View source for Earth:Agua de la Piedra Formation

{{Short description|Late Oligocene geologic formation in Mendoza Province, Argentina}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name           = Agua de la Piedra Formation
| image          = 
| caption        = 
| type           = [[Earth:Geological formation|Geological formation]]
| age            = Late Oligocene ([[Earth:Deseadan|Deseadan]])<br>~{{fossil range|26|23}}
| period         = Chattian
| prilithology   = [[Earth:Tuff|Tuff]]
| otherlithology = [[Earth:Paleosol|Paleosol]]s
| namedfor       = 
| namedby        = Gorroño et al.
| year_ts        = 1979
| region         = southern Mendoza Province
| country        = Argentina
| coordinates    = {{coord|36.6|S|69.7|W|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|37.8|S|62.9|W|display=inline}}
| unitof         = [[Earth:Malargüe Group|Malargüe Group]]
| subunits       = "Rodados Lustrosos" level
| underlies      = ''alluvium''
| overlies       = Pircala-Coihueco Formation
| thickness      = {{convert|37|m|ft}} (tuffs)
| extent         = southernmost [[Earth:Precordillera|Precordillera]]<br>northernmost Neuquén Basin
| area           = 
| map            = {{Location map+ | Argentina
| relief = 1
| width   = 250
| float   = center
| places  = {{Location map~ | Argentina
  | lat_deg = -36.6
  | lon_deg = -69.7
  | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  }}
}}
| map_caption    =
| location_ts    = Quebrada Fiera, Malargüe
| coordinates_ts = {{coord|36|33|13.3|S|69|42|3.5|W|display=inline}}
| paleocoordinates_ts = 
| region_ts      = Mendoza Province
| country_ts     = {{wipe|Argentina}}
| thickness_ts   = {{convert|37|m|ft}} (tuffs)
}}
The '''Agua de la Piedra Formation''' ('''FAP''', Spanish names include '''''Estratos de Agua de la Piedra''''' and '''''Complejo Volcano-sedimentario del Terciario inferior''''')<ref name=Combina1994-p418>Combina et al., 1994, p.418</ref> is a Late Oligocene ([[Earth:Deseadan|Deseadan]] in the [[Earth:South American land mammal age|SALMA classification]]) geologic formation of the [[Earth:Malargüe Group|Malargüe Group]] that [[Earth:Outcrop|crops out]] in the southernmost [[Earth:Precordillera|Precordillera]] and northernmost Neuquén Basin in southern Mendoza Province, Argentina.<ref name=PBDB>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?geological_group=Malarg%C3%BCe&formation=Agua%20de%20la%20Piedra Agua de la Piedra Formation] in the [[Biology:Paleobiology Database|Paleobiology Database]]</ref>

The strictly terrestrial tuffs and paleosols of the formation, geologically belonging to [[Place:Patagonia|Patagonia]], have provided a wealth of mammal fossils of various groups at Quebrada Fiera, including ''[[Biology:Mendozahippus|Mendozahippus fierensis]]'', ''[[Biology:Pyrotherium|Pyrotherium]]'', ''Coniopternium'' and ''Fieratherium''. Terror birds reminiscent of the terror bird ''[[Biology:Andrewsornis|Andrewsornis]]'' and indeterminate remains of the [[Biology:Phorusrhacidae|phorusrhacid]] family have found in conjunction with the mammals.

== Regional geology ==
The Agua de la Piedra is geologically part of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina's most prolific onshore petroleum producing basin of northwestern [[Place:Patagonia|Patagonia]], and crops out in the geographical feature of the [[Earth:Andean orogeny|Andean orogeny]]; the Argentinian [[Earth:Precordillera|Precordillera]] of the higher [[Place:Andes|Andes]] in the [[Earth:Hinterland|hinterland]]. The [[Earth:Malargüe Group|Malargüe Group]], of which the Agua de la Piedra Formation is the uppermost unit, hosts among the most spectacular dinosaur fossils and nesting sites in the Allen Formation, the lowermost stratigraphic unit of the group.

The [[Earth:Jagüel Formation|Jagüel Formation]], overlying the Allen Formation, hosts the [[Earth:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary|Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary]] and has provided fossils of marine reptiles including [[Biology:Mosasaur|mosasaur]]s<ref name=HojaNeuquen>Hoja 3969-II Neuqúen, 2007</ref> and the marine turtle ''[[Biology:Euclastes|Euclastes meridionalis]]''. The [[Earth:Roca Formation, Argentina|Roca Formation]], overlying the Jagüel Formation shows evidence of Atlantic waters depositing the evaporites, claystones and limestones of the formation.<ref name=Archuby2016>Archuby et al., 2016</ref><ref name=Malamuian2011>Malamuián & Náñez, 2011</ref>

The Neuquén Basin started forming in the latest Jurassic as one of the rift basins resulting from the break-up of Pangea. While the earlier formations in the basin are mostly distal terrestrial in nature, the Agua de la Piedra Formation is a unique combination of purely terrestrial influence (paleosols) with the early Andean volcanism in the form of tuffs.

== Oligocene South America ==

=== Climate ===
[[File:Global Cenozoic Temperature-en.svg|left|thumb|200px|Global cooling occurred during the Oligocene]]
[[File:Eocene-Paleocene-circumpolar.svg|right|thumb|250px|Eocene-Oligocene circum-Antarctic oceanic changes]]
Oligocene South America differed quite substantially from the Eocene period preceding it. Isolated from Gondwana for 70 million years, the continent had developed widespread lush forests with their own specific faunas. The climate drastically cooled at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary with global cooling as a result of the formation of the Antarctic Ocean current. The South American landscape became more arid than in the Eocene with ongoing volcanism related to the Andean orogeny affecting the local climates.

=== Oligocene fauna ===
The Oligocene of South America is characterized by the arrival of the first monkeys, possibly rafting from Africa, which in the Oligocene was significantly removed from South America. The first rodents had arrived to the island continent in the Late Eocene before,<ref name=Vassallo2015-p6>Vassallo & Antenucci, 2015, p.6</ref> perhaps using similar methods of transoceanic transport. The rodents of South America diversified in the Oligocene. Cabeza Blanca, where the [[Earth:Sarmiento Formation|Sarmiento Formation]] outcrops, has provided the richest and most diverse Oligocene fauna of South America.<ref name=Vucetich2015-p21>Vucetich et al., 2015, p.21</ref>

The cooler Oligocene climate led to the wide-spread extension of [[Earth:Savanna|savanna]] and other [[Earth:Grassland|grassland]] [[Biology:Biome|biome]]s. In the Early Oligocene, these rodents inhabited open and arid landscapes with wind-blown dust and grasslands environments.<ref name=Ojeda2015-p123>Ojeda et al., 2015, p.123</ref>

==== Monkeys and rodents ====
The oldest confirmed New World monkey fossils stem from the Deseadan formations Salla in presently Andean Bolivia (the approximately {{convert|1000|g|lb}} weighing ''[[Biology:Branisella|Branisella boliviana]]'' and ''Szalatavus attricuspis'' half the size of ''Branisella'') and the {{convert|2000|g|lb|abbr=on}} heavy ''[[Biology:Canaanimico|Canaanimico]]'' from the Chambira of Amazonian Peru.<ref name=Silvestro2017_p14>Silvestro et al., 2017, p.14</ref>

The rodents had arrived in the Late Eocene and diversified greatly during the Deseadan following the appearance of ''Andemys'' with species ''A. frassinettii'' and ''A. termasi'' in the [[Biology:Tinguirirican|Tinguirirican]] ([[Earth:Abanico Formation|Abanico Formation]]; [[Biology:Tinguiririca fauna|Tinguiririca fauna]]). Caviomorphs arrived in Patagonia during the latest Eocene or early Oligocene, and
by the Late Oligocene they were highly diversified, with representatives of the four main lineages. A great morphological disparity, at least in tooth morphology, was then acquired mainly by the development of hypsodonty in several lineages. The early evolution of each of the major clades was complex, especially for chinchilloids and octodontoids. The first stages of the evolution of cavioids are more obscure because they are recognized through the relatively derived Deseadan species of Cavioidea.<ref name=Vucetich2015-p11>Vucetich et al., 2015, p.11</ref>

