View source for Earth:Colhuehuapian

{{Short description|Period of geologic time (21.0–17.5 Ma)}}
The '''Colhuehuapian''' age is a period of geologic time (21.0–17.5 [[Physics:Mya (unit)|Ma]]) within the [[Earth:Early Miocene|Early Miocene]] epoch of the [[Earth:Neogene|Neogene]], used more specifically within the [[Earth:South American land mammal age|SALMA classification]] in South America. It follows the [[Earth:Deseadan|Deseadan]] and precedes the [[Earth:Santacrucian|Santacrucian]] age.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=displayInterval&interval_no=730 Paleo Database: Colhuehuapian]</ref>

== Etymology ==
The age is named after the Colhué Huapí Member of the [[Earth:Sarmiento Formation|Sarmiento Formation]] in the Golfo San Jorge Basin, [[Place:Patagonia|Patagonia]], {{wipe|Argentina}}.

== Formations ==
{{Location map+ | South America
| relief = 1
| width   = 300
| caption = Locations of Colhuehuapian formations
| places  =
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -35.0
  | lon_deg = -70.4
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Abanico Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -2.8
  | lon_deg = -78.9
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Biblián Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = 10.563889
  | lon_deg = -69.728333
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Castillo Formation, Venezuela
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -38.9
  | lon_deg = -69.6
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Cerro Bandera Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -39.1
  | lon_deg = -67.8
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Chichinales Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -14.1
  | lon_deg = -75.7
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Chilcatay Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -37.7
  | lon_deg = -71.2
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Cura-Mallín Group
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -43.3
  | lon_deg = -65.4
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Gaiman Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -40.4
  | lon_deg = -65.3
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Gran Bajo de Gualicho Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -42.8
  | lon_deg = -65.0
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Monte León Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -5.1
  | lon_deg = -80.9
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Montera Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -1.2
  | lon_deg = -47.2
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Pirabas Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -46.8
  | lon_deg = -71.8
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Río Jeinemení Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = 11.966667
  | lon_deg = -71.378611
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 10
  | link = Uitpa Formation
  }}
  {{Location map~ | South America
  | lat_deg = -45.7
  | lon_deg = -68.7
  | mark = Yellow pog.svg
  | marksize = 14
  | link = Colhué Huapí Member
  }}
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Formation<br />{{small|bold is type}}
! Country
! Basin
! class=unsortable | Notes
|-
| '''Colhué Huapí Member''' || {{ARG}} || Golfo San Jorge Basin || {{center|<ref name=Dozo_p241>Dozo et al., 2014, p.241</ref><ref name=Acosta2005_p128>Acosta & Tambussi, 2005, p.128</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Abanico Formation|Abanico Formation]] || {{CHL}} || Abanico Basin || {{center|<ref name=Godoy2012>Godoy et al., 2012</ref><ref name=Munoz2012>Muñoz et al., 2006</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Biblián Formation|Biblián Formation]] || {{ECU}} || Cuenca Basin || {{center|<ref name=Veintimilla2015_p47>Veintimilla González, 2015, p.47</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Castillo Formation, Venezuela|Castillo Formation]] || {{VEN}} || Falcón Basin || {{center|<ref name=Johnson_p60>Johnson, 2009, p.60</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Cerro Bandera Formation|Cerro Bandera Formation]] || {{ARG}} || Neuquén Basin || {{center|<ref name=Kramarz2005>Kramarz et al., 2005</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Chichinales Formation|Chichinales Formation]] || {{ARG}} || North Patagonian Massif || {{center|<ref name=Kramarz2005_p288>Kramarz et al., 2005, p.288</ref>}}
