View source for Biology:Streptophyta

{{short description|Clade consisting of the charophyte algae and land plants}}
 {{automatic taxobox
| display_parents = 4
| taxon = Streptophyta
| authority = Jeffrey 1967,<ref>{{cite journal | author = Jeffrey C | year = 1967 | title = The origin and differentiation of the Archegoniate land plants: A second contribution | journal = Kew Bull. | volume = 21 | issue = 2| pages = 335–349 | doi=10.2307/4108533| jstor = 4108533 }}</ref> ''sensu'' Leliaert et al. 2012
| image = Streptophyta-x4.jpg
| image_caption = 
| subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions
| subdivision = * [[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
* [[Biology:Phragmoplastophyta|Phragmoplastophyta]]
** [[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]]
** [[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]] 
** [[Biology:Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyceae]]
** [[Biology:Embryophyta|Embryophyta]]
| synonyms = * Anthocerophyta <small>Sluiman 1985</small><ref>{{cite journal | author = Sluiman H. J. | year = 1985 | title = A cladistic evaluation of the lower and higher green plants (Viridiplantae) | journal = Plant Syst. Evol. | volume = 149 | issue = 3–4| pages = 217–232 | doi=10.1007/bf00983308| s2cid = 19456207 }}</ref>
* [[Biology:Charophyta|Charophyta]] <small>Migula 1897 ''sensu'' Lewis & McCourt 2004; Karol et al. 2009</small>
* Streptobionta <small>Kenrick & Crane 1997</small>
'''sister:''' [[Biology:Chlorophyta|chlorophyta]]
}}

'''Streptophyta''' ({{IPAc-en|s|t|r|ɛ|p|ˈ|t|ɒ|f|ᵻ|t|ə|,_|'|s|t|r|ɛ|p|t|oʊ|f|aɪ|t|ə}}), informally the '''streptophytes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|r|ɛ|p|t|ə|f|aɪ|t|s}}, from the [[Social:Greek language|Greek]] ''strepto'' 'twisted', for the morphology of the sperm of some members), is a [[Biology:Clade|clade]] of [[Biology:Plant|plant]]s. The composition of the clade varies considerably between authors, but the definition employed here includes land plants and all green algae except the [[Biology:Chlorophyta|Chlorophyta]] and the more basal [[Biology:Prasinodermophyta|Prasinodermophyta]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Baracaldo|first1=Patricia|last2=Raven|first2=John A.|last3=Pisani|first3=Davide|last4=Knoll|first4=Andrew H.|date=2017-09-12|title=Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=37|pages=E7737–E7745|doi=10.1073/pnas.1620089114|url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/ws/files/132985852/pnas.1620089114.sapp.pdf|pmid=28808007|pmc=5603991|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E7737S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Classifications==
The composition of Streptophyta and similar groups (Streptophytina, Charophyta) varies in each classification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Schwestergruppe der Landpflanzen |trans-title=The sister group of land plants |url=https://www.protisten.de/german/docs/Phylogeny_in_Streptophyta.pdf |access-date=7 November 2023 |website=www.protisten.de |language=de}}</ref>{{citation needed|reason=cited source is in German. An English-language source is required|date=July 2015}} Some authors are more restrictive, including only the Charales and Embryophyta (e.g., Streptophyta <small>Jeffrey 1967; Adl et al. 2012</small>, Streptophytina <small>Lewis & McCourt 2004</small>), others include more groups (e.g., Charophyta <small>Lewis & McCourt 2004; Karol et al. 2009; Adl et al. 2012</small>, Streptophyta <small>Bremer, 1985; de Reviers 2002; Leliaert et al. 2012</small>, Streptobionta <small>Kenrick & Crane 1997</small>; some authors use this broader definition, but exclude the Embryophyta, e.g., Charophyta <small>Cavalier-Smith 1993;<ref>Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993). The origin, losses and gains of chloroplasts. In: ''Origins of plastids'' (pp. 291-348). Springer US.</ref> Leliaert et al. 2012</small>, Charophyceae <small>Mattox & Stewart, 1984</small>, Streptophycophytes <small>de Reviers, 2002</small>).