The Oligocene (Tinguirirican and Deseadan SALMAs plus La Cantera fauna) has a rich record of caviomorphs showing a greater morphological disparity than older faunas. Representatives of the four superfamilies, with the archetypal dental features that characterize species of the subsequent SALMAs, can be clearly recognized, at least since the Deseadan SALMA. Although a few genera (e.g., ''Andemys'', ''Branisamys'') cannot be assigned with certainty to any supra generic taxa. The Acaremyidae were likely a group of austral differentiation. The first representatives, the Deseadan ''Platypittamys brachyodon'', ''Galileomys baios'' and ''Changquin woodi'',<ref name=Vucetich2014-p692>Vucetich et al., 2014, p.692</ref> attest to its differentiation into several lineages.<ref name=Vucetich2015-p18>Vucetich et al., 2015, p.18</ref>

=== Oligocene volcanism ===
[[File:Payún Matrú.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Earth:Payún Matrú|Payún Matrú]] volcano ]]
Early Andean volcanism in the Southern Cone of South America dating to the Oligocene has been found in:

* [[Earth:Estratos de Pupunahue|Estratos de Pupunahue]]<ref name=Elguetaetal2000>Elgueta et al., 2000</ref><ref name=AlfaroGantz1997>Alfaro & Gantz, 1997</ref><ref name=Villablancaetal2003>Villablanca et al., 2003</ref>
* [[Earth:Estratos de San Pedro|Estratos de San Pedro]]<ref name=Elguetaetal2000/>
* [[Earth:Caleta Chonos Formation|Caleta Chonos Formation]]
* [[Earth:Cheuquemó Formation|Cheuquemó Formation]]
* [[Earth:Temuco Formation|Temuco Formation]]<ref name=Mella2010>Mella & Quiroz, 2010</ref>
* [[Earth:Oxaya Formation|Oxaya Formation]]<ref name=Garciaetal1999>García et al., 1999</ref><ref name=Zeilingeretal2005>Zeilinger et al., 2015</ref>
* [[Earth:Ancud Volcanic Complex|Ancud Volcanic Complex]]
* Cerro Ratones

== Description ==
The formation comprises the "Rodados Lustrosos" level, formed by clastic heterogeneous [[Earth:Conglomerate (geology)|conglomerates]] in a silty matrix, considered as the stratigraphic evidence of the Pehuenche orogenic phase of the Andean orogeny, followed by uniform sequences, variable in thickness, of whitish-ocher [[Earth:Tuff|tuff]]aceous [[Earth:Paleosol|paleosol]]s with concretions and whitish-gray tuffs with intercalations of pyroclastic deposits.<ref name=Schmidt2019-p370>Schmidt et al., 2019, p.370</ref>

The upper part of the Agua de la Piedra Formation consists of {{convert|37|m|ft}} of white-grayish tuffs and tobaceous paleosols, with laminated or massive parallel stratification constitute the fossiliferous level of Quebrada Fiera.<ref name=Cerdeno2012-p378>Cerdeño, 2012, p.378</ref> The formation overlies the Pircala-Coihueco Formation.<ref name=Cerdeno2012-p376/>

=== Depositional environment ===
The studied profiles of the Agua de la Piedra Formation show large lateral lithological varieties, typical of [[Earth:Alluvial fan|alluvial fan]] depositional setings. The climate during deposition has been estimated to be semi-arid and the differential thicknesses of facies associations within the Agua de la Piedra Formation may represent the infill of minibasins in the forming [[Earth:Foreland basin|foreland]] of the [[Place:Andes|Andes]]. Sedimentary loading can enhance the effect of tectonic forces in foreland basins. The variety in volcanic fragments and composition indicates local ash fall caused by contemporaneous volcanism in the area of deposition.<ref name=Combina1994-p420>Combina et al., 1994, p.420</ref>

2017 research on the Deseadan fauna (late Oligocene) from Quebrada Fiera, south of Mendoza Province, Argentina, evidences a rich mammal assemblage that shows the existence of common elements with Deseadan faunal associations of Patagonia and those of lower latitudes such as Salla, Bolivia, as well as endemic taxa of different groups.<ref name=Pino2017-p195>Hernández Pino et al., 2017, p.195</ref>

Endemism refers to Notohippidae (''Mendozahippus fierensis''), Leontiniidae (''Gualta cuyana''), Homalodotheriidae (''Asmodeus petrasnerus'') and Metatheria
(''Fieratherium sorex''); to these mammals a new terrestrial snail has been added in 2016.<ref name=Miquel2016>Miquel & Cerdeño, 2016</ref>

Faunal data published in 2019 confirm the Deseadan age, but as per 2020, absolute dating is lacking for Quebrada Fiera.<ref name=Schmidt2019-p370/>

== Paleontological significance ==
=== Quebrada Fiera ===
The Quebrada Fiera site is situated in the Malargüe Department,<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=176466 Quebrada Fiera] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref> southern Mendoza Province, Argentina, in the foothills of the Andes Range. The fossiliferous levels are located at around {{coord|36|33|13.3|S|69|42|3.5|W|display=inline}} at {{convert|1300|to|1406|m|ft}} elevation. The site was discovered during a geological prospection carried out by Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) in the late 1970s (Gorroño et al., 1979). Later on, other fossil bearing levels were found at the southern side of the ravine,<ref name=FWQuebradaFieraSouth/> located at around {{coord|36|33|26|S|69|41|35|W|display=inline}}, {{convert|1316|m|ft}} elevation.<ref name=Schmidt2019-p370/>

The site is one of five recognized fossiliferous sites in Mendoza Province, with Divisadero Largo, where the [[Earth:Santacrucian|Santacrucian]] Mariño Formarion is found, Huaquerías, defining the [[Biology:Huayquerian|Huayquerian]] in the [[Earth:Huayquerías Formation|Huayquerías Formation]], the Aisol Formation of central Mendoza and the Uspallata Group and Carrizal Formations in the north of the province.<ref name=Cerdeno2012-p376>Cerdeño, 2012, p.376</ref>

The geological characterization and the preliminary faunal list were published by Gorroño et al. (1979). The faunal assemblage was then assigned to the Late Oligocene (Deseadan SALMA) based on the presence of two typical representatives of the Deseadean fauna of Patagonia; ''[[Biology:Pyrotherium|Pyrotherium]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1888}} and ''[[Biology:Proborhyaena|Proborhyaena gigantea]]'' {{small|Ameghino 1897}},<ref name=Schmidt2019-p370/> both also found in the Puesto Almendra member of the [[Earth:Sarmiento Formation|Sarmiento Formation]].<ref name=GranBlanca>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=176235 Gran Blanca] in the [[Biology:Paleobiology Database|Paleobiology Database]]</ref>

The species epithet ''[[Biology:Mendozahippus|Mendozahippus fierensis]]'' and genus ''Fieratherium'' refer to Quebrada Fiera.<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=FWQuebradaFieraSouth/><ref name=CerdenoReguero2015>Cerdeño & Reguero, 2015</ref><ref name=Seoane2014>Seoane & Cerdeño, 2014</ref><ref name=CerdenoVera2014a>Cerdeño & Vera, 2014a</ref>

