View source for Biology:Percomorpha

{{short description|Clade of ray-finned fishes}}
{{automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|earliest=Cenomanian|Santonian|present}}Possible [[Earth:Cenomanian|Cenomanian]] record
| image = Rose fish.jpg
| image_caption = [[Biology:Rose fish|Rose fish]]
| taxon = Percomorpha
| authority = Cope, 1871
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms = * Percomorphaceae {{Small|Betancur-Rodriguez ''et al.'', 2013}}
* Acanthopteri
}}

'''Percomorpha''' ({{etymology|la|{{wikt-lang|la|perca}}|perch|grc|''{{wikt-lang|grc|μορφή}}'' (morphḗ)|shape, appearance}}) is a large [[Biology:Clade|clade]] of [[Biology:Ray-finned fish|ray-finned fish]] with more than 17 000 known species that includes the [[Biology:Scombroidei|tuna]], [[Biology:Syngnathiformes|seahorses]], gobies, [[Biology:Cichlidae|cichlids]], [[Physics:Flatfish|flatfish]], [[Biology:Labridae|wrasse]], [[Biology:Perciformes|perches]], anglerfish, and [[Biology:Tetraodontiformes|pufferfish]].<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8355665/ Phylogenetic analyses of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) using collagen type I protein sequences]</ref><ref name=PNAS>{{cite journal |title=Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification |author=Thomas J. Near |journal=PNAS |doi=10.1073/pnas.1206625109 |date=2012 |volume=109 |issue=34 |pages=13698–13703|display-authors=0 |pmid=22869754 |pmc=3427055|bibcode=2012PNAS..10913698N |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=TOL>{{cite journal |author=Betancur-R, Ricardo |display-authors=0 |year=2013 |title=The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes |journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life |issue=Edition 1 |doi=10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 |pmc=3644299 |pmid=23653398 |volume=5 |hdl=2027.42/150563 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=laurin&reisz1995>{{cite journal|author1=Laurin, M. |author2=Reisz, R.R. |year=1995 |title=A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=113 |pages=165–223 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x |issue=2}}</ref><ref name=deepfin4>{{cite journal |last1=Betancur-R |first1=Ricardo |last2=Wiley |first2=Edward O. |last3=Arratia |first3=Gloria |last4=Acero |first4=Arturo |last5=Bailly |first5=Nicolas |last6=Miya |first6=Masaki |last7=Lecointre |first7=Guillaume |last8=Ortí |first8=Guillermo |title=Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=6 July 2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=162 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3 |pmid=28683774 |pmc=5501477 |issn=1471-2148|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=FoW5>{{cite book| last1 = Nelson| first1 = Joseph S.|first2=Terry C. |last2=Grande |first3=Mark V. H. |last3=Wilson | title = Fishes of the World |edition=5th |pages=314–526  |year = 2016| publisher =John Wiley and Sons |location=Hoboken |isbn = 978-1-118-34233-6 |doi=10.1002/9781119174844 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/}}</ref>

==Evolution==
Percomorpha are the most [[Biology:Biodiversity|diverse]] group of teleost fish today. Teleosts, and percomorphs in particular, thrived during the [[Earth:Cenozoic|Cenozoic]] [[Earth:Era (geology)|era]]. Fossil evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the mass extinction event at the [[Earth:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary]] ca. 66 [[Astronomy:Myr|Ma]] ago.<ref name="Sibert2015">{{cite journal|last1=Sibert|first1=E. C.|last2=Norris|first2=R. D.|title=New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous−Paleogene mass extinction|journal=PNAS|date=2015-06-29|pages=8537–8542|doi=10.1073/pnas.1504985112|pmid=26124114|volume=112|issue=28|pmc=4507219|bibcode=2015PNAS..112.8537S|doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest known percomorph fossils are of the early [[Biology:Tetraodontiformes|tetraodontiforms]] ''[[Biology:Protriacanthus|Protriacanthus]]'' and [[Biology:Cretatriacanthidae|Cretatriacanthidae]] from the [[Earth:Santonian|Santonian]] to [[Earth:Campanian|Campanian]] of Italy and Slovenia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Arcila |first=Dahiana |last2=Alexander Pyron |first2=R. |last3=Tyler |first3=James C. |last4=Ortí |first4=Guillermo |last5=Betancur-R. |first5=Ricardo |date=2015-01-01 |title=An evaluation of fossil tip-dating versus node-age calibrations in tetraodontiform fishes (Teleostei: Percomorphaceae) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790314003625 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=82 |pages=131–145 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.011 |issn=1055-7903}}</ref> A higher diversity of early percomorphs is also known from the [[Earth:Campanian|Campanian]] of Nardò, Italy, and these also show some level of diversification into modern orders, with representatives of the [[Biology:Syngnathiformes|Syngnathiformes]] and Tetraodontiformes known.