View source for Biology:Pachliopta hector

{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Crimson rose
| image = Crimson Rose (Atrophaneura hector) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7819.jpg
| image_caption = Male in [[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]], India
| image2 = Crimson Rose (Pachliopta hector) underside.jpg
| image2_caption = In Kerala, India
| taxon = Pachliopta hector
| authority = ([[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)<ref name="GloBIS/GART">{{cite web |url=http://www.insects-online.de/frames/papilio.htm |title=Papilionidae – revised GloBIS/GART species checklist (2nd draft) |author1=Häuser, Christoph L. |author2=de Jong, Rienk |author3=Lamas, Gerardo |author4=Robbins, Robert K. |author5=Smith, Campbell |author6=Vane-Wright, Richard I. |date=28 July 2005 |work=Entomological Data Information System |publisher=Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Germany |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-date=9 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909141739/http://www.insects-online.de/frames/papilio.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| synonyms = ''Atrophaneura hector''
}}

[[File:Crimson Rose (Atrophaneura hector) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7849.jpg|thumb|Male in Hyderabad, India]]
'''''Pachliopta hector''''', the '''crimson rose''',<ref name=Smetacek/><ref name=funet/> is a large [[Biology:Swallowtail butterfly|swallowtail butterfly]] belonging to the [[Biology:Genus|genus]] ''[[Biology:Pachliopta|Pachliopta]]'' (roses) of the red-bodied swallowtails.<ref name=Smetacek>{{Cite book|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287980260|title=A Synoptic Catalogue of the Butterflies of India |last1=Varshney |first1=R.K. |last2=Smetacek|first2=Peter|publisher=Butterfly Research Centre, Bhimtal & Indinov Publishing, New Delhi|year=2015|isbn=978-81-929826-4-9|location=New Delhi|pages=1–2|doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.3966.2164}}</ref><ref name=funet>{{cite web |last=Savela |first=Markku |url=http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/papilionidae/papilioninae/atrophaneura/#hector |title=''Atrophaneura hector'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |website=Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms |access-date=July 3, 2018}}</ref> It is recorded as a species of "Least Concern (LC)" by IUCN.  

==Range==
It is found in India, Sri Lanka, Maldives and possibly the coast of western Myanmar.<ref name=Smetacek/><ref name=funet/>

In India, it is found in the Western Ghats, southern India (Tamil Nadu, Kerala), eastern India (West Bengal and Odisha). It is a straggler in the [[Earth:Andaman Islands|Andaman Islands]].<ref name=Smetacek/><ref name=funet/><ref name="CFSSmetacek2013">{{cite journal|title=Subspecies Catalogue of the Butterflies of India (Papilionidae): A Synopsis|author1=Cotton, Adam |author2=Fric, Zdenek Faltynek |author3=Smith, Colin |author4=Smetacek, Peter |journal=Bionotes|volume=15 |issue=1|pages=5–8|date=March 2013}}</ref>

==Status==
It is generally common and not known to be threatened.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} It is common all along the Western Ghats up to Maharashtra but rare in Gujarat.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} This species is protected by law in India.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

==Description==
The male's upperside is black. Forewing with a broad white interrupted band from the subcostal nervure opposite the origin of veins 10 and 11, extended obliquely to the tornus, and a second short pre-apical similar band; both bands composed of detached irregularly indented broad streaks in the interspaces. Hindwing with a distal posteriorly strongly curved series of seven crimson spots followed by a subterminal series of crimson lunules. Cilia black alternated with white. Underside: forewing dull brownish black, hindwing black; markings as on the upperside, but the crimson spots and crescent-shaped markings on the hindwing larger. Antennae, thorax and abdomen above at base, black; head and rest of the abdomen bright crimson; beneath: iho palpi, the sides of the thorax and abdomen crimson.<ref name="bingham"/><ref name=MooreIndica/>

The female is similar, the discal series of spots and subterminal lunules much duller, pale crimson irrorated (sprinkled) with black scales; in some specimens the anterior spots and lunules almost white barely tinged with crimson; abdomen above with the black colour extended further towards the apex.<ref name="bingham">{{Source-attribution|sentence=yes|{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=C.T. |title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma |url=https://archive.org/stream/butterflies02bingiala#page/18/mode/2up/ |volume=II |edition=1st |publisher= Taylor and Francis, Ltd. |location=London |year=1907|pages=19–20}}}}</ref><ref name=MooreIndica>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/103496#page/185/mode/1up|title=Lepidoptera Indica. Vol. V|last=Moore|first=Frederic|author-link=Frederic Moore|publisher=Lovell Reeve and Co.|year=1901–1903|volume=5 |location=London|pages=173–175}}</ref>

No geographic races have been described.<ref name="bingham"/><ref name=MooreIndica/>

==Habitat==
This butterfly is at home both in jungle and in open country. During the dry season, it will be found up to 8000 feet (2400&nbsp;m) in South India, but it is found all the year round at lower elevations.