=== Fossil content ===
The formation has provided fossils of:<ref name=PBDB/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Group !! Clade !! Taxa !! Site !! Images !! Notes
|-
| rowspan=5 | [[Biology:Ungulate|Ungulate]]s || [[Biology:Macraucheniidae|Macraucheniidae]] || ''Coniopternium andinum'' || Quebrada Fiera North || [[File:Coniopternium andinum fossils - Agua de la Piedra Formation.jpg|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Schmidt2019-p371>Schmidt et al., 2019, p.371</ref>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Proterotheriidae|Proterotheriidae]] || ''[[Biology:Lambdaconus|cf. Lambdaconus suinus]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North || [[File:cf. Lambdaconus suinus - Agua de la Piedra Formation.jpg|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Schmidt2019-p375>Schmidt et al., 2019, p.375</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Biology:Pyrotheriidae|Pyrotheriidae]] || ''[[Biology:Pyrotherium|Pyrotherium romeroi]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North || [[File:Pyrotherium NT small.jpg|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=CerdenoVera2017>Cerdeño & Vera, 2017</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Pyrotherium|Pyrotherium sp.]]'' || Quebrada Fiera South ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFieraSouth/>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Litopterna|Litopterna]] || Litopterna indet. || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Biology:Cingulata|Cingulata]] || rowspan=3 | [[Biology:Dasypodidae|Dasypodidae]] || ''Meteutatus aff. lagenaformis''  || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Carlini2009>Carlini et al., 2009</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Prozaedyus|?Prozaedyus aff. impressus]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Carlini2009/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Stenotatus|Stenotatus aff. ornatus]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Carlini2009/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Biology:Xenarthra|Xenarthra]] || [[Biology:Glyptodont|Glyptodont]]inae || Glyptodontinae indet. || Quebrada Fiera North || [[File:Doedicurus_and_Glyptodon.jpg|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Megalonychidae|Megalonychidae]] || ?Megalonychidae indet. || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| rowspan=20 | [[Biology:Notoungulata|Notoungulata]] || rowspan=3 | [[Biology:Notohippidae|Notohippidae]] || rowspan=2 | ''[[Biology:Mendozahippus|Mendozahippus fierensis]]'' || Quebrada Fiera South || rowspan=2 |  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFieraSouth>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=186516 Quebrada Fiera South] in the [[Biology:Paleobiology Database|Paleobiology Database]]</ref>}}
|-
| Quebrada Fiera North || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=CerdenoVera2010>Cerdeño & Vera, 2010</ref>}}
|-
| Notohippidae indet. || Quebrada Fiera North || [[File:Pyrotherium_romeroi_e.jpg|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=CerdenoVera2014b>Cerdeño & Vera, 2014b</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Biology:Archaeohyracidae|Archaeohyracidae]] || ''[[Biology:Archaeotypotherium|cf. Archaeotypotherium sp.]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Cerdeno2010>Cerdeño et al., 2010</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Archaeohyrax|Archaeohyrax suniensis]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Cerdeno2010/><ref name=Vera2017>Vera et al., 2017</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=7 | [[Biology:Hegetotheriidae|Hegetotheriidae]] || ''[[Biology:Prosotherium|Prosotherium garzoni]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Seoane2019>Seoane et al., 2019</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Prosotherium|cf. Prosotherium sp.]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Prohegetotherium|Prohegetotherium malalhuense]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Prohegetotherium|P. schiaffinoi]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Prohegetotherium|P. cf. sculptum]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Prohegetotherium|Prohegetotherium sp.]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| ''Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Kramarz2017>Kramarz & Bond, 2017</ref>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Homalodotheriidae|Homalodotheriidae]] || ''Asmodeus petrasnerus'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Seoane2014/><ref name=Pino2017-p206>Hernández Pino et al., 2017, p.206</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | [[Biology:Interatheriidae|Interatheriidae]] || ''[[Biology:Argyrohyrax|Argyrohyrax proavus]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Progaleopithecus|Progaleopithecus]]'' sp. || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| Interatheriidae indet. || Quebrada Fiera South ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFieraSouth/>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Leontiniidae|Leontiniidae]] || ''Gualta cuyana'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Pino2017-p201>Hernández Pino et al., 2017, p.201</ref>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Mesotheriidae|Mesotheriidae]] || ''Trachytherus cf. spegazzinianus'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=CerdenoE2014>Cerdeño, 2014</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Biology:Toxodontidae|Toxodontidae]] || ''[[Biology:Proadinotherium|Proadinotherium sp.]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North || [[File:Proadinotherium from Quebrada Fiera.jpg|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Pino2017-p198>Hernández Pino et al., 2017, p.198</ref>}}
|-
| Toxodontidae indet. || Quebrada Fiera North || || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Pino2017-p200>Hernández Pino et al., 2017, p.200</ref>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Rodent|Rodent]]s || Acaremyidae || Acaremyidae indet. || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Biology:Sparassodonta|Sparassodonta]] || [[Biology:Borhyaenidae|Borhyaenidae]] || ''[[Biology:Pharsophorus|Pharsophorus sp.]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Proborhyaenidae|Proborhyaenidae]] || ''[[Biology:Proborhyaena|Proborhyaena gigantea]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Theriiformes|Theriiformes]] ||  || ''Fieratherium sorex'' || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/><ref name=Forasiepi2014>Forasiepi et al., 2014</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=2 | [[Biology:Bird|Bird]]s || rowspan=2 | [[Biology:Phorusrhacidae|Phorusrhacidae]] || ''[[Biology:Andrewsornis|cf. Andrewsornis sp.]]'' || Quebrada Fiera North || [[File:Andrewsornis skull holotype.jpg|center|150px]]  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Phorusrhacidae|Phorusrhacidae indet.]] || Quebrada Fiera South || [[File:Terror birds and Gastornis height comparison.jpg|center|150px]] || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFieraSouth/>}}
|-
| [[Biology:Invertebrate|Invertebrate]]s || Gastropods || Gastropoda indet. || Quebrada Fiera North ||  || {{center|<ref name=FWQuebradaFiera/>}}
|-
|}