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=Matt |last2=V. Andrews |first2=James |last3=Saad |first3=Hadeel |last4=El-Sayed |first4=Sanaa |date=2023-06-16 |title=The Cretaceous–Paleogene transition in spiny-rayed fishes: surveying “Patterson’s Gap” in the acanthomorph skeletal record André Dumont medalist lecture 2018 |url=https://popups.uliege.be/1374-8505/index.php?id=7048 |journal=Geologica Belgica |language=en |doi=10.20341/gb.2023.002 |issn=1374-8505|doi-access=free }}</ref> Possibly the oldest percomorph is ''[[Biology:Plectocretacicus|Plectocretacicus]]'' from the [[Earth:Cenomanian|Cenomanian]] of [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]], which may be a stem-tetraodontiform; however, some morphological analyses indicate that it shows similarities with non-percomorph groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carnevale |first=Giorgio |last2=Johnson |first2=G. David |date=2015 |title=A Cretaceous Cusk-Eel (Teleostei, Ophidiiformes) from Italy and the Mesozoic Diversification of Percomorph Fishes |url=https://bioone.org/journals/copeia/volume-103/issue-4/CI-15-236/A-Cretaceous-Cusk-Eel-Teleostei-Ophidiiformes-from-Italy-and-the/10.1643/CI-15-236.full |journal=Copeia |volume=103 |issue=4 |pages=771–791 |doi=10.1643/CI-15-236 |issn=0045-8511}}</ref> 
[[File:Evolution of ray-finned fish.png|500px|thumb|left|Evolution of ray-finned fishes, [[Biology:Actinopterygii|Actinopterygii]], from the Devonian to the present as a spindle diagram. The width of the spindles are proportional to the number of families as a rough estimate of diversity. The diagram is based on Benton, M. J. (2005) Vertebrate Palaeontology, Blackwell, 3rd edition, Fig 7.13 on page 185.]]
{{clear}}

===Phylogeny===
====External relationships====
The two [[Biology:Cladogram|cladogram]]s below are based on Betancur-R ''et al.'', 2017.<ref name=deepfin4/> Percomorphs are a [[Biology:Clade|clade]] of [[Biology:Teleost|teleost]] fishes. The first cladogram shows the interrelationships of percomorphs with other living groups of teleosts.


{{clade |style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=Teleostei
|1={{clade
  |1=[[Biology:Elopomorpha|Elopomorpha]] ([[Biology:Elopiformes|Elopiformes]], Albuliformes, [[Biology:Notacanthiformes|Notacanthiformes]], Anguilliformes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Conger conger Gervais.jpg|70px]]</span>
  |label2=Osteoglossocephala
  |2={{clade
   |1=[[Biology:Osteoglossomorpha|Osteoglossomorpha]] ([[Biology:Hiodontiformes|Hiodontiformes]], [[Biology:Osteoglossiformes|Osteoglossiformes]]) [[File:Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (white background).jpg|70px]]
   |label2=Clupeocephala
   |2={{clade
      |label1=[[Biology:Otocephala|Otocephala]] 
      |1={{clade
        |1=Clupei ([[Biology:Clupeiformes|Clupeiformes]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Clupea harengus.png|70px]]</span>
      |2={{clade
        |1=Alepocephali ([[Biology:Alepocephaliformes|Alepocephaliformes]])[[File:Alepocephalus rostratus Gervais.jpg|70px]]
        |2=[[Biology:Ostariophysi|Ostariophysi]] ([[Biology:Gonorynchiformes|Gonorynchiformes]], [[Biology:Cypriniformes|Cypriniformes]], [[Biology:Characiformes|Characiformes]], [[Biology:Gymnotiformes|Gymnotiformes]], Siluriformes) [[File:Black bullhead fish (white background).jpg|70px]]
            }}
          }}
      |label2=[[Biology:Euteleostei|Euteleostei]]
      |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
           |label1=Lepidogalaxii
           |1=Lepidogalaxiiformes (salamanderfish)
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Biology:Protacanthopterygii|Protacanthopterygii]] ([[Biology:Argentiniformes|Argentiniformes]], Galaxiiformes, [[Biology:Esociformes|Esociformes]], [[Biology:Salmoniformes|Salmoniformes]]) [[File:Salmo salar flipped.jpg|70px]]
          |2={{clade
            |1=[[Biology:Stomiati|Stomiati]] ([[Biology:Stomiiformes|Stomiiformes]], [[Biology:Osmeriformes|Osmeriformes]]) <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Southern Pacific fishes illustrations by F.E. Clarke 100 1.jpg|70px]]</span>
            |label2=[[Biology:Neoteleostei|Neoteleostei]]
            |2={{clade
              |label1=Ateleopodia
               |1=[[Biology:Ateleopodidae|Ateleopodidae]] (jellynoses)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Ijimaia plicatellus1.jpg|60px]]</span>
              |label2=Eurypterygia
               |2={{clade
               |label1=Aulopa
                 |1=[[Biology:Aulopiformes|Aulopiformes]] (lizardfish) [[File:Aulopus filamentosus.jpg|70px]]
               |label2=Ctenosquamata
                 |2={{clade
                   |label1=Scopelomorpha
                   |1=[[Biology:Myctophiformes|Myctophiformes]] ([[Biology:Lanternfish|lanternfish]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Myctophum punctatum1.jpg|80px]]</span>
                   |label2=[[Biology:Acanthomorpha|Acanthomorpha]]
                     |2={{clade
                       |1={{clade
                       |1=Lampripterygii ([[Biology:Lampriformes|Lampriformes]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Lampris guttatus.png|70px]]</span>
                       |2=[[Biology:Paracanthopterygii|Paracanthopterygii]] ([[Biology:Percopsiformes|Percopsiformes]], [[Biology:Zeiformes|Zeiformes]], [[Biology:Stylephoriformes|Stylephoriformes]], [[Biology:Gadiformes|Gadiformes]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Atlantic cod.jpg|70px]]</span>