==Habits==

It is a very striking tailed butterfly with prominent white bands on its forewings. The crimson rose is very fond of flowers especially ''[[Biology:Lantana|Lantana]]''. [[Biology:Nectar|Nectar]] appears to be essential for the butterfly and a higher nectar intake is thought to increase egg production.

Close to the ground, the flight of the crimson rose is slow and fluttering but steady. At greater heights, it flies faster and stronger. It basks with its wings spread flat, sometimes in small congregations at heights of 10 to 15 metres up in the trees.

The butterfly often roosts for the night in large companies on the twigs and branches of trees and shrubs, sometimes accompanied by a few [[Biology:Papilio polytes|common Mormon]]s. When resting the butterfly draws its forewings halfway between the hindwings. The butterfly sleeps on slanting outstretched branches or twigs of trees or bushes.

===Aposematism and mimicry===

The red body, slow peculiar flight, bright colouration and pattern of the wings are meant to indicate to predators that this butterfly is inedible, being well protected by the poisons it has sequestered from its larval food plant. Its flight and behaviour is much like that of the common Mormon. Like that butterfly, it too is inedible and rarely attacked by predators. This has led to this butterfly also being mimicked by a female morph of the common Mormon (''[[Biology:Papilio polytes|Papilio polytes]]''), in this case, the female form ''romulus''.

===Migration===
The most striking aspect of the butterfly's behaviour is its strong migratory tendencies. During the peak of its season, several thousand crimson roses can be found congregating and then they begin migrating to other areas.

In the ''Entomologist's Monthly Magazine'', 1880, p.&nbsp;276, Mr. R. S. Eaton notes that in Bombay this butterfly roosted in great numbers together, however Charles Thomas Bingham notes that in the Western Ghats between Vengurla and Belgaum, where the butterfly occurred in some numbers and had the habit of roosting in company on twigs of some thorny shrub, but never saw more than "a score or so together".<ref name="bingham"/>

==Life cycle==
<gallery>
File:Crimson Rose (Atrophaneura hector) mating in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 9124.jpg|Mating
File:Pachliopta hector egg sec.jpg |Egg
File:Pachliopta hector hatching sec.jpg|Hatching
File:Pachliopta hector larva sec.jpg |Caterpillar
File:Pachliopta hector pupa sec.jpg |Chrysalis
File:Crimsonrose valleyschool.JPG|Freshly emerged specimen
</gallery>

Higher numbers of them are seen from August to November and also from April to June. They breed up to seven times per year and it has been found to take only 39–47 days from egg to adult.

===Eggs===
Similar to those of the common rose, the eggs hatch in seven days.<ref name="bingham"/><ref name=MooreIndica/>

===Caterpillars===
The [[Biology:Caterpillar|caterpillar]]s of the crimson rose are similar to those of the common rose butterflies, but are purplish black or blackish brown with a little bit of red, pink and orange colors on there wings. They have a black head and orange [[Biology:Osmeterium|osmeterium]]. Their bodies are fat, with orange-red [[Biology:Tubercle|tubercle]]s and a prominent yellowish-white band transversely placed on segments six to eight. The caterpillar has five [[Biology:Instar|instar]]s. The caterpillars are known to display cannibalistic behaviour.<ref name="bingham"/><ref name=MooreIndica/>

===Pupa===
The [[Biology:Pupa|pupa]] is pinkish brown with darker expanded wing cases. The wing-like expansions on the abdomen are distinctive.<ref name="bingham"/><ref name=MooreIndica/>