=== SALMA correlations ===
{{main|Earth:Deseadan|Earth:South American land mammal age}}
The Deseadan South American land mammal age (SALMA) is equivalent to the [[Earth:Arikareean|Arikareean]] in the [[Earth:North American land mammal age|North American land mammal age]] (NALMA) and the [[Earth:Harrisonian|Harrisonian]] in the 2000 version of the classification. It overlaps with the [[Earth:Hsandagolian|Hsandagolian]] of Asia and the MP 25 zone of Europe, the Waitakian and the Landon epoch of New Zealand.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 70%"
|+ [[Earth:Deseadan|Deseadan]] correlations in [[Earth:South American land mammal age|South America]]
|-
! Formation !! [[File:Orange ff8040 pog.svg|18px]] !! Rancahué !! Guillermo !! Mariño !! Deseado !! Sarmiento !! Salla !! Lacayani !! Fray Bentos !! Moquegua !! Chambira !! [[Earth:Barzalosa Formation|Barzalosa]] !! Tremembé !! Cascadas !! Map
|-
! Basin !! colspan=2 | Neuquén !! Austral !! Cuyo !! Deseado !! San Jorge !! Salla !! Subandean !! Norte !! Moquegua !! Ucayali !! VSM !! Taubaté !! Panama !! align=center rowspan=17 | {{Location map+ | South America
| relief = 1
| width   = 220
| float = center
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -36.6
  | lon_deg = -69.7
  | mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
  | marksize = 14
  | link = Agua de la Piedra Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = 9.1
  | lon_deg = -79.7
  | mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Las Cascadas Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -39.2
  | lon_deg = -71.0
  | mark = Dark Green 004040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Rancahué Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -51.3
  | lon_deg = -72.3
  | mark = Dark Green 004040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Río Guillermo Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -7.4
  | lon_deg = -75.0
  | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Chambira Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = 3.8
  | lon_deg = -75.2
  | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Barzalosa Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -29.8
  | lon_deg = -58.1
  | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Fray Bentos Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -16.6
  | lon_deg = -67.9
  | mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Lacayani fauna
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -32.9
  | lon_deg = -68.9
  | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Mariño Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -17.2
  | lon_deg = -71.0
  | mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Moquegua Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -17.2
  | lon_deg = -67.6
  | mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Salla Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -44.4
  | lon_deg = -68.8
  | mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Sarmiento Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -22.5
  | lon_deg = -45.5
  | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Tremembé Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -47.9
  | lon_deg = -66.3
  | mark = Orange ff8040 pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Deseado Formation
  }}
}}
|-
! {{small|Country}} !! colspan=6 | {{small|{{ARG}}}} !! colspan=2 | {{small|{{BOL}}}} !! {{small|{{URU}}}} !! colspan=2 | {{small|{{PER}}}} !! {{small|{{COL}}}} !! {{small|{{BRA}}}} !! {{small|{{PAN}}}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Archaeohyrax|Archaeohyrax]]'' || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | || align=center | || 
|-
| ''[[Biology:Prohegetotherium|Prohegetotherium]]'' || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center | || align=center | || 
|-
| ''[[Biology:Pyrotherium|Pyrotherium]]'' || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | || align=center | || 
|-
| ''[[Biology:Pharsophorus|Pharsophorus]]'' || align=center | [[File:Orange ff8040 pog.svg|14px]] || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | [[File:Orange ff8040 pog.svg|14px]] || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | || align=center | || 
|-
| ''Trachytherus'' || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center |  14px || align=center |  || align=center | || 
|-
| ''[[Biology:Proadinotherium|Proadinotherium]]'' || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || 
|-
| ''[[Biology:Proborhyaena|Proborhyaena]]'' || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | || align=center | || 
|-
| ''Meteutatus'' || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 14px || align=center | 14px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | || align=center | || 
|-
| ''[[Biology:Andrewsornis|Andrewsornis]]'' || align=center | [[File:Orange ff8040 pog.svg|14px]] || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | [[File:Orange ff8040 pog.svg|14px]] || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | || align=center | || align=center | || 
|-
| Terror birds || align=center | 10px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center |  || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center |  ||  align=center | || align=center | 10px || align=center | 
|-
| [[Biology:Rodent|Rodent]]s || align=center | 10px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 
|-
| [[Biology:Reptile|Reptile]]s || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 10px || align=center | 
|-
| Primates || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 10px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 10px || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 10px
|-
| [[Earth:Flora|Flora]] || align=center |  || align=center | [[File:Green pog.svg|10px]] || align=center | [[File:Green pog.svg|10px]] || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | 
|-
| [[Biology:Insect|Insect]]s || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center |  || align=center | [[File:Blue pog.svg|10px]] || align=center | 
|-
! [[Earth:Depositional environment|Environments]] !! colspan=2 | Alluvial !! Fluvial !! Eolian<br>Alluvial-fluvial !! colspan=2 | Fluvial !! Alluvial !! Fluvial-alluvial !! Fluvial !! colspan=2 | Fluvio-lacustrine !! Alluvial-fluvial !! Lacustrine !! Fluvial !! rowspan=2 align=left | {{left|[[File:Pink ff0080 pog.svg|8px]] Deseadan volcanoclastics}}<br>{{left|8px Deseadan fauna}}<br>{{left|[[File:Dark Green 004040 pog.svg|8px]] Deseadan flora}}
|-
! Volcanic !! colspan=2 | Yes !! colspan=3 |  !! Yes !! Yes !! Yes !!  !! Yes !! colspan=3 |  !! Yes
|-
|}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=24em}}
* [[Earth:Abanico Formation|Abanico Formation]]
* [[Earth:Dos Bocas Formation|Dos Bocas Formation]]
* [[Earth:Collón Curá Formation|Collón Curá Formation]]
* [[Earth:Gaiman Formation|Gaiman Formation]]
* [[Earth:Honda Group, Colombia|Honda Group]]
* [[Earth:Itaboraí Formation|Itaboraí Formation]]
* [[Earth:Ituzaingó Formation|Ituzaingó Formation]]
* [[Earth:Laguna del Hunco Formation|Laguna del Hunco Formation]]
* [[Earth:Deseadan#Formations|Deseadan formations]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
<!--most recent first-->
;General
* {{cite LSA |last=Woodburne |first=M.O. |last2=Goin |first2=F.J. |last3=Bond |first3=M. |last4=Carlini |first4=A.A. |last5=Gelfo |first5=J.N. |last6=López |first6=G.M. |last7=Iglesias |first7=A. |last8=Zimicz |first8=A.N. |year=2013 |title=Paleogene Land Mammal Faunas of South America; a Response to Global Climatic Changes and Indigenous Floral Diversity |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257591980_Paleogene_Land_Mammal_Faunas_of_South_America_a_Response_to_Global_Climatic_Changes_and_Indigenous_Floral_Diversity |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=21 |pages=1–73 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Johnson |first=K. G. |first2=M. R. |last2=Sánchez Villagra |first3=O. A. |last3=Aguilera |year=2009 |title=The Oligocene-Miocene Transition on Coral Reefs in the Falcon Basin (NM Venezuela) |journal=PALAIOS |volume=24 |pages=59–69}}

;Regional geology
* {{cite LSA |last=Balgord |first=Elizabeth A |year=2017 |title=Triassic to Neogene evolution of the south-central Andean arc determined by detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf analysis of Neuquén Basin strata, central Argentina (34°S–40°S)|journal=Lithosphere |volume=9 |pages=453–462}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Archuby |first=Fernando |last2=Salgado |first2=Leonardo |last3=Brezina |first3=Soledad |last4=Parras |first4=Ana |year=2016 |title=Dos orillas, dos mundos: Paleontología del Alto Valle del río Negro |url=https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/44469 |journal=El Ojo del Cóndor |volume=7 |pages=10–15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Bellosi |first=Eduardo S. |last2=Krause |first2=J. Marcelo |year=2014 |title=Onset of the Middle Eocene global cooling and expansion of open-vegetation habitats in central Patagonia |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v41n1/art02.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=41 |pages=29–48 |accessdate=2019-03-04}} 
* {{cite LSA |last=Combina |first=Ana María |last2=Nullo |first2=Francisco |year=2011 |title=Ciclos tectónicos, volcánicos y sedimentarios del Cenozoico del sur de Mendoza-Argentina (35-37° S y 69° 30'W) |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v38n1/art10.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=38 |pages=198–218 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Malumián |first=Norberto |last2=Náñez |first2=Carolina |year=2011 |title=The Late Cretaceous–Cenozoic transgressions in Patagonia and the Fuegian Andes: foraminifera, palaeoecology, and palaeogeography |journal=[[Organization:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|Biological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=269–288}} {{doi|10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01649.x |doi-access=free}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rodríguez |first=María F. |last2=Leanza |first2=Héctor A. |last3=Salvarredy Aranguren |first3=Matías |year=2007 |title=Hoja Geológica 3969-II - Neuquén |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263009433 |publisher=Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino - Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales |pages=32–35}} {{issn|0328-2333}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Ramos |first=Víctor A. |last2=Mahlburg Kay |first2=Suzanne |year=2006 |chapter=Overview of the tectonic evolution of the southern Central Andes of Mendoza and Neuquén (35°–39°S latitude) |title=Evolution of an Andean Margin: A Tectonic and Magmatic View from the Andes to the Neuquén Basin (35–39°S lat) |editor-last=Mahlburg Kay |editor-first=Suzanne|editor-last2=Ramos |editor-first2=Víctor A. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257652115_Overview_of_the_tectonic_evolution_of_the_Andes_of_southern_Mendoza_and_Neuquen_35-38S |journal=Special Paper of the Geological Society of America |volume=407 |pages=1–17 |accessdate=2018-09-06}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Combina |first=Ana María |first2=Francisco |last2=Nullo |first3=G. |last3=Stephens |first4=Paul |last4=Baldauf |year=1994 |title=Paleoambientes de la Formación Agua de la Piedra, Mendoza, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292392910_Paleoambientes_de_la_Formacion_Agua_de_la_Piedra_Mendoza_Argentina |publisher=7° Congreo geológico Chileno |pages=418–424 |accessdate=2020-08-12}}

