View source for Biology:Trillium recurvatum

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image=Trillium_recurvatum_AR.jpg
|image_caption=In Little Rock, Arkansas, showing recurved sepals
|status=G5
|status_system=TNC
|status_ref={{r|ns}}
|genus=Trillium
|species=recurvatum
|authority=L.C.Beck
|synonyms_ref={{r|wcsp}}
|synonyms=*''Phyllantherum recurvatum'' <small>(L.C.Beck) Nieuwl.</small>
* ''Trillium unguiculatum'' <small>Raf.</small>
* ''Trillium unguiculatum'' <small>Nutt.</small>
}}

'''''Trillium recurvatum''''', the '''prairie trillium''',{{r|fna}} '''toadshade''',{{r|mnfi}}{{r|ncnps}} or '''bloody butcher''',{{r|usda}} is a [[Biology:Species|species]] of [[Biology:Perennial|perennial]] herbaceous [[Biology:Flowering plant|flowering plant]] in the family [[Biology:Melanthiaceae|Melanthiaceae]].{{r|fna}}{{r|usda}} It is native to parts of central and eastern {{wipe|United States}}, where it is found from Iowa south to {{wipe|Texas}} and east to North Carolina and Pennsylvania.{{r|usda}}{{r|vb}} It grows in [[Biology:Mesic habitat|mesic]] forests and savannas, often in [[Earth:Calcareous|calcareous]] soils.{{r|weakley}}{{r|ilplants}} It is also known as '''bloody noses''',{{r|fna}} '''red trillium''',{{r|mnfi}} '''prairie wake-robin''',{{r|ncnps}} '''purple trillium''',{{r|moplants}} and '''reflexed trillium''',{{r|wi}} in reference to its reflexed sepals.{{r|wi}}{{r|moplants}}

==Description==
''Trillium recurvatum'' grows up to {{cvt|40|cm}} tall with three ovate to lanceolate bracts, mottled green, {{cvt|6 to 18|cm|0}} long and {{cvt|2 to 6.5|cm|0}} across, petiolate at maturity.{{r|fna}}{{r|moplants}}

The flower has three brown to maroon petals that are {{cvt|1.8 to 4.8|cm|0}} long and {{cvt|0.9 to 2|cm|0}} across, with the petal tips arching over the stamens.{{r|fna}}{{r|moplants}} The sepals are recurved, pointing downwards when the flower has fully opened. The anthers are also dark purple, up to {{cvt|16|mm|0}} long.{{r|fotcr2017}} The stigmas are recurved at the tips.{{r|fotcr2017}} It is distinguished from other sessile-flowered ''[[Biology:Trillium|Trillium]]'' species, such as ''[[Biology:Trillium sessile|Trillium sessile]]'', by its reflexed sepals.{{r|moplants}}

The fruit is green, sometimes streaked with purple or white, with six well-developed ridges.{{r|fotcr2017}} The seeds have an oil-rich structure called an [[Biology:Elaiosome|elaiosome]], which promotes dispersal by ants and other foraging insects.

{{Gallery
|TrilliumRecurvatum.jpg|A population in the early stages of flowering, still in bud
|PrairieTrilliumFruit.jpg|An individual with mature fruit, late in the summer
|TrilliumRecurvatumOvaries.jpg|Fruits and seeds
|TrilliumRecurvatum(4leaf).jpg|An unusual individual with four leaves
}}

==Conservation==
''Trillium recurvatum'' is common throughout much of its range. It is not considered to be globally threatened, and its status is considered secure.{{r|ns}} However, it is monitored by conservation agencies in several states at the edge of its range, where it becomes rare. For example, in Wisconsin it is considered rare or uncommon (S3) and therefore a species of special concern.{{r|wi}} In Michigan, it is considered a state threatened species and is protected by law.{{r|mnfi}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=fna>{{eFloras |1 |242102007 |Trillium recurvatum |volume=26 |last=Case Jr. |first=Frederick W. |accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=fotcr2017>{{cite book |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Gerould |last2=Rericha |first2=Laura |date=2017 |title=Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis |publisher=Indiana Academy of Sciences}}</ref>
<ref name=ilplants>{{cite web |title=Prairie Trillium (''Trillium recurvatum recurvatum'') |url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/pr_trillium.htm |website=www.illinoiswildflowers.info |accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=mnfi>{{cite web |title=''Trillium recurvatum'' {{small|Beck}} |url=https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/botany/Trillium_recurvatum.pdf |website=Michigan Natural Features Inventory |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>
<ref name=moplants>{{cite web |last1=Tenaglia |first1=Dan |title=''Trillium recurvatum'' L.C. Beck, Purple Trillium |url=http://www.missouriplants.com/Trillium_recurvatum_page.html |website=www.missouriplants.com |accessdate=19 April 2020}}</ref>
<ref name=ncnps>{{cite web |title=Plant Details: ''Trillium recurvatum'' |url=https://ncwildflower.org/plant_galleries/details/trillium-recurvatum |publisher=North Carolina Native Plant Society |accessdate=19 April 2020 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
<ref name=ns>{{cite web|publisher=[[Organization:NatureServe|NatureServe]]|title=''Trillium recurvatum''|work=NatureServe Explorer|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.151986/Trillium_recurvatum|accessdate=16 November 2021}}</ref>
<ref name=usda>{{PLANTS|id=TRRE5|taxon=Trillium recurvatum|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=vb>[http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/trre5.htm ''Trillium recurvatum''] web page from [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/frame.htm Vanderbilt Bioimages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317134052/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/frame.htm |date=2010-03-17 }}</ref>
<ref name=wcsp>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=290630 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref>
<ref name=weakley>{{cite web |url=http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm |title=Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States}}</ref>
<ref name=wi>[http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/er/biodiversity/index.asp?mode=info&Grp=20&SpecCode=PMLIL200R0 Reflexed Trillium (''Trillium revurvatum'')], Endangered Resources Program Species Information, [https://web.archive.org/web/20031219113333/http://dnr.wi.gov/ Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources]. </ref>
}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |last1=Stritch |first1=Larry |title=Prairie Trillium (''Trillium recurvatum'') |url=https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/trillium_recurvatum.shtml |publisher=United States Forest Service |access-date=22 September 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Flower-Visiting Insects of Prairie Trillium |url=http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/plants/pr_trillium.htm |website=Illinois Wildflowers |access-date=15 December 2021}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3009702}}

[[Category:Trillium|recurvatum]]
[[Category:Ephemeral plants]]

{{Sourceattribution|Trillium recurvatum}}