===Food plants===
The larvae of the species breed on various species of ''[[Biology:Aristolochia|Aristolochia]]'' including ''[[Biology:Aristolochia indica|Aristolochia indica]]'', ''[[Biology:Aristolochia bracteolata|Aristolochia bracteolata]]'', and ''[[Biology:Thottea siliquosa|Thottea siliquosa]]''. The species is unpalatable as they sequester chemical compounds in their larval stages including [[Chemistry:Aristolochic acid|aristolochic acid]] from the host plants.<ref>Sime K.R., Feeny, P.P. and Haribal, M.M. (2000) Sequestration of aristolochic acids by the pipevine swallowtail, ''Battus philenor'' (L.): evidence and ecological implications. '''Chemoecology''' 10:169–178 {{cite web |url=http://daane.uckac.edu/People/Sime%20Feeny%20Haribal%202000.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2006-02-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050921014718/http://daane.uckac.edu/People/Sime%20Feeny%20Haribal%202000.pdf |archive-date=2005-09-21}}</ref>

===Nectar resources===
The nectar sources of the crimson rose with details of the flowering period are as follows:
* ''Adathoda zeylonica'' January–March
* ''Albizzia lebbeck'' March–June
* ''[[Biology:Anacardium occidentale|Anacardium occidentale]]'' December–March
* ''[[Biology:Antigonon leptopus|Antigonon leptopus]]'' year-long
* ''[[Biology:Bougainvillea spectabilis|Bougainvillea spectabilis]]'' year-long
* ''[[Biology:Caesalpinia pulcherrima|Caesalpinia pulcherrima]]'' year-long
* ''[[Biology:Capparis spinosa|Capparis spinosa]]'' December–February
* ''Carissa carandus'' year-long (April–July)
* ''[[Biology:Catharanthus roseus|Catharanthus roseus]]'' year-long
* ''Citheroxylum subserratum'' April–June
* ''[[Biology:Clerodendrum infortunatum|Clerodendrum infortunatum]]'' February–April
* ''Duranta repens'' June–December
* ''Hibiscus rosa-sinensis'' year-long
* ''[[Biology:Hyptis suaveolens|Hyptis suaveolens]]'' September–January
* ''[[Biology:Jasminum angustifolium|Jasminum angustifolium]]'' June–August
* ''[[Biology:Lantana camara|Lantana camara]]'' year-long
* ''Muntingia calabura'' year-long
* ''Nerium odorum'' year-long
* ''Premna latifolia'' March–August
* ''[[Biology:Sida acuta|Sida acuta]]'' August–December
* ''Sida cordifolia'' August–December
* ''[[Biology:Stachytarpheta indica|Stachytarpheta indica]]'' June–September
* ''[[Biology:Wrightia tinctoria|Wrightia tinctoria]]'' April–June
* ''Zizyphus oenoplia'' August–December and March–June

==Etymology==
In common with other early naturalists [[Biography:Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] followed the [[Philosophy:Classical tradition|classical tradition]]. The name honours the Greek hero Hector.

==Cited references==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=N. Mark |last2=Morris |first2=Michael G. |title=Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/98674#page/7/mode/1up |year=1985 |publisher=[[Organization:International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |location=Gland & Cambridge |isbn=978-2-88032-603-6 |via=Biodiversity Heritage Library}}
* {{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=W.H. |title=The Identification of Indian Butterflies |edition=2nd |location=Mumbai, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |year=1932}}
* {{cite book |last=Gaonkar |first=Harish |title=Butterflies of the Western Ghats, India (including Sri Lanka) - A Biodiversity Assessment of a Threatened Mountain System |publisher=Centre for Ecological Sciences |location=Bangalore, India |year=1996}}
* {{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Thomas |last2=Kehimkar |first2=Isaac David |last3=Punetha |first3=Jagdish Chandra |title=Common Butterflies of India |series=Nature Guides |publisher= World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press |location=Bombay, India |year=1992 |isbn=978-0195631647}}
* {{cite book |last=Kunte |first=Krushnamegh |title=Butterflies of Peninsular India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cuPPjOMcu_4C |series=India, A Lifescape |location=Hyderabad, India |publisher=Universities Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-8173713545}}
* {{cite book|last=Wynter-Blyth |first=Mark Alexander |title=Butterflies of the Indian Region |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEkgAQAAMAAJ |year=1957 |location=Bombay, India |publisher=Bombay Natural History Society |isbn=978-8170192329}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050515164055/http://www.angelfire.com/journal2/chinfahshin/history/rose.html The Common Rose]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174856/http://www.srilankaninsects.net/Butterflies/Papilionidae/CommonRose/CommonRose.htm Srilankan insects]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050330000434/http://journal.library.iisc.ernet.in/vol20040102/paper2/atluri.pdf Autecology of the endemic Crimson Rose]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1768113}}

[[Category:Pachliopta|Hector]]

{{Sourceattribution|Pachliopta hector}}