                      }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=Polymixiipterygii
          |1=[[Biology:Polymixiiformes|Polymixiiformes]] (beardfish) [[File:Polymixia nobilis1.jpg|70px]] 
          |label2=[[Biology:Acanthopterygii|Acanthopterygii]]
          |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
            |label1=Berycimorphaceae
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Biology:Beryciformes|Beryciformes]] ([[Biology:Alfonsino|alfonsino]]s, whalefishes) [[File:Beryx decadactylus (white background).jpg|60px]]
              |2=[[Biology:Trachichthyiformes|Trachichthyiformes]] (pinecone fishes, [[Biology:Slimehead|slimehead]]s)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Anoplogaster cornuta Brauer.jpg|70px]]</span>
               }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |label1=Holocentrimorphaceae 
              |1=Holocentriformes (squirrelfish, [[Biology:Myripristinae|soldier fishes]]) [[File:Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann Pauu (white background).jpeg|60px]]
              |2='''Percomorpha'''
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
 }}
          }}
        }}
      }}
    }}
  }}
}}


====Internal relationships====
The following cladogram shows the [[Biology:Phylogeny|evolutionary relationships]] of the various groups of extant percomorph fishes:


{{clade
|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%
|label1=&nbsp; '''Percomorpha''' &nbsp;
|1={{clade
  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
  |1={{clade
    |label1=&nbsp; Ophidiaria &nbsp;
    |1=[[Biology:Ophidiiformes|Ophidiiformes]] (cusk-eels) [[File:Brotula multibarbata (white background).jpeg|70px]]
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
    |1={{clade
      |label1=&nbsp; Batrachoidaria &nbsp;
      |1=[[Biology:Batrachoididae|Batrachoididae]] (toadfishes) [[File:Batrachoides surinamensis.jpg|60px]]
       }}    
    |2={{clade
      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
      |1={{clade
        |label1=&nbsp; Pelagiaria &nbsp;
        |1=[[Biology:Scombriformes|Scombriformes]] ([[Biology:Tuna|tuna]]s, [[Biology:Mackerel|mackerel]], etc.)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Scomber scombrus.png|70px]]</span> 
        |label2=&nbsp; Syngnatharia &nbsp; 
        |2=[[Biology:Syngnathiformes|Syngnathiformes]] (seahorses, seadragon, etc.) [[File:Hippocampus hippocampus Gervais.jpg|40px]]
         }}
      |2={{clade
        |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
        |1={{clade
          |label1=&nbsp; Gobiaria &nbsp;
          |1={{clade
            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
            |1=[[Biology:Gobiiformes|Gobiiformes]] ([[Biology:Goby|gobies]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Crazy fish, Butis butis (Hamilton, 1822) by M. L. Nievera (colored).png|70px]]</span>
            |2=[[Biology:Kurtiformes|Kurtiformes]] ([[Biology:Nurseryfish|nurseryfish]]es, cardinalfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Apogon robinsi - pone.0010676.g071.png|70px]]</span>
             }}
           }}
        |2={{clade
          |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
          |1={{clade
            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
            |1={{clade
              |label1=&nbsp; Anabantaria &nbsp;
              |1={{clade
                |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                |1=[[Biology:Anabantiformes|Anabantiformes]] ([[Biology:Snakehead (fish)|snakehead]]s, [[Biology:Siamese fighting fish|Siamese fighting fish]], [[Biology:Gourami|gourami]]es) [[File:Histoire naturelle des poissons (Helostoma temminckii).jpg|60 px]]
                |2=[[Biology:Synbranchiformes|Synbranchiformes]]<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Synbranchus marmoratus1.jpg|70px]]</span>
                 }}
              |label2=&nbsp; Carangaria &nbsp; 
              |2={{clade
                |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                |1={{clade
                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                  |1=Polynemidae (threadfins) [[File:Polydactylus sextarius.jpg|70 px]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1=[[Biology:Lactariidae|Lactariidae]] (false trevally)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Lactarius delicatulus Ford 53.jpg|70px]]</span>
                    |2=Menidae (moonfish)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Mene maculata Ford 53.jpg|60px]]</span>
                     }}
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                  |1={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; Part of "[[Biology:Carangiformes|Carangiformes]]" &nbsp;
                    |1={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1=[[Biology:Nematistiidae|Nematistiidae]] (roosterfish)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Nematistius pectoralis.jpg|70 px]]</span>
                      |2={{clade