|-
| Chilcatay Formation || {{PER}} || Pisco Basin || {{center|<ref name=DelaCruz_p53>De la Cruz, 2008, p.53</ref><ref name=Solis2018_p13>Solíz Mundaca, 2018, p.13</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Cura-Mallín Group|Cura-Mallín Group]] || {{CHL}} || Cura-Mallín Basin || {{center|<ref name=Utge2009>Utgé et al., 2009</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Gaiman Formation|Gaiman Formation]] || {{ARG}} || Valdés Basin || {{center|<ref name=Acosta2007_p419>Acosta Hospitaleche, 2007, p.419</ref>}}
|-
| Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation || {{ARG}} || Colorado Basin || {{center|<ref name=Reichler2010_p181>Reichler, 2010, p.181</ref>}}
|-
| Monte León Formation || {{ARG}} || Austral Basin || {{center|<ref name=Nanez2009>Náñez et al., 2009</ref><ref name=Perez2010_p52>Pérez Panera, 2010, p.52</ref>}}
|-
| Montera Formation || {{PER}} || Sechura Basin || {{center|<ref name=Cordova2009_p24>Córdova Aguilar, 2009, p.24</ref>}}
|-
| Pirabas Formation || {{BRA}} || Amazon Basin || {{center|<ref name=DeAraujo_p207>De Araújo et al., 2010, p.207</ref>}}
|-
| Río Jeinemeni Formation || {{ARG}} || Austral Basin || {{center|<ref name=DalMolin2003_p140>Dal Molín & Colombo, 2003, p.140</ref>}}
|-
| [[Earth:Uitpa Formation|Uitpa Formation]] || {{COL}} || Cocinetas Basin || {{center|<ref name=Morenoetal_p7>Moreno et al., 2015, p.7</ref>}}
|-
|}
{{clearboth}}

== Fossils ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Group
! Fossils
! Formation
! class=unsortable | Notes
|-
| rowspan=11 | Mammals || ''Abderites meridionalis'', ''Acarechimys cf. minutissimus'', ''Acaremys cf. murinus'',  ''A. preminutus'', ''Acrocyon riggsi'', ''Acyon tricuspidatus'', ''Anargyrolagus primus'', ''Arctodictis sinclairi'', ''Argyrohippus cf. boulei'', ''[[Biology:Astrapotherium|?Astrapotherium ruderarium]]'', ''[[Biology:Australoprocta|Australoprocta fleaglei]]'', ''[[Biology:Borhyaena|Borhyaena macrodonta]]'', ''Branisamyopsis australis'', ''Caviocricetus lucasi'', ''Cephalomyopsis hipselodontus'', ''[[Biology:Cladosictis|Cladosictis centralis]]'', ''Clenia minuscula'', ''Colpodon distinctus'', ''[[Biology:Cramauchenia|Cramauchenia normalis]]'', ''[[Biology:Dolichocebus|Dolichocebus gaimanensis]]'', ''Dudumus ruigomezi'', ''Eomicrobiotherium mykerum'', ''Eosteiromys homogenidens'', ''E. segregatus'', ''[[Biology:Eoviscaccia|Eoviscaccia australis]]'', ''Euphractus patagonicus'', ''Gaimanomys alwinea'', ''Galileomys antelucanus'', ''Hypsosteiromys axiculus'', ''H. nectus'', ''Licaphrops festinus'', ''Luanthus initialis'', ''Luantus propheticus'', ''Mazzonicebus almendrae'', ''Mormopterus barrancae'', ''[[Biology:Necrolestes|Necrolestes mirabilis]]'', ''Neoreomys pinturensis'', ''Oligobiotherium divisum'', ''Pachybiotherium acclinum'', ''Palaeothentes ?minutus'', ''Parabderites bicrispatus'', ''Paradelphomys fissus'', ''Parasteiromys friantae'', ''P. uniformis'', ''[[Biology:Parastrapotherium|Parastrapotherium symmetrum]]'', ''[[Biology:Patagonia (mammal)|Patagonia peregrina]]'', ''[[Biology:Peltephilus|Peltephilus pumilus]]'', ''[[Biology:Perimys|Perimys dissimilis]]'', ''[[Biology:Perimys|P. incavatus]]'', ''[[Biology:Perimys|P. transversus]]'', ''Proargyrolagus argentinus'', ''Proheptaconus patagonicus'', ''[[Biology:Prolicaphrium|Prolicaphrium spectabile]]'', ''Prospaniomys priscus'', ''Prostichomys bowni'', ''Protacaremys avunculus'', ''P. prior'', ''P. pulchellus'', ''Protadelphomys latus'', ''[[Biology:Prozaedyus|Prozaedyus humilis]]'', ''Pseudostegotherium