The organism, streptophyta, includes both unicellular and multicellular organisms. All living green plants belong to the major phyla including Streptophyta and chlorophyta. The Streptophyta phylum contains the charophyte green algae in freshwater habitat and also all land plants. Another thing about streptophyta is that this organism reproduces sexually by conjugation. There is another organism that is very similar to streptophyta is the Mesostigma viride organism and it is a green flagellate. Streptophyta include the charophycean lineage along with bryophytes and tracheophytes. Bryophytes are land plants that include liverworts, hornworts and mosses, and tracheophytes are vascular plants. The organism, streptophyta, was also found in Bahia, Brazil, and is characterized by having cell walls composed of a single unit, without pores or other ornamentations. The phylum Streptophyta comprises all land plants and six monophyletic groups of charophycean green algae.<ref>{Kapraun, D. F. (2007). Nuclear DNA content estimates in green algal lineages: Chlorophyta and 
Streptophyta. Annals of botany, 99(4), 677-701.
Liang, Z., Geng, Y., Ji, C., Du, H., Wong, C. E., Zhang, Q., ... & Yu, H. (2020). Mesostigma 
viride genome and transcriptome provide insights into the origin and evolution of 
Streptophyta. Advanced Science, 7(1), 1901850.
Nedelcu, A. M., Borza, T., & Lee, R. W. (2006). A land plant–specific multigene family in the 
unicellular Mesostigma argues for its close relationship to Streptophyta. Molecular 
Biology and Evolution, 23(5), 1011-1015.
Oliveira, I. B. D., Bicudo, C. E. D. M., & Moura, C. W. D. N. (2013). First records of 
Zygnematales (Zygnematophyceae, Streptophyta) for the state of Bahia, Brazil. Acta 
Botanica Brasilica, 27(4), 743-750.}</ref>

These earlier classifications have not taken into account that the [[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]] and the Zygnemophyceae appear to have emerged in the [[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]] + [[Biology:Embryophyta|Embryophyta]] clade, resulting in the synonymy of the [[Biology:Phragmoplastophyta|Phragmoplastophyta]] and Streptophytina/Streptophyta sensu stricto (a.k.a. Adl 2012) nomenclature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Lemieux|first1=Claude|last2=Otis|first2=Christian|last3=Turmel|first3=Monique|date=2016|title=Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analyses of Streptophyte Green Algae Uncover Major Structural Alterations in the Klebsormidiophyceae, Coleochaetophyceae and Zygnematophyceae|journal=Frontiers in Plant Science|language=en|volume=7|pages=697|doi=10.3389/fpls.2016.00697|pmid=27252715|pmc=4877394|issn=1664-462X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Jeffrey, 1967===
* '''Streptophyta'''
** [[Biology:Charales|Charales]]
** [[Biology:Embryophyta|Embryophyta]]

===Lewis & McCourt 2004===
* Division [[Biology:Charophyta|Charophyta]] (charophyte algae and embryophytes)
** Class [[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]] (mesostigmatophytes)
** Class Chlorokybophyceae (chlorokybophytes)
** Class [[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]] (klebsormidiophytes)
** Class Zygnemophyceae (conjugates)
*** Order [[Biology:Zygnematales|Zygnematales]] (filamentous conjugates and saccoderm desmids)
*** Order [[Biology:Desmidiales|Desmidiales]] (placoderm desmids)
** Class [[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]] (coleochaetophytes)
*** Order [[Biology:Coleochaetales|Coleochaetales]]
** Subdivision Streptophytina
*** Class [[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]] (same as the [[Biology:Smith system|Smith system]], 1938)
**** Order [[Biology:Charales|Charales]] (charophytes sensu stricto)
*** Class Embryophyceae (embryophytes)

=== Leliaert ''et al''. 2012 ===

*'''Streptophyta'''
**charophytes
***[[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]]
***Chlorokybophyceae
***[[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
***[[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]]
***[[Biology:Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyceae]]
***[[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]]
**[[Biology:Embryophyta|Embryophyta]] (land plants)