                        |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                        |1=[[Biology:Echeneidae|Echeneidae]] (remoras)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Echeneis brachyptera Ford 55.jpg|80 px]]</span>
                        |2={{clade
                          |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                          |1=[[Biology:Coryphaenidae|Coryphaenidae]] (dolphinfish)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Coryphaena hippurus.png|70 px]]</span>
                          |2=[[Biology:Rachycentridae|Rachycentridae]] (cobia)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Rachycentron canadum.png|70 px]]</span>
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1=[[Biology:Sphyraenidae|Sphyraenidae]] (barracudas)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Sphyraena pinguis.jpeg|70 px]]</span>
                    |2={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1={{clade
                       |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                       |1=[[Biology:Centropomidae|Centropomidae]] (snooks) [[File:Centropomus undecimalis.png|70px]]
                        |2=[[Biology:Pleuronectiformes|Pleuronectiformes]] (flatfish) [[File:Lined_sole.jpg|70px]]
                         }}
                      |2={{clade
                        |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                        |1={{clade
                          |label1=&nbsp; Part of "[[Biology:Carangiformes|Carangiformes]]" &nbsp;
                          |1=[[Biology:Carangidae|Carangidae]] (jacks)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Caranx latus 1.png|70 px]]</span>
                           }}
                        |2={{clade
                          |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                          |1=Istiophoriformes ([[Biology:Billfish|billfish]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Swordfish (Duane Raver).png|70px]]</span>
                          |2={{clade
                            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                            |1=[[Biology:Leptobramidae|Leptobramidae]] (beachsalmons)
                            |2=[[Biology:Toxotidae|Toxotidae]] (archerfish)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Toxotes microlepis 2.jpg|60 px]]</span>
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
              |label1=&nbsp; [[Biology:Ovalentaria|Ovalentaria]] &nbsp;
              |1={{clade
                |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                |1={{clade
                  |label1=&nbsp; Cichlomorphae &nbsp;
                  |1={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1=[[Biology:Cichliformes|Cichliformes]] (cichlids, convict blennies)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Bathybates ferox.jpg|70 px]]</span>
                    |2=[[Biology:Polycentridae|Polycentridae]] (leaffish)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Polycentrus schomburgkii1.jpg|80 px]]</span>
                     }}
                 |label2=&nbsp; Atherinomorphae &nbsp; 
                 |2={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1=[[Biology:Beloniformes|Beloniformes]] ([[Biology:Needlefish|needlefish]], [[Biology:Flying fish|flying fish]], [[Biology:Halfbeak|halfbeak]]s)[[File:Exocoetus volitans.jpg|70px]]
                    |2={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1=[[Biology:Atheriniformes|Atheriniformes]] (silversides, rainbowfish, etc.)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Labidesthes sicculus 1908.jpg|80 px]]</span>
                      |2=[[Biology:Cyprinodontiformes|Cyprinodontiformes]] (tooth-carps)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Fundulus waccamensis.jpg|80 px]]</span>
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                  |1=[[Biology:Ambassidae|Ambassidae]] (Asiatic glassfishes) [[File:Ambassis barlovi Swaine.jpg|70 px]]
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1=[[Biology:Congrogadidae|Congrogadidae]] (eel blenny) [[File:BlennodesmusScapularisFord.jpg|80 px]]
                      |2=[[Biology:Pomacentridae|Pomacentridae]] (damselfishes, clownfish) [[File:XRF-Amphiprion nigripes.png|70px]]
                       }}
                    |2={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1={{clade
                        |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                        |1=[[Biology:Embiotocidae|Embiotocidae]] (surfperches)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Cymatogaster aggregata1.jpg|70 px]]</span>
                        |label2=&nbsp; Mugilomorphae &nbsp; 
                        |2=[[Biology:Mugiliformes|Mugiliformes]] (mullets)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Tainha (Mugil sp).png|80 px]]</span>
                         }}
                      |2={{clade
                        |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                        |1=''[[Biology:Lipogramma|Lipogramma]]''<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Lipogramma trilineatum, Adult (Threeline Basslet).jpg|70 px]]</span>
                        |2={{clade