glangeaudi'', ''Pseudothylacynus rectus'', ''[[Biology:Pternoconius|Pternoconius bondi]]'', ''Sipalocyon externus'', ''Soriamys gaimanensis'', ''S. ganganensis'', ''[[Biology:Stegotherium|Stegotherium tesselatum]]'', ''[[Biology:Stegotherium|S. variegatum]]'', ''[[Biology:Tremacebus|Tremacebus harringtoni]]'', ''Willidewu estaparius'', ''Acarechimys sp.'', ''[[Biology:Interatherium|Interatherium sp.]]'', ''Microbiotherium sp.'', ''[[Biology:Nematherium|Nematherium sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Pachyrukhos|Pachyrukhos sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Proeutatus|Proeutatus sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Protypotherium|Protypotherium sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Prozaedyus|Prozaedyus sp.]]'', ''Soriamys sp.'', ''[[Biology:Tetramerorhinus|Tetramerorhinus sp.]]'', ''Titanothentes sp.'', Argyrolagoidea indet., Caluromyinae indet., [[Biology:Cephalomyidae|?Cephalomyidae indet.]], Chinchilloidea indet., [[Biology:Dasypodidae|Dasypodidae indet.]], [[Biology:Didelphidae|Didelphidae indet.]], [[Biology:Didelphimorphia|Didelphimorphia indet.]], Didelphoidea indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Hathlyacininae indet., [[Biology:Leontiniidae|Leontiniidae indet.]], Marsupialia indet., [[Biology:Megalonychidae|Megalonychidae indet.]], [[Biology:Neoepiblemidae|Neoepiblemidae indet.]], [[Biology:Phyllostominae|Phyllostominae indet.]], Propalaehoplophorinae indet., [[Biology:Thylacosmilidae|Thylacosmilidae indet.]] || [[Earth:Sarmiento Formation#Colhué Huapí Member|Colhué Huapí]] || {{center|<ref name=Chemeetal2016>Cheme et al., 2016</ref><ref name=Arnal2014>Arnal et al., 2014</ref><br /><ref name=FWSarmientoGranBarrancaUpperFossilZone>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=176205 Gran Barranca Upper Fossil Zone] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWSarmientoSouthernCliffLowerChubutRiverValley>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=27311 Southern Cliff of lower Chubut River Valley] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><br /><ref name=FWSarmientoGranBarrancaLakeColhueHuapi>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=141368 Gran Barranca - southern cliff of lake Colhué Huapí] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWSarmientoSacanana>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=176270 Sacanana] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Chilecebus|Chilecebus carrascoensis]]'', [[Biology:Notoungulata|Notoungulata indet.]], [[Biology:Rodentia|Rodentia indet.]] || [[Earth:Abanico Formation|Abanico]] || {{center|<ref name=FWRioLasLenas>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=95645 Río Las Lenas] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Xenastrapotherium|Xenastrapotherium aequatorialis]]'' || [[Earth:Biblián Formation|Biblián]] || {{center|<ref name=FWBiblian>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=144675 Point 354989 Anzogues] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| ''Banderomys leanzai'', ''Caviocricetus lucasi'', ''[[Biology:Comahuetherium|Comahuetherium coccaorum]]'', ''[[Biology:Cramauchenia|Cramauchenia normalis]]'', ''Doryperimys olsacheri'', ''[[Biology:Eoviscaccia|Eoviscaccia australis]]'', ''Garridomys curunuquem'', ''Leucokephalos maior'', ''[[Biology:Proadinotherium|Proadinotherium cf. muensteri]]'', ''[[Biology:Protypotherium|Protypotherium sinclairi]]'', ''Abderites sp.'', ''[[Biology:Astrapothericulus|Astrapothericulus sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Cladosictis|Cladosictis sp.]]'', ''Eosteiromys sp.'', ''Palaeothentes sp.'', ''[[Biology:Parastrapotherium|Parastrapotherium sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Perimys|Perimys sp.]]'', ''Pitheculites sp.'', ''[[Biology:Proeutatus|Proeutatus sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Protypotherium|Protypotherium sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Prozaedyus|Prozaedyus sp.]]'', ''Sipalocyon