;Oligocene volcanism
* {{cite LSA |last=Mella |first=M. |last2=Quiroz |first2=D. |year=2010 |title=Geología del Área Temuco-Nueva Imperial escala 1:100.000, Región de La Araucanía. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Carta Geológica de Chile, Serie Geología Básica |volume=122 |pages=1–46}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Litvak |first=Vanesa D |year=2009 |title=El volcanismo oligoceno superior-mioceno inferior del grupo Doña Ana en la alta cordillera de San Juan |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262435368_El_volcanismo_oligoceno_superior-mioceno_inferior_del_grupo_Dona_Ana_en_la_alta_cordillera_de_San_Juan |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |volume=64 |pages=201–213}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Zeilinger |first=Gerold |last2=Schlunegger |first2=Fritz |last3=Simpson |first3=Guy |year=2005 |title=The Oxaya anticline (northern Chile): a buckle enhanced by river incision? |journal=Terra Nova |volume=17 |pages=368–375}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Villablanca |first=D. |last2=Alfaro |first2=G. |last3=Quinzio |first3=L.A. |year=2003 |title=Sedimentología de la cuenca carbonífera Neógena de Pupunahue-Mulpún, X Región de Los Lagos, Chile |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100757/http://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/VillablancaD_et_al.pdf] |publisher=Departamento de Geociencias, Universidad de Concepción, 10° Congreso Geológico Chileno |pages=1}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Elgueta |first=Sara |last2=Le Roux |first2=Jacobus |last3=Duhart |first3=Paul |last4=McDonough |first4=Michael |last5=Urqueta |first5=Esteban |year=2000 |title=Estratigrafía y sedimentología de la cuencas terciarias de la Región de Los Lagos (39-41°30’S) |publisher=Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería |pages=15}} {{issn|0020-3939}}
* {{cite LSA |last=García |first=Marcelo |last2=Herail |first2=Gérard |last3=Charrier |first3=Reynaldo |year=1999 |title=Age and structure of the Oxaya Anticline: A major feature of the Miocene compressive structures of northernmost Chile |url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers09-03/010022667.pdf |publisher=Fourth ISAG |pages=249–252}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Alfaro |first=G. |last2=Gantz |first2=E. |year=1997 |title=La Nueva Mina de Carbón Mulpún, Valdivia, Chile |url=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170205100801/http://biblioteca.sernageomin.cl/opac/DataFiles/8457pp832_836.pdf] |publisher=Universidad Católica del Norte, XVIII Congreso Geológico Chileno |volume=II |pages=832–836}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Alfaro |first=G. |last2=Gantz |first2=E. |last3=Magna |first3=O.|year=1990 |title=El yacimiento de carbón Catamutún (La Unión) |publisher=Segundo Simposio sobre el Terciario de Chile, Departamento de Geociencias, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Concepción |pages=11–28}}

;Paleontology
* {{cite LSA |last=Schmidt |first=Gabriela I. |first2=Esperanza |last2=Cerdeño |first3=Santiago |last3=Hernández del Pino |year=2019 |title=Macraucheniidae and Proterotheriidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from Quebrada Fiera (Late Oligocene), Mendoza Province, Argentina |url=http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n2-3109 |journal=Andean Geology |volume=46 |pages=368–382 |accessdate=2020-08-11}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License].
* {{cite LSA |last=Seoane |first=F. D. |first2=E. |last2=Cerdeño |first3=H. |last3=Singleton |year=2019 |title=Re-assessment of the Oligocene genera ''Prosotherium'' and ''Propachyrucos'' (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) |journal=Comptes Rendus Palevol |volume=18 |pages=643–662}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |last2=Vera |first2=Bárbara |year=2017 |title=New anatomical data on ''Pyrotherium'' (Pyrotheriidae) from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=54 |pages=290–306}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Vera |first=B. |first2=E. |last2=Cerdeño |first3=M. |last3=Reguero |year=2017 |title=The Interatheriinae from the Late Oligocene of Mendoza (Argentina), with comments on some Deseadan Interatheriidae |journal=[[Biology:Historical Biology|Historical Biology]] |volume=29 |pages=607–626}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Hernández Del Pino |first=Santiago |last2=Seoane |first2=Federico D. |last3=Cerdeño |first3=Esperanza |year=2017 |title=New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app62/app003012016.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=62 |pages=195–210 |accessdate=2019-02-12}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].
* {{cite LSA |last=Kramarz |first=A. G. |first2=M. |last2=Bond |year=2017 |title=Systematics and stratigraphical range of the hegetotheriids ''Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus'' and ''Prohegetotherium sculptum'' (Mammalia: Notoungulata) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=15 |pages=1027–1036}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |last2=Reguero |first2=Marcelo |year=2015 |title=The Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) assemblage from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263770394_The_Hegetotheriidae_Mammalia_Notoungulata_assemblage_from_the_late_Oligocene_of_Mendoza_central-western_Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=e907173 |accessdate=2015-02-13}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |last2=Vera |first2=Bárbara |year=2014a |title=A new Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) from the Late Oligocene beds of Mendoza Province, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270898796_A_new_Leontiniidae_Notoungulata_from_the_Late_Oligocene_beds_of_Mendoza_Province_Argentina |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=13 |issue=11 |pages=943–962 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |last2=Vera |first2=Bárbara |year=2014b |title=New data on diversity of Notohippidae from the Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |pages=941–950}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |year=2014 |title=First Record of Mesotheriidae in the Late Oligocene of Mendoza Province, Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=51 |pages=366–370}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Forasiepi |first=A. M. |first2=F. J. |last2=Goin |first3=M. A. |last3=Abello |first4=E. |last4=Cerdeño |year=2014 |title=A unique, Late Oligocene shrew-like marsupial from western Argentina and the evolution of dental morphology |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=12 |pages=549–564}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Seoane |first=Federico |last2=Cerdeño |first2=Esperanza |year=2014 |title=First extra-Patagonian record of ''Asmodeus'' Ameghino (Notoungulata, Homalodotheriidae) in the Late Oligocene of Mendoza Province, Argentina |url=http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/2735 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=373–384 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Silvestro |first=Daniele |last2=Tejedor |first2=Marcelo F. |last3=Serrano Serrano |first3=Martha L. |last4=Loiseau |first4=Oriane |last5=Rossier |first5=Victor |last6=Rolland |first6=Jonathan |last7=Zizka |first7=Alexander |last8=Antonelli |first8=Alexandre |last9=Salamin |first9=Nicolas |year=2017 |title=Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2017/08/18/178111.full.pdf |journal=[[Biology:BioRxiv|BioRxiv]] |volume=_ |pages=1–32 |accessdate=2017-09-24}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |year=2012 |title=Quebrada Fiera (Mendoza), an important paleobiogeographic center in the South American late Oligocene |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277378101_Quebrada_Fiera_Mendoza_an_important_paleobiogeographic_center_in_the_South_American_late_Oligocene |journal=Estudios Geológicos |volume=67 |pages=375–384 |accessdate=2020-08-11}}
* {{cite LSA |first=Esperanza |last=Cerdeño |first2=Bárbara |last2=Vera |year=2010 |title=''Mendozahippus fierensis'', gen. et sp. nov., new Notohippidae (Notoungulata) from the late Oligocene of Mendoza (Argentina) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=1805–1817}} {{doi|10.1080/02724634.2010.520781}}
* {{cite LSA |first=Esperanza |last=Cerdeño |first2=M. |last2=Reguero |first3=B. |last3=Vera |year=2010 |title=Deseadan Archaeohyracidae (Notoungulata) from Quebrada Fiera (Mendoza, Argentina) in the Paleobiogeographic Context of the South American Late Oligocene |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=84 |pages=1177-1187}}
* {{cite LSA |first=A.A. |last=Carlini |first2=M.R. |last2=Ciancio |first3=J. J. |last3=Flynn |first4=G. J. |last4=Scillato Yané |first5=A. R. |last5=Wyss |year=2009 |title=The phylogenetic and biostratigraphic significance of new armadillos (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Dasypodidae, Euphractinae) from the Tinguirirican (early Oligocene) of Chile |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=7 |pages=489–503}}
* {{cite LSA |first=Bryan |last=Patterson |first2=Larry G. |last2=Marshall |year=1978 |title=The Deseadan, Early Oligocene, Marsupialia South America |journal=Fieldiana: Geology |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=37–100}}

