirus|Marseillevirus]]''
**''Marseillevirus marseillevirus''
**''Senegalvirus marseillevirus''
*Species unassigned to a genus:
**''Lausannevirus''
**''Tunisvirus''

===Related Viruses===
[[File:MelVfig2j.jpg|thumb|Images of cryo-frozen ''Marseilleviridae'' particles (left and center) and enlarged diagram of structure near a vertex. Black arrows indicate Large Dense Bodies. White arrows indicate lipid bilayer.]]
Additional species have since been recognized.<ref name=pmid23188494/> The first member of this family recognized has been named ''Acanthamoeba polyphaga marseillevirus''. A second member is ''Acanthamoeba castellanii lausannevirus''. Two additional viruses have been isolated but have yet to be named. Another member of this family has been isolated from blood donors.<ref name=pmid23821720/> An isolate from insects—''Insectomime'' virus—has also been reported.<ref name=pmid24157885>{{cite journal |doi=10.1159/000354560 |pmid=24157885 |title=First Isolation of a Marseillevirus in the Diptera Syrphidae ''Eristalis'' tenax |journal=Intervirology |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=386–94 |year=2013 |last1=Boughalmi |first1=Mondher |last2=Pagnier |first2=Isabelle |last3=Aherfi |first3=Sarah |last4=Colson |first4=Philippe |last5=Raoult |first5=Didier |last6=La Scola |first6=Bernard |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The viruses appear to fall into at least 3 lineages: (1) ''Marseillevirus'' and ''Cannes8virus'' (2) ''Insectomime'' and ''Tunisvirus'' and (3) ''Lausannevirus''. A sixth potential member of this family—''Melbournevirus''—appears to be related to the ''Marseillevirus''/''Cannes8virus'' clade.<ref name=pmid25275139>{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/JVI.02414-14 |pmid=25275139 |pmc=4249118 |title=Genome Analysis of the First Marseilleviridae Representative from Australia Indicates that Most of Its Genes Contribute to Virus Fitness |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=88 |issue=24 |pages=14340–9 |year=2014 |last1=Doutre |first1=G |last2=Philippe |first2=N |last3=Abergel |first3=C |last4=Claverie |first4=J.-M }}</ref>

A seventh virus—Brazilian Marseillevirus—has been reported.<ref name=pmid26978387>{{cite journal |doi=10.3390/v8030076 |pmid=26978387 |pmc=4810266 |title=A Brazilian Marseillevirus is the Founding Member of a Lineage in Family Marseilleviridae |journal=Viruses |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=76 |year=2016 |last1=Dornas |first1=Fábio |last2=Assis |first2=Felipe |last3=Aherfi |first3=Sarah |last4=Arantes |first4=Thalita |last5=Abrahão |first5=Jônatas |last6=Colson |first6=Philippe |last7=La Scola |first7=Bernard |doi-access=free }}</ref> This virus appears to belong to a fourth lineage of virus in this family.

Another virus—Tokyovirus—has also been reported.<ref name=pmid27284144>{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/genomeA.00429-16 |pmid=27284144 |pmc=4901213 |title=Draft Genome Sequence of ''Tokyovirus'', a Member of the Family ''Marseilleviridae'' Isolated from the Arakawa River of Tokyo, Japan |journal=Genome Announcements |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=e00429–16 |year=2016 |last1=Takemura |first1=Masaharu }}</ref>

Another member of this family is Kurlavirus.<ref name=pmid28685284>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s00705-017-3469-z |pmid=28685284 |title=Complete genome sequence of Kurlavirus, a novel member of the family Marseilleviridae isolated in Mumbai, India |journal=Archives of Virology |volume=162 |issue=10 |pages=3243–3245 |year=2017 |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Anirvan |last2=Kondabagil |first2=Kiran |s2cid=3984074 }}</ref>

In 2017, it was proposed that the family contained the following five lineages:<ref name=Fabre2017>Fabre E, Jeudy S, Santini S, Legendre M, Trauchessec M, Claverie J-M, et al (2017). Noumeavirus replication relies on a transient remote control of the host nucleus. Nat Commun 8:15087 </ref>

Lineage A
* Cannes 8 virus 
* Marseillevirus marseillevirus
* Marseillevirus shanghai
* Melbournvirus
* Senegalvirus 
* Tokyovirus 

Lineage B
* Kurlavirus 
* Lausannevirus
* Noumeavirus
* Port-miou virus 

Lineage C
* Insectomime virus
* Tunisvirus
 
Lineage D
* Brazilian marseillevirus

Lineage E
* Golden marseillevirus

Another putative member of this family is Marseillevirus shanghai. If this virus is confirmed, it would belong to the A lineage.