sp.'', ''[[Biology:Stenotatus|Stenotatus sp.]]'', Astegotheriini indet., [[Biology:Borhyaenidae|Borhyaenidae indet.]], [[Biology:Hegetotheriidae|Hegetotheriidae indet.]], [[Biology:Macraucheniidae|Macraucheniidae indet.]], [[Biology:Peltephilidae|Peltephilidae indet.]], Platyrrhini indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., [[Biology:Proterotheriinae|Proterotheriinae indet.]] || [[Earth:Cerro Bandera Formation|Cerro<br />Bandera]] || {{center|<ref name=Vucetichetal2015>Vucetich et al., 2015</ref><ref name=Kramarzetal2015>Kramarz et al., 2015</ref><br /><ref name=FWCerroBanderaType>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=89027 Cerro Bandera Type] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWCerroBanderaBardaNegra>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=89028 Cerro Bandera Barda Negra] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><br /><ref name=FWCerroBanderaSierraDelPortezueloNorte>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=89029 Cerro Bandera Sierra del Portezuelo Norte] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWCerroBanderaBayoMesa>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=89030 Cerro Bandera Bayo Mesa] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Australoprocta|Australoprocta fleaglei]]'', ''Caviocricetus lucasi'', ''[[Biology:Cladosictis|Cladosictis cf. patagonica]]'', ''[[Biology:Eoviscaccia|Eoviscaccia australis]]'', ''Willidewu esteparius'', ''cf. Colpodon sp.'', ''[[Biology:Hegetotherium|Hegetotherium sp.]]'', ''Octodontoidea sp.'', ''[[Biology:Proeutatus|Proeutatus sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Protypotherium|cf. Protypotherium sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Stenotatus|cf. Stenotatus sp.]]'', [[Biology:Interatheriidae|Interatheriidae indet.]], Mesotheriinae indet., Nesodontinae indet., Propalaehoplophorinae indet., [[Biology:Proterotheriinae|Proterotheriinae indet.]] || [[Earth:Chichinales Formation|Chichinales]] || {{center|<ref name=FWChichinalesPasoCordoba>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=89093 Paso Córdoba] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-, 
| ''Ensidelphis riveroi'', ''[[Biology:Inticetus|Inticetus vertizi]]'', ''[[Biology:Notocetus|Notocetus vanbenedeni]]'', Pinnipedia indet., Platanidelphidi indet. || Chilcatay || align=center | <ref name=LambertInticetus2017>Lambert et al., 2017</ref><ref name=ChilcatayZamaca>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=100330 Zamaca] in the [[Biology:Paleobiology Database|Paleobiology Database]]</ref><br><ref name=ChilcataySantaRosa>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=45484 Santa Rosa] in the [[Biology:Paleobiology Database|Paleobiology Database]]</ref><ref name=ChilcatayBuque>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=113249 Cerro Buque] in the [[Biology:Paleobiology Database|Paleobiology Database]]</ref><br><ref name=Bianucci2020>Bianucci et al., 2020</ref><ref name=Landini2019>Landini et al., 2019</ref><br><ref name=Varas2011>Varas Malca et al., 2011</ref>
|-
| ''Colpodon antucoensis'', ''Acarechimys sp.'', ''Luantus sp.'', ''Protacaremys sp.'', ''[[Biology:Protypotherium|Protypotherium sp.]]'', ''Sipalocyon sp.'', [[Biology:Echimyidae|Echimyidae indet.]] || [[Earth:Cura-Mallín Group|Cura-Mallín]] || {{center|<ref name=ShockeyColpodon2012>Shockey et al., 2012</ref><ref name=Flynn2008_p414>Flynn et al., 2008, p.414</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Aglaocetus|Aglaocetus moreni]]'', ''Aondelphis talen'', ''Argyrocetus patagonicus'', ''[[Biology:Idiorophus|Idiorophus patagonicus]]'', ''[[Biology:Morenocetus|Morenocetus parvus]]'', ''[[Biology:Phoberodon|Phoberodon arctirostris]]'', ''[[Biology:Plesiocetus|Plesiocetus dyticus]]'', ''[[Biology:Prosqualodon|Prosqualodon australis]]'', ''[[Biology:Kentriodon|Kentriodon sp.]]'', [[Biology:Eurhinodelphinidae|Eurhinodelphinidae indet.]], [[Biology:Squalodontidae|Squalodontidae indet.]] || [[Earth:Gaiman