;New World monkeys
* {{cite LSA |last=Croft |first=Darin A |year=2016 |title=Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOBpDAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Organization:Indiana University|Indiana University Press]] {{ISBN|9780253020949}} |pages=1–320 |accessdate=2017-10-21}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Fleagle |first=John G. |last2=Rosenberger |first2=Alfred L. |year=2013 |title=The Platyrrhine Fossil Record |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_B3gBAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Company:Elsevier|Elsevier]] {{ISBN|9781483267074}} |pages=1–256 |accessdate=2017-10-21}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Hartwig |first=W.C. |last2=Meldrum |first2=D.J. |year=2002 |title=The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics  |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ezm1OA_s6isC&pg=PA184 |pages=175–188 | publisher={{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}, {{ISBN|978-0-521-08141-2}} |accessdate=2017-09-24}}

;Terror birds
* {{cite LSA |last=Sedor |first=Fernando A. |last2=Vieira Dias |first2=Eliseu |last3=Da Cunha |first3=Renata Floriano |last4=Alvarenga |first4=Herculano |year=2014 |title=Paleogene phorusrhacid bird (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the Guabirotuba Formation, Curitiba Basin, Paraná, South of Brazil |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267624414_Paleogene_phorusrhacid_bird_Aves_Phorusrhacidae_from_the_Guabirotuba_Formation_Curitiba_Basin_Parana_South_of_Brazil |publisher=4th International Palaeontological Congress |pages=807 |accessdate=2019-03-04}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Tambussi |first=C.P. |last2=de Mendoza |first2=R. |last3=Degrange |first3=F.J. |last4=Picasso |first4=M.B. |year=2013 |title=Flexibility along the Neck of the Neogene Terror Bird ''Andalgalornis steulleti'' (Aves Phorusrhacidae) |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=e37701}} {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0037701}} {{PMID|22662194}} {{PMC|3360764}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cenizo |first=Marcos M |year=2012 |title=Review Of The Putative Phorusrhacidae From The Cretaceous And Paleogene Of Antarctica: New Records Of Ratites And Pelagornithid Birds |url= https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/popore.2012.33.issue-3/v10183-012-0014-3/v10183-012-0014-3.pdf |journal=Polish Polar Research |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=239–258}} {{doi|10.2478/v10183-012-0014-3}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Alvarenga |first=H. |last2=Jones |first2=W. |last3=Rinderknecht |first3=A. |year=2010 |title=The youngest record of phorusrhacid birds (Aves, Phorusrhacidae) from the late Pleistocene of Uruguay |url= http://www.museuhistorianatural.com/pesquisa_arquivos/2010/Phorusrh._Pleist.sup.Alvarenga.pdf |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=256 |issue=2 |pages=229–234}} {{doi|10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0052}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Wroe |first=Stephen et al |year=2010 |title=Mechanical Analysis Of Feeding Behavior In The Extinct "Terror Bird' ''Andalgalornis steulleti'' (Gruiformes: Phorusrhacidae) |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=1–7}} {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0011856}} {{PMID|20805872}} {{PMC|2923598}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Alvarenga |first=Herculano M.F.|last2=Höfling |first2=Elizabeth |year=2003 |title=Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes) |journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=55–91}} {{doi|10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001|doi-access=free}}

;South American rodents
* {{cite LSA |last=Boivin |first=Myriam |last2=Marivaux |first2=Laurent |last3=Orliac |first3=Maëva J. |last4=Pujos |first4=François |last5=Salas Gismondi |first5=Rodolfo  |last6=Tejada Lara |first6=Julia V. |last7=Antoine |first7=Pierre-Olivier |year=2017 |title=Late middle Eocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia |url=http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2017/1822-eocene-amazonian-caviomorphs |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 20.1.19A |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Vassallo |first=Aldo I. |last2=Antenucci |first2=Daniel |year=2015 |title=Biology of Caviomorph Rodents: Diversity and Evolution |publisher=SAREM |pages=1–330}} {{isbn|9789879849736}}
** {{cite LSA |last=Vassallo |first=Aldo I. |last2=Antenucci |first2=Daniel |year=2015 |title=Caviomorph rodents: an introduction |journal=SAREM Series A |volume=Prologue |pages=2–10}}
** {{cite LSA |last=Vucetich |first=María G. |last2=Arnal |first2=Michelle |last3=Deschamps |first3=Cecilia M. |last4=Pérez |first4=Maria E. |last5=Vieytes |first5=Emma C. |year=2015 |title=A brief history of caviomorph rodents as told by the fossil record |journal=SAREM Series A |volume=Chapter 1 |pages=11–63}}
** {{cite LSA |last=Ojeda |first=Ricardo A. |first2=Agustina |last2=Novillo |first3=Agustina A. |last3=Ojeda |year=2015 |title=Large-scale richness patterns, biogeography and ecological diversification in caviomorph rodents |journal=SAREM Series A |volume=Chapter 3 |pages=121–138}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Bertrand |first=Ornella C. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Wyss |first4=André R. |year=2012 |title=Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262523787_Two_New_Taxa_Caviomorpha_Rodentia_from_the_Early_Oligocene_Tinguiririca_Fauna_Chile |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3750 |pages=1–36 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Antoine |first=P.O. |last2=Marivaux |first2=L. |last3=Croft |first3=D.A. |last4=Billet |first4=G. |last5=Ganerod |first5=M. |last6=Jaramillo |first6=C. |last7=Martin |first7=T. |last8=Orliac |first8=M. |last9=Tejada, A. J. Altamirano, F. Duranthon, G. Fanjat, S. Rousse and R. Salas Gismondi |first9=J. |year=2011 |title=Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51713935_Middle_Eocene_rodents_from_Peruvian_Amazonia_reveal_the_pattern_and_timing_of_caviomorph_origins_and_biogeography |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=279 |pages=1319–1326 |accessdate=2019-02-14}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |last2=Guiomar Vucetich |first2=M. |year=2007 |title=The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications |url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1739/173918417002.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=34 |pages=199–207 |accessdate=2017-10-23}}

==== Regional correlations ====
;Mariño Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Cerdeño |first=Esperanza |last2=Vera |first2=Bárbara |last3=Combina |first3=Ana María |year=2018 |title=A new early Miocene Mesotheriidae (Notoungulata) from the Mariño Formation (Argentina): Taxonomic and biostratigraphic implications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325955181_A_new_early_Miocene_Mesotheriidae_Notoungulata_from_the_Marino_Formation_Argentina_Taxonomic_and_biostratigraphic_implications |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=88 |pages=118–131 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}

;Rancahué Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Vera |first=E.I |year=2010 |title=Oligocene ferns from the Rancahué Formation (Aluminé, Neuquén, Argentina): ''Cuyenopteris patagoniensis'' nov. gen., nov. sp. (Polypodiales: Blechnaceae/Dryopteridaceae) and Alsophilocaulis calveloi Menéndez emend. Vera (Cyatheales: Cyatheaceae) |journal=Geobios |volume=43 |pages=465–478}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Menéndez |first=C.A |year=1961 |title=Estípite petrificado de una nueva Cyatheaceae del Terciario de Neuquén |journal=Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica |volume=IX |pages=331–358}}