===Adl ''et al''. 2012===

* [[Biology:Archaeplastida|Archaeplastida]] Adl et al. 2005
**Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 ([[Viridiplantae]] Cavalier-Smith 1981)
*** [[Biology:Chlorophyta|Chlorophyta]] Pascher 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004
*** [[Biology:Charophyta|Charophyta]] Migula 1897, emend. Karol et al. 2009 ([[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]] Smith 1938, Mattox & Stewart 1984)
**** ''[[Biology:Chlorokybus|Chlorokybus]]'' Geitler 1942
**** ''[[Biology:Mesostigma|Mesostigma]]'' Lauterborn 1894
**** [[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]] van den Hoek et al. 1995
**** [[Biology:Phragmoplastophyta|Phragmoplastophyta]] Lecointre & Guyander 2006
***** [[Biology:Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyceae]] van den Hoek et al. 1995, emend. Hall et al. 2009
***** [[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]] Jeffrey 1982
***** '''Streptophyta''' Jeffrey 1967
****** [[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]] Smith 1938, emend. Karol et al. 2009 ([[Biology:Charales|Charales]] Lindley 1836; Charophytae Engler 1887)
****** [[Biology:Embryophyta|Embryophyta]] Engler 1886, emend. Lewis & McCourt 2004 (Cormophyta Endlicher 1836; Plantae Haeckel 1866)
**

=== Adl ''et al''. 2019 ===

* [[Biology:Archaeplastida|Archaeplastida]] Adl et al. 2005
**Chloroplastida Adl et al. 2005 ([[Viridiplantae]] Cavalier-Smith 1981)
*** Phylum Streptophyta [<nowiki/>[[Biology:Charophyta|<nowiki>Charophyta]</nowiki>]]
**** Chlorokybus atmophyticus
**** Mesostigma viridae
****Family Klebsomidiophyceae
**** Class Phragmoplastophyta
***** Family Zygnemataceae
***** Order Coleochaetophyceae
***** Family Characeae
***** Kingdom Embryophyta

==Phylogeny==
Below is a reconstruction of '''Streptophyta''' relationships, based on genomic data.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Linzhou Li|author2=Sibo Wang|author3=Hongli Wang|author4=Sunil Kumar Sahu|author5=Birger Marin|author6=Haoyuan Li|author7=Yan Xu|author8=Hongping Liang|author9=Zhen Li|author10=Shifeng Chen|author11=Tanja Reder|date=22 June 2020|title=The genome of Prasinoderma coloniale unveils the existence of a third phylum within green plants|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume=4|issue=9|pages=1220–1231|doi=10.1038/s41559-020-1221-7|pmc=7455551|pmid=32572216|doi-access=free|author22=Yves Van de Peer|author23=Michael Melkonian|author24=Huan Liu|author21=Xin Liu|author20=Xun Xu|author19=Gane Ka-Shu Wong|author17=Huanming Yang|author16=Hongli Du|author15=Barbara Melkonian|author14=Morten Petersen|author13=Sebastian Wittek|author12=Zehra Çebi|author18=Jian Wang}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Puttick|first1=Mark N.|last2=Morris|first2=Jennifer L.|last3=Williams|first3=Tom A.|last4=Cox|first4=Cymon J.|last5=Edwards|first5=Dianne|last6=Kenrick|first6=Paul|last7=Pressel|first7=Silvia|last8=Wellman|first8=Charles H.|last9=Schneider|first9=Harald|date=2018|title=The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte|journal=Current Biology|volume=28|issue=5|pages=733–745.e2|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.063|pmid=29456145|doi-access=free|hdl=1983/ad32d4da-6cb3-4ed6-add2-2415f81b46da|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Baracaldo|first1=Patricia|last2=Raven|first2=John A.|last3=Pisani|first3=Davide|last4=Knoll|first4=Andrew H.|date=2017-09-12|title=Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=114|issue=37|pages=E7737–E7745|doi=10.1073/pnas.1620089114|url=https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/ws/files/132985852/pnas.1620089114.sapp.pdf|pmid=28808007|pmc=5603991|bibcode=2017PNAS..114E7737S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Streptophyta'''/
|sublabel1='''[[Biology:Charophyta|charophyta]]'''
|1={{clade
  |label1=[[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]] s.l.
  |1={{clade
    |1=''Mesostigma viride'' (Mesostigmatophyceae s.s.)
    |2={{clade
      |1=''[[Biology:Spirotaenia|Spirotaenia]]''
      |2=Chlorokybophyceae
       }}
     }}
  |2={{clade
    |label1=
    |1=[[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
    |label2=[[Biology:Phragmoplastophyta|Phragmoplastophyta]]
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]] (Stoneworts & musk grasses)
      |2={{clade
        |1=[[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]]
        |2={{clade
          |1=[[Biology:Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyceae]] (desmids, water silk etc.)
          |label2=[[Biology:Embryophyte|Embryophyte]]s
          |2={{clade
            |label1=Bryophytes
            |1={{clade
              |1=[[Biology:Anthocerotophyta|Anthocerotophyta]] (hornworts)
              |label2=Setaphyta
              |2={{clade
                |1=[[Biology:Marchantiophyta|Marchantiophyta]] (Liverworts)
                |2=[[Biology:Moss|Bryophyta]] (Mosses)
                 }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Biology:Polysporangiophyte|Polysporangiomorpha]]
            |2={{clade
              |1=†[[Biology:Horneophytopsida|Horneophytopsida]]
              |2=[[Biology:Tracheophyta|Tracheophyta]]
               }}
             }}
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}