Formation|Gaiman]] || {{center|<ref name=Viglino2018_p264>Viglino et al., 2018, p.264</ref><br /><ref name=FWGaimanTrelew>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=47303 Cerro del Castillo, Trelew] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWGaimanBrynGwyn>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=45886 Bryn Gwyn] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Metaxytherium|Metaxytherium crataegense]]'' || Montera || {{center|<ref name=FWMontera>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=13404 Cerro Chocan] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| ''Dioplotherium allisoni'', ''Sirenotherium pirabense'', ''[[Biology:Metaxytherium|Metaxytherium sp.]]'', ''Rytiodus sp.'', [[Biology:Dugongidae|Dugongidae indet.]] || Pirabas || {{center|<ref name=FWJazidaB17>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=112590 Jazida B17] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWAtalaia>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=58454 Atalaia] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><br /><ref name=FWPraiaDeFortalezinha>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=112591 Praia de Fortalezinha] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWIlhaDeFortaleza>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=65162 Ilha de Fortaleza; São João de Pirabas] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><br /><ref name=FWColoniaPedroTeixeira>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=112581 Colonia Pedro Teixeira] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref><ref name=FWTauari>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=112594 Tauari] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| ''Phanomys mixtus'' || Río<br />Jeinemení || {{center|<ref name=FWRioJeinemeni>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=176629 Río Jeinemení] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=4 | Birds || [[Biology:Falconidae|Falconidae indet.]] || [[Earth:Cerro Bandera Formation|Cerro<br />Bandera]] || {{center|<ref name=FWCerroBanderaBayoMesa/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Opisthodactylus|Opisthodactylus horacioperezi]]'', ''[[Biology:Patagorhacos|Patagorhacos terrificus]]'', Psilopteridae indet. || [[Earth:Chichinales Formation|Chichinales]] || {{center|<ref name=FWChichinalesPasoCordoba/><ref name=AgnolinChafrat2015>Agnolin & Chafrat, 2015</ref>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Palaeospheniscus|Palaeospheniscus sp.]]'' || Chilcatay || align=center | <ref name=Acosta2005>Acosta Hospitaleche & Stucchi, 2005</ref>
|-
| ''Apterodytes ictus'', ''Eretiscus tonnii'', ''Palaeospheniscus affinis'', ''[[Biology:Palaeospheniscus bergi|P. bergi]]'', ''[[Biology:Palaeospheniscus bilocular|P. bilocular]]'', ''[[Biology:Palaeospheniscus gracilis|P. gracilis]]'', ''P. intermedius'', ''P. interruptus'', ''[[Biology:Palaeospheniscus patagonicus|P. patagonicus]]'', ''P. planus'', ''P. rothi'', ''Paraptenodytes antarcticus'', ''[[Biology:Paraptenodytes robustus|P. robustus]]'', ''Treleudytes crassa'', ''[[Biology:Arthrodytes|Arthrodytes sp.]]'', [[Biology:Anseriformes|Anseriformes indet.]], [[Biology:Sphenisciformes|Sphenisciformes indet.]] || [[Earth:Gaiman Formation|Gaiman]] || {{center|<ref name=FWGaimanTrelew/><ref name=FWGaimanBrynGwyn/><br /><ref name=FWPatagonianGaiman>[http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=74645 Patagonian] at [[Biology:Fossilworks|Fossilworks]].org</ref>}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Reptiles || ''Gaimanophis tenuis'', ''[[Biology:Waincophis|Waincophis sp.]]'', [[Biology:Colubridae|Colubridae indet.]] || [[Earth:Sarmiento Formation#Colhué Huapí Member|Colhué Huapí]] || {{center|<ref name=FWSarmientoSouthernCliffLowerChubutRiverValley/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Geochelone|Geochelone sp.]]'', [[Biology:Pleurodira|Pleurodira indet.]] || [[Earth:Chichinales Formation|Chichinales]] || {{center|<ref name=FWChichinalesPasoCordoba/>}}