;Río Guillermo Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Vento |first=B. |first2=M. A. |last2=Gandolfo |first3=K. C. |last3=Nixon |first4=M. |last4=Prámparo |year=2017 |title=Paleofloristic assemblage from the Paleogene Río Guillermo Formation, Argentina: preliminary results of phylogenetic relationships of ''Nothofagus'' in South America |journal=[[Biology:Historical Biology|Historical Biology]] |volume=29 |pages=93–107}}

;Deseado Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Agnolin |first=Federico |year=2006 |title=Posición sistemática de algunas aves fororracoideas (Ralliformes: Cariamae) Argentinas |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Federico_Agnolin/publication/228614722_Posicion_sistematica_de_algunas_aves_fororracoideas_Ralliformes_Cariamae_Argentinas/links/0c960534e90c310b30000000/Posicion-sistematica-de-algunas-aves-fororracoideas-Ralliformes-Cariamae-Argentinas.pdf |journal=Revista del Museo de Ciencias Naturales |volume=8 |pages=27–33 |accessdate=2018-09-10}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Forasiepi |first=Analía M. |last2=Babot |first2=M. Judith |last3=Zimicz |first3=Natalia |year=2014 |title=''Australohyaena antiqua'' (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263259331_Australohyaena_antiqua_Mammalia_Metatheria_Sparassodonta_a_large_predator_from_the_Late_Oligocene_of_Patagonia |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=503–525 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

;Sarmiento Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Acosta Hospitaleche |first=Carolina |last2=Tambussi |first2=Claudia |year=2005 |title=Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Aves) en la Formación Sarmiento de la localidad de Gran Hondonada (Eoceno Superior), Patagonia, Argentina [Phorusrhacidae Psilopterinae (Birds) in the Sarmiento Formation from the Gran Hondonada locality (Upper Eocene), Patagonia, Argentina] |url=http://www.sepaleontologia.es/revista/anteriores/REP%20%282005%29%20vol.%2020/2/01.%20Acosta%20&%20Tambussi.pdf |journal=Revista Española de Paleontología |volume=20 |pages=127–132 |accessdate=2018-09-10}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Arnal |first=Michelle |last2=Kramarz |first2=Alejandro G. |last3=Vucetich |first3=M. Guiomar |last4=Vieytes |first4=E. Carolina |year=2014 |title=A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263555476_A_New_Early_Miocene_Octodontoid_Rodent_Hystricognathi_Caviomorpha_from_Patagonia_Argentina_and_a_Reassessment_of_the_Early_Evolution_of_Octodontoidea |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=397–406 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cheme Arriaga |first=Lucas |last2=Dozo |first2=María Teresa |last3=Gelfo |first3=Javier N. |year=2016 |title=A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309370068_A_new_Cramaucheniinae_Litopterna_Macraucheniidae_from_the_early_Miocene_of_Patagonia_Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=e1229672 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Dozo |first=María Teresa |last2=Ciancio |first2=Martín |last3=Bouza |first3=Pablo |last4=Martínez |first4=Gastón |year=2014 |title=Nueva asociación de mamíferos del Paleógeno en el este de la Patagonia (provincia de Chubut, Argentina): implicancias biocronológicas y paleobiogeográficas |url=http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/andgeol/v41n1/art09.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=41 |pages=224–247 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Pérez |first=María Encarnación |last2=Krause |first2=Marcelo |last3=Vucetich |first3=María Guiomar |year=2012 |title=A new species of ''Chubutomys'' (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the late Oligocene of Patagonia and its implications on the early evolutionary history of Cavioidea sensu stricto |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2012.06.001 |journal=Geobios |volume=45 |issue=6 |pages=573–580 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Shockey |first=Bruce J. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Gans |first4=Phillip |last5=Wyss |first5=André R. |year=2012 |title=New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232690741_New_Leontiniid_Notoungulata_Mammalia_from_Chile_and_Argentina_Comparative_Anatomy_Character_Analysis_and_Phylogenetic_Hypotheses |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3737 |pages=1–64 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Sterli |first=Juliana |last2=De la Fuente |first2=Marcelo S. |last3=Krause |first3=J. Marcelo |year=2015 |title=A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280972149_A_new_turtle_from_the_Palaeogene_of_Patagonia_Argentina_sheds_new_light_on_the_diversity_and_evolution_of_the_bizarre_clade_of_horned_turtles_Meiolaniidae_Testudinata |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=519–548 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Vucetich |first=M.G. |last2=Dozo |first2=M.T. |last3=Arnal |first3=M. |last4=Pérez |first4=M.E. |year=2015 |title=New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267629182_New_rodents_Mammalia_from_the_late_Oligocene_of_Cabeza_Blanca_Chubut_and_the_first_rodent_radiation_in_Patagonia |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=236–257 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Vucetich |first=María G. |last2=Pérez |first2=María E. |last3=Ciancio |first3=Martín R. |last4=Carlini |first4=Alfredo A. |last5=Madden |first5=Richard H. |last6=Kohn |first6=Matthew J. |year=2014 |title=A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262579842_A_New_Acaremyid_Rodent_Caviomorpha_Octodontoidea_from_Scarritt_Pocket_Deseadan_Late_Oligocene_of_Patagonia_Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=689–698 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Wyss |first=André R. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |year=2018 |title=New Paleogene notohippids and leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/6901 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=3903 |pages=1–42 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}

;Salla Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Reguero |first=Marcelo A. |last2=Cerdeño |first2=Esperanza |year=2005 |title=New late Oligocene Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla, Bolivia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232679389_New_late_Oligocene_Hegetotheriidae_MammaliaNotoungulata_from_Salla_Bolivia |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |pages=674–684 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rincón |first=Ascanio D. |last2=Shockey |first2=Bruce J. |last3=Anaya |first3=Federico |last4=Solórzano |first4=Andrés |year=2015 |title=Palaeothentid Marsupials of the Salla Beds of Bolivia (Late Oligocene): Two New Species and Insights into the Post-Eocene Radiation of Palaeothentoids |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ascanio_Rincon/publication/275969026_Palaeothentid_Marsupials_of_the_Salla_Beds_of_Bolivia_Late_Oligocene_Two_New_Species_and_Insights_into_the_Post-Eocene_Radiation_of_Palaeothentoids/links/5593faa808ae1e9cb42af9dc/Palaeothentid-Marsupials-of-the-Salla-Beds-of-Bolivia-Late-Oligocene-Two-New-Species-and-Insights-into-the-Post-Eocene-Radiation-of-Palaeothentoids.pdf |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=455–471 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Shockey |first=Bruce J|year=2017 |title=New early diverging cingulate (Xenarthra: Peltephilidae) from the Late Oligocene of Bolivia and considerations regarding the origin of crown Xenarthra |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320468895_New_Early_Diverging_Cingulate_Xenarthra_Peltephilidae_from_the_Late_Oligocene_of_Bolivia_and_Considerations_Regarding_the_Origin_of_Crown_Xenarthra |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=371–396 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

;Lacayani fauna
* {{cite LSA |last=Billet |first=Guillaume |last2=De Muizon |first2=Christian |last3=Mamani Quispe |first3=Bernardino |year=2008 |title=Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/152/1/153/2614029 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=152 |pages=153–200 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}