                          |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                          |1=Plesiopidae (roundheads)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Plesiops coeruleolineatus.jpg|70 px]]</span>
                          |2={{clade
                            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                            |1=[[Biology:Pseudochromidae|Pseudochromidae]] (dottybacks) [[File:Pseudochromis tapeinosoma male.jpg|70px]]
                            |2={{clade
                              |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                              |1=[[Biology:Grammatidae|Grammatidae]] (basslets)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Gramma loreto, Adult (Royal Gramma).jpg|70 px]]</span>
                              |2={{clade
                                |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                                |1=[[Biology:Opistognathidae|Opistognathidae]] (jawfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Opisthognathus nigromarginatus Ford 57.jpg|70px]]</span>
                                |label2=&nbsp; Blenniimorphae &nbsp; 
                                |2={{clade
                                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                                  |1=[[Biology:Blenniiformes|Blenniiformes]] (blennies, clinids, [[Biology:Sand stargazer|sand stargazer]]s)[[File:XRF-Ecsenius lineatus.png|75px]]
                                  |2=[[Biology:Gobiesociformes|Gobiesociformes]] (clingfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Acyrtus artius - pone.0010676.g160.png|70px]]</span>
                                   }}
                                 }}
                               }}
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
          |2={{clade
            |label1=&nbsp; Eupercaria &nbsp;
            |1={{clade
              |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
              |1=Gerreiformes (mojarras)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Gerres filamentosus Ford 25.jpg|70px]]</span>
              |2={{clade
                |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                |1={{clade
                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                  |1=[[Biology:Uranoscopidae|Uranoscopiformes]] (stargazers)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Uranoscopus japonicus.jpeg|70px]]</span>
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1=[[Biology:Centrogenyidae|Centrogenyidae]] (false scorpionfish)[[File:Centrogenys vaigiensis.jpg|80px]]
                    |2=[[Biology:Labriformes|Labriformes]] ([[Biology:Wrasse|wrasse]]s, [[Biology:Odacidae|cales]], [[Biology:Parrotfish|parrotfish]])<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Illustration from The Naturalist’s Miscellany by George Shaw, digitally enhanced by rawpixel-com 140.jpg|70px]]</span>
                     }}
                   }}
                |2={{clade
                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                  |1={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1=[[Biology:Perciformes|Perciformes]] (perches, [[Biology:Stickleback|stickleback]]s, scorpionfishes, etc.)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Abborre,_Iduns_kokbok.jpg|70px]]</span>
                    |2={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1=Centrarchiformes ([[Biology:Black bass|black bass]]es, [[Biology:Temperate perch|temperate perch]]es, etc.)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Bluespotted Sunfish.jpeg|60px]]</span>
                      |2=Pempheriformes (sweepers)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Pempheris mangula Ford 42.jpg|70px]]</span>
                       }}
                     }}
                  |2={{clade
                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                    |1={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1=[[Biology:Moronidae|Moronidae]] (temperate basses)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Yellow Bass.gif|70px]]</span>
                      |2=[[Biology:Sillaginidae|Sillaginidae]] (smelt-whitings)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Sillago schomburgkii2.png|70px]]</span>
                       }}
                    |2={{clade
                      |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                      |1=[[Biology:Ephippidae|Ephippiformes]] (spadefishes, batfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Platax teira Ford 51B.jpg|50px]]</span>
                      |2={{clade
                        |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                        |1={{clade
                          |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                          |1={{clade
                            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                            |1=[[Biology:Butterflyfish|Chaetodontiformes]] (butterflyfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Chaetodon striatus - pone.0010676.g100.png|50px]]</span>