==Structure==
Viruses in ''Marseilleviridae'' have icosahedral geometries. The diameter is around 250&nbsp;nm. Genomes are circular, around 372kb in length. The genome has 457 open reading frames.<ref name=ViralZone/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic arrangement !! Genomic segmentation
|-
|Unassigned||Head-Tail||T=16||Non-enveloped||Linear||Monopartite
|-
|''Marseillevirus''||Icosahedral||||||Circular||
|}

==Life cycle==
DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Amoeba serve as the natural host.<ref name=ViralZone/>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Genus !! Host details !! Tissue tropism !! Entry details !! Release details !! Replication site !! Assembly site !! Transmission
|-
|''Marseillevirus''||Amoeba||None||Fusion||Lysis||Cytoplasm||Cytoplasm||Diffusion in Water
|}

==Genomics==
A promoter sequence—AAATATTT—has been found associated with 55% of the identified genes in this virus.<ref name=pmid28794030>{{cite journal |doi=10.1128/JVI.01088-17 |pmid=28794030 |pmc=5640848 |title=The Investigation of Promoter Sequences of Marseilleviruses Highlights a Remarkable Abundance of the AAATATTT Motif in Intergenic Regions |journal=Journal of Virology |volume=91 |issue=21 |pages=e01088–17 |year=2017 |last1=Oliveira |first1=Graziele Pereira |last2=Lima |first2=Maurício Teixeira |last3=Arantes |first3=Thalita Souza |last4=Assis |first4=Felipe Lopes |last5=Rodrigues |first5=Rodrigo Araújo Lima |last6=Da Fonseca |first6=Flávio Guimarães |last7=Bonjardim |first7=Cláudio Antônio |last8=Kroon |first8=Erna Geessien |last9=Colson |first9=Philippe |last10=La Scola |first10=Bernard |last11=Abrahão |first11=Jônatas Santos }}</ref>  Most of these sequences occur in multiple copies.{{cn|date=November 2022}}

==History==
One of the first members of this family was described in 2009.<ref name=pmid20007369>{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.0911354106 |pmid=20007369 |pmc=2799887 |title=Giant Marseillevirus highlights the role of amoebae as a melting pot in emergence of chimeric microorganisms |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=106 |issue=51 |pages=21848–53 |year=2009 |last1=Boyer |first1=M |last2=Yutin |first2=N |last3=Pagnier |first3=I |last4=Barrassi |first4=L |last5=Fournous |first5=G |last6=Espinosa |first6=L |last7=Robert |first7=C |last8=Azza |first8=S |last9=Sun |first9=S |last10=Rossmann |first10=M. G |last11=Suzan-Monti |first11=M |last12=La Scola |first12=B |last13=Koonin |first13=E. V |last14=Raoult |first14=D |bibcode=2009PNAS..10621848B |doi-access=free }}</ref> Other members described around then (2007) and since then have been documented.<ref name=pmid25104553>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.014 |pmid=25104553 |title=The expanding family Marseilleviridae |journal=Virology |volume=466-467 |pages=27–37 |year=2014 |last1=Aherfi |first1=Sarah |last2=La Scola |first2=Bernard |last3=Pagnier |first3=Isabelle |last4=Raoult |first4=Didier |last5=Colson |first5=Philippe |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/4740.html '''Viralzone''': Marseilleviridae]
* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']
{{Baltimore classification}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q6773274}}

[[Category:Marseilleviridae| ]]
[[Category:Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses]]
[[Category:Virus families]]

{{Sourceattribution|Marseilleviridae}}