;Fray Bentos Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Bond |first=Mariano |last2=López |first2=Guillermo |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo A. |last4=Scillato Yané |first4=Gustavo J. |last5=Vucetich |first5=María G. |year=1998 |title=Los mamíferos de la Formación Fray Bentos (Edad mamífero Deseadense, Oligoceno Superior) de las provincias de Corrientes y Entre Ríos, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263928716/download |journal=Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. Publicación Especial |volume=5 |pages=41–50 |accessdate=2018-09-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Tófalo |first=Ofelia Rita |last2=Morrás |first2=Héctor J.M. |year=2009 |title=Evidencias paleoclimáticas en duricostras, paleosuelos y sedimentitas silicoclásticas, del Cenozoico de Uruguay |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/pdf/raga/v65n4/v65n4a08.pdf |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |volume= |pages=674–686 |accessdate=2018-09-12}}

;Moquegua Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Alván |first=Aldo |last2=Ramírez |first2=Katerin |last3=von Eynatten |first3=Hilmar |last4=Dunkl |first4=István |last5=Jacay |first5=Javier |last6=Bertone |first6=Gabriela |year=2017 |title=Evolución Geológica de las Cuencas de Antearco del Sur de Perú (Moquegua y Camaná-Mollendo): Proveniencia Sedimentaria y Análisis de Facies en Rocas Cenozoicas |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322963331_Evolucion_Geologica_de_las_Cuencas_de_Antearco_del_Sur_de_Peru_Moquegua_y_Camana-Mollendo_Proveniencia_Sedimentaria_y_Analisis_de_Facies_en_Rocas_Cenozoicas |journal=Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú |volume=112 |pages=53–77 |accessdate=2018-09-10}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Shockey |first=Bruce J. |last2=Billet |first2=Guillaume |last3=Salas Gismondi |first3=Rodolfo |year=2016 |title=A new species of ''Trachytherus'' (Notoungulata: Mesotheriidae) from the late Oligocene (Deseadan) of Southern Peru and the middle latitude diversification of early diverging mesotheriids |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27395103 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=4111 |issue=5 |pages=565–583 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

;Chambira Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Boivin |first=Myriam |last2=Marivaux |first2=Laurent |last3=Antoine |first3=Pierre-Olivier |year=2019 |title=New insight from the Paleogene record of Amazonia into the early diversification of Caviomorpha (Hystricognathi, Rodentia): phylogenetic, macroevolutionary, and paleobiogeographic implications |url=http://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/en/periodiques/geodiversitas/41/4 |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=143–245 |accessdate=2019-02-28}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Boivin |first=Myriam |last2=Marivaux |first2=Laurent |last3=Candela |first3=Adriana M. |last4=Orliac |first4=Maëva J. |last5=Pujos |first5=François  |last6=Salas Gismondi |first6=Rodolfo |last7=Tejada Lara |first7=Julia V. |last8=Antoine |first8=Pierre-Olivier |year=2016 |title=Late Oligocene caviomorph rodents from Contamana, Peruvian Amazonia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310263177_Late_Oligocene_caviomorph_rodents_from_Contamana_Peruvian_Amazonia |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=69–109 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Marivaux |first=Laurent |last2=Adnet |first2=Sylvain |last3=Altamirano Sierra |first3=Ali J. |last4=Boivin |first4=Myriam |last5=Pujos |first5=François |last6=Ramdarshan |first6=Anusha |last7=Salas Gismondi |first7=Rodolfo |last8=Tejada |first8=Julia |last9=Antoine |first9=Pierre-Olivier |year=2016 |title=Neotropics provide insights into the emergence of New World monkeys: New dental evidence from the late Oligocene of Peruvian Amazonia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302025577_Neotropics_provide_insights_into_the_emergence_of_New_World_monkeys_new_dental_evidence_from_the_late_Oligocene_of_Peruvian_Amazonia |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=97 |pages=159–175 |accessdate=2019-02-04}}

;Barzalosa Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Acosta |first=Jorge E. |last2=Guatame |first2=Rafael |last3=Caicedo A. |first3=Juan Carlos |last4=Cárdenas |first4=Jorge Ignacio |year=2002 |title=Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 245 - Girardot - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–92}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Acosta |first=Jorge E. |last2=Ulloa |first2=Carlos E. |year=2001 |title=Mapa Geológico de Colombia - Plancha 246 - Fusagasugá - 1:100,000 - Memoria Explicativa |publisher=INGEOMINAS |pages=1–77}}

;Tremembé Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Do Couto Ribeiro |first=Graziella |year=2010 |title=Avaliação morfológica, taxonômica e cronológica dos mamíferos fósseis da Formação Tremembé (Bacia de Taubaté), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil |publisher=Universidade de São Paulo |pages=1–112 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Malabarba |first=Maria Claudia |last2=Lundberg |first2=John G. |year=2007 |title=A fossil loricariid catfish (Siluriformes: Loricarioidea) from the Taubaté Basin, eastern Brazil |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239544059_A_fossil_loricariid_catfish_Siluriformes_Loricarioidea_from_the_Taubate_Basin_eastern_Brazil |journal=[[Biology:Neotropical Ichthyology|Neotropical Ichthyology]] |volume=5 |pages=263–270 |accessdate=2018-10-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Olson |first=Storrs L. |last2=Alvarenga |first2=Herculano M.F. |year=2002 |title=A new genus of small teratorn from the Middle Tertiary of the Taubate Basin, Brazil (Aves: Teratornithidae) |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/1560/Taubatornis.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington |volume=115 |pages=701–705 |accessdate=2017-09-04}}

;Las Cascadas Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Rincón |first=A. F. |first2=J. I. |last2=Bloch |first3=C. |last3=Suárez |first4=B. J. |last4=MacFadden |first5=C. A. |last5=Jaramillo |year=2012 |title=New floridatragulines (Mammalia, Camelidae) from the early Miocene Las Cascadas Formation, Panama |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=32 |pages=456–475}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Encinas|first1=Alfonso |last2=Folguera|first2=Andrés|last3=Bechis|first3=Florencia|last4=Finger|first4=Kenneth L.|last5=Zambrano|first5=Patricio|last6=Pérez|first6=Felipe|last7=Benarbé|first7=Pablo|last8=Tapia|first8=Francisca|last9=Riffo|first9=Ricardo|last10=Buatois|first10=Luis|last11=Orts|first11=Darío|last12=Nielsen|first12=Sven N. |last13=Valencia|first13=Victor V.|last14=Cituño|first14=José |last15=Oliveros|first15=Verónica |last16=De Girolamo Del Mauro|first16=Lizet|last17=Ramos|first17=Víctor A.|date=2018 |chapter=The Late Oligocene–Early Miocene Marine Transgression of Patagonia|title=The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes |editor1=Folguera, A. |editor2=Contreras Reyes, E. |editor3=Heredia, N. |editor4=Encinas, A. |editor5=B. Iannelli, S. |editor6=Oliveros, V. |editor7=M. Dávila, F. |editor8=Collo, G. |editor9=Giambiagi, L. |editor10=Maksymowicz, A. |editor11=Iglesia Llanos, M.P. |editor12=Turienzo, M. |editor13=Naipauer, M. |editor14=Orts, D. |editor15=D. Litvak, V. |editor16=Alvarez, O. |editor17=Arriagada, C. |display-editors=3 |url= |location= |publisher=Springer|pages=443–474 |isbn=978-3-319-67774-3 |}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Woodburne |first=M.O |year=2010 |title=The Great American Biotic Interchange: Dispersals, Tectonics, Climate, Sea Level and Holding Pens |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=17 |issue=4  |pages=245–264}} {{doi|10.1007/s10914-010-9144-8}} {{PMID|21125025}} {{PMC|2987556}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Webb |first=S. David |year=2006 |title=The Great American Biotic Interchange: Patterns and Processes |journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden |volume=93 |issue=2 |pages=245–257}} {{doi|10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[245:TGABIP]2.0.CO;2}}

[[Category:Oligocene volcanism]]
[[Category:Chattian Stage]]
[[Category:Deseadan]]
[[Category:Tuff formations]]
[[Category:Alluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Malargüe Group]]

{{Sourceattribution|Agua de la Piedra Formation}}