                            |2=[[Biology:Sciaenidae|Sciaenidae]] (drums, croakers)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Atractoscion aequidens.jpg|80px]]</span>
                             }}
                          |2={{clade
                            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                            |1={{clade
                              |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                              |1=[[Biology:Acanthuriformes|Acanthuriformes]] (surgeonfishes, ponyfishes) [[File:XRF-Acanthurus leucosternon.png|70px]]
                              |2=[[Biology:Monodactylidae|Monodactylidae]] (moonyfishes, fingerfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Psettus argenteus Ford 51B.jpg|60px]]</span>
                               }}
                            |2={{clade
                              |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                              |1=[[Biology:Emmelichthyidae|Emmelichthyidae]] (rovers)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Plagiogeneion macrolepis.jpg|75px]]</span>
                              |2={{clade
                                |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                                |1=[[Biology:Pomacanthidae|Pomacanthidae]] (angelfishes)[[File:XRF-Pomacanthus imperator2.png|70px]]
                                |2={{clade
                                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                                  |1=[[Biology:Lutjanidae|Lutjaniformes]] (snappers)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Lutjanus sanguineus - 1835 - Print - Iconographia Zoologica - Special Collections University of Amsterdam - UBA01 IZ12900309.jpg|70px]]</span>
                                  |2={{clade
                                    |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                                    |1=[[Biology:Callanthiidae|Callanthiidae]] (splendid perches)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Grammatonotus laysanus.jpg|70px]]</span>
                                    |2=[[Biology:Malacanthidae|Malacanthidae]] (tilefishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Blue blanquillo.jpg|75px]]</span>
                                     }}
                                   }}
                                 }}
                               }}
                             }}
                           }}
                        |2={{clade
                          |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                          |1={{clade
                            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                            |1=[[Biology:Lobotidae|Lobotiformes]] (tripletails)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Lobotes surinamensis - pone.0010676.g088.png|60px]]</span>
                            |2=[[Biology:Sparidae|Spariformes]] (sea breams)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Calamus bajonado.jpg|70px]]</span>
                             }}
                          |2={{clade
                            |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                            |1=[[Biology:Siganidae|Siganidae]] (rabbitfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Siganus virgatus.png|60px]]</span>
                            |2={{clade
                              |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                              |1={{clade
                                |label1=&nbsp;
                                |1=Priacanthiformes (bigeyes, [[Biology:Bandfish|bandfish]]es)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Priacanthus arenatus.jpg|70px]]</span>
                                |2=[[Biology:Scatophagidae|Scatophagidae]] (scats)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Scatophagus_argus_Ford_29.jpg|60px]]</span>
                                 }}
                              |2={{clade
                                |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                                |1=Caproiformes (boarfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Antigonia capros1.jpg|60px]]</span>
                                |2={{clade
                                  |label1=&nbsp; &nbsp;
                                  |1=Lophiiformes (anglerfishes)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Humpback anglerfish.png|55px]]</span>
                                  |2=[[Biology:Tetraodontiformes|Tetraodontiformes]] (pufferfishes, [[Biology:Triggerfish|triggerfish]]es, etc.)<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Cyclichthys orbicularis mirrored.jpg|60px]]</span>
                                   }}
                                 }}
                               }}
                             }}
                           }}
                         }}
                       }}
                     }}
                   }}
                 }}
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{diversity of fish}}
{{Taxonbar|from= Q22109111|from2=Q258278}}

[[Category:Percomorpha| ]]


{{Sourceattribution|Percomorpha}}