|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%}}
The newly found ''streptofilum'' appears to bring in a new branching<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glass |first=Sarah E. |last2=McCourt |first2=Richard M. |last3=Gottschalk |first3=Stephen D. |last4=Lewis |first4=Louise A. |last5=Karol |first5=Kenneth G. |date=2023-08-07 |title=Chloroplast genome evolution and phylogeny of the early‐diverging charophycean green algae with a focus on the Klebsormidiophyceae and Streptofilum |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jpy.13359 |journal=Journal of Phycology |language=en |doi=10.1111/jpy.13359 |issn=0022-3646|doi-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1='''Streptophyta'''/
|sublabel1='''[[Biology:Charophyta|charophyta]]'''
|1={{clade
  |1=[[Biology:Mesostigmatophyceae|Mesostigmatophyceae]]
|2={{clade
      |1=Chlorokybophyceae
|2={{clade
|1=''Streptofilum''
  |2={{clade
    |1=[[Biology:Klebsormidiophyceae|Klebsormidiophyceae]]
    |label2=[[Biology:Phragmoplastophyta|Phragmoplastophyta]]
    |2={{clade
      |1=[[Biology:Charophyceae|Charophyceae]] (Stoneworts & musk grasses)
      |2={{clade
          |1=[[Biology:Zygnematophyceae|Zygnematophyceae]] (desmids, water silk etc.)
        |2={{clade
        |1=[[Biology:Coleochaetophyceae|Coleochaetophyceae]]
          |2=[[Biology:Embryophyte|Embryophyte]]s
           }}
         }}
       }}
     }}
   }}
}}}}

|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*Bremer, K. (1985) Summary of green plant phylogeny and classification. Cladistics 1:369-385.
*{{cite journal | author1 = Lewis L.A. | author2 = McCourt R.M. | date = October 2004 | title = Green algae and the origin of land plants | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 10 | pages = 1535–1556 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535 | pmid = 21652308 }}
*{{citation |author1=Adl, S.M. |author2=Simpson, A.G.B. |author3=Lane, C.E. |author4=Lukeš, J. |author5=Bass, D. |author6=Bowser, S.S. |author7=Brown, M.W. |author8=Burki, F. |author9=Dunthorn, M. |author10=Hampl, V. |author11=Heiss, A. |author12=Hoppenrath, M. |author13=Lara, E. |author14=le Gall, L. |author15=Lynn, D.H. |author16=McManus, H. |author17=Mitchell, E.A.D. |author18=Mozley-Stanridge, S.E. |author19=Parfrey, L.W. |author20=Pawlowski, J. |author21=Rueckert, S. |author22=Shadwick, L. |author23=Schoch, C.L. |author24=Smirnov, A. |author25=Spiegel, F.W. |date=September 2012 |title=The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=429–514 |doi=10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x |pmid=23020233 |pmc=3483872}}

==External links==
*[http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437  The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009220630/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 |date=2010-10-09 }}
*[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/294/5550/2351.pdf?ijkey=5be75a8faf1d87b2dac07461bb057f53f0a86184 The closest land plants relatives]

{{Plant classification|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133527}}

[[Category:Green algae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Streptophyta}}