Biology:Trillium recurvatum
| Trillium recurvatum | |
|---|---|
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| In Little Rock, Arkansas, showing recurved sepals | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Monocots |
| Order: | Liliales |
| Family: | Melanthiaceae |
| Genus: | Trillium |
| Species: | T. recurvatum
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| Binomial name | |
| Trillium recurvatum L.C.Beck
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| Synonyms[2] | |
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Trillium recurvatum, the prairie trillium,[3] toadshade,[4][5] or bloody butcher,[6] is a species of perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae.[3][6] It is native to parts of central and eastern United States , where it is found from Iowa south to Texas and east to North Carolina and Pennsylvania.[6][7] It grows in mesic forests and savannas, often in calcareous soils.[8][9] It is also known as bloody noses,[3] red trillium,[4] prairie wake-robin,[5] purple trillium,[10] and reflexed trillium,[11] in reference to its reflexed sepals.[11][10]
Description
Trillium recurvatum grows up to 40 cm (16 in) tall with three ovate to lanceolate bracts, mottled green, 6 to 18 cm (2 to 7 in) long and 2 to 6.5 cm (1 to 3 in) across, petiolate at maturity.[3][10]
The flower has three brown to maroon petals that are 1.8 to 4.8 cm (1 to 2 in) long and 0.9 to 2 cm (0 to 1 in) across, with the petal tips arching over the stamens.[3][10] The sepals are recurved, pointing downwards when the flower has fully opened. The anthers are also dark purple, up to 16 mm (1 in) long.[12] The stigmas are recurved at the tips.[12] It is distinguished from other sessile-flowered Trillium species, such as Trillium sessile, by its reflexed sepals.[10]
The fruit is green, sometimes streaked with purple or white, with six well-developed ridges.[12] The seeds have an oil-rich structure called an elaiosome, which promotes dispersal by ants and other foraging insects.
A population in the early stages of flowering, still in bud
An individual with mature fruit, late in the summer
Fruits and seeds
An unusual individual with four leaves
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Conservation
Trillium recurvatum is common throughout much of its range. It is not considered to be globally threatened, and its status is considered secure.[1] However, it is monitored by conservation agencies in several states at the edge of its range, where it becomes rare. For example, in Wisconsin it is considered rare or uncommon (S3) and therefore a species of special concern.[11] In Michigan, it is considered a state threatened species and is protected by law.[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Trillium recurvatum". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.151986/Trillium_recurvatum. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
- ↑ Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002), "Trillium recurvatum", in Flora of North America Editorial Committee, Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA), 26, New York and Oxford, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242102007, retrieved 19 April 2020
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Trillium recurvatum Beck". https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/botany/Trillium_recurvatum.pdf.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Plant Details: Trillium recurvatum" (in en-gb). North Carolina Native Plant Society. https://ncwildflower.org/plant_galleries/details/trillium-recurvatum. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Trillium recurvatum". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=TRRE5. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
- ↑ Trillium recurvatum web page from Vanderbilt Bioimages
- ↑ "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States". http://www.herbarium.unc.edu/flora.htm.
- ↑ "Prairie Trillium (Trillium recurvatum recurvatum)". http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/pr_trillium.htm. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Tenaglia, Dan. "Trillium recurvatum L.C. Beck, Purple Trillium". http://www.missouriplants.com/Trillium_recurvatum_page.html. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Reflexed Trillium (Trillium revurvatum), Endangered Resources Program Species Information, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
External links
- Stritch, Larry. "Prairie Trillium (Trillium recurvatum)". United States Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/trillium_recurvatum.shtml.
- "Flower-Visiting Insects of Prairie Trillium". http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/flower_insects/plants/pr_trillium.htm.
Wikidata ☰ Q3009702 entry
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