|-
| Crocodylia indet., [[Biology:Gavialoidea|Gavialoidea indet.]], [[Biology:Pleurodira|Pleurodira indet.]] || Pirabas || {{center|<ref name=FWJazidaB17/><ref name=FWAtalaia/><br /><ref name=FWPraiaDeFortalezinha/><ref name=FWIlhaDeFortaleza/>}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | Fish || ''Alopias superciliosus'', ''Alopias cf. vulpinus'', ''Anotodus agassizii'', ''Carcharhinus brachyurus'', ''Carcharhinus cf. leucas'', ''[[Biology:Carcharocles chubutensis|Carcharocles chubutensis]]'', ''Carcharodon hastalis'', ''Cosmopolitodus plicatilis'', ''Galeocerdo aduncus'', ''[[Biology:Hemipristis serra|Hemipristis serra]]'', ''Isurus desori'', ''Isurus oxyrinchus'', ''[[Biology:Megachasma applegatei|Megachasma cf. applegatei]]'', ''Megalolamna paradoxodon'', ''Negaprion brevirostris'', ''Parotodus benedeni'', ''Physogaleus contortus'', ''Sphyrna zygaena'', ''[[Biology:Anoxypristis|cf. Anoxypristis sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Carcharias|Carcharias sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Squatina|Squatina sp.]]'', [[Biology:Dasyatidae|Dasyatidae indet.]], Myliobatoidea indet. || Chilcatay || align=center | <ref name=Alvan2004>Alván et al., 2004</ref>
|-
| ''Carcharhinus ackermanii'', ''[[Biology:Carcharhinus egertoni|C. egertoni]]'', ''C. priscus'', ''Carcharodon subauriculatus'', ''Diodon ferreirai'', ''Galeocerdo paulinoi'', ''Ginglymostoma obliquum'', ''G. serra'', ''[[Biology:Hemipristis serra|Hemipristis serra]]'', ''Isurus novus'', ''Nebrius obliquus'', ''Rhinoptera studeri'', ''Scoliodon taxandriae'', ''Sphyraena cunhai'', ''S. egleri'', ''Sphyrna magna'', ''S. prisca'', ''[[Biology:Arius (fish)|Arius sp.]]'', ''Hypoprion sp.'', ''[[Biology:Myliobatis|Myliobatis sp.]]'' || Pirabas || {{center|<ref name=FWJazidaB17/><ref name=FWAtalaia/><br /><ref name=FWPraiaDeFortalezinha/><ref name=FWIlhaDeFortaleza/><br /><ref name=FWColoniaPedroTeixeira/>}}
|-
| ''[[Biology:Heptranchias|Heptranchias cf. howellii]]'', ''[[Biology:Centrophorus|Centrophorus sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Dalatias|Dalatias cf. licha]]'', ''[[Biology:Pristiophorus|Pristiophorus sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Isurus|Isurus cf. oxyrinchus]]'', ''[[Biology:Carcharocles|Carcharocles sp.]]'', ''[[Biology:Alopias|Alopias cf. superciliosus]]'', ''[[Biology:Hemipristis|Hemipristis serra]]'', ''[[Biology:Carcharhinus|Carcharhinus gibbesii]]'', ''[[Biology:Sphyrna|Sphyrna laevissima]]'', ''[[Biology:Mobula|Mobula sp.]]'', [[Biology:Lamniformes|Lamniformes indet.]], Teleostei indet. || [[Earth:Uitpa Formation|Uitpa]] || {{center|<ref name=Carrillo_p91>Carrillo Briceño et al., 2016, p.91</ref>}}
|-
| Decapods || ''[[Biology:Acanthocarpus (crab)|Acanthocarpus obscurus]]'', ''Arenaeus cribarius'', ''[[Biology:Calappilia|Calappilia broksi]]'', ''[[Biology:Callinectes|Callinectes cf. declivis]]'', ''[[Biology:Callinectes|C. ferreirai]]'', ''[[Biology:Callinectes|C. paraensis]]'', ''[[Biology:Callinectes|C. pirabensis]]'', ''[[Biology:Callinectes|C. reticulatus]]'', ''Cyclocancer tuberculatus'', ''Euphylax septendentatus'', ''[[Biology:Hepatella|Hepatella amazonica]]'', ''Necronectes tajinensis'', ''Paratumidocarcinus marajoarus'', ''[[Biology:Panopeus (genus)|Panopeus capanemensis]]'', ''Parthenope tuberculata'', ''[[Biology:Portunus|Portunus atecuicitilis]]'', ''[[Biology:Portunus|P. haitensis]]'', ''[[Biology:Portunus|P. pirabensis]]'', ''[[Biology:Portunus|P. spimanus]]'', ''[[Biology:Portunus|P. spinimanus]]'', ''[[Biology:Scylla (crustacean)|Scylla costata]]'', ''[[Biology:Sesarma|Sesarma paraensis]]'', ''Tasadia tuberculatus'', ''Tetraxanthus rathbunae'', ''Typilobus unispinatus'', ''Randallia sp.'' || Pirabas || {{center|<ref name=FWJazidaB17/><ref name=FWAtalaia/><br /><ref name=FWIlhaDeFortaleza/>}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

=== Bibliography ===
;Colhué Huapí Member
* {{cite LSA |last=Arnal |first=Michelle |last2=Kramarz |first2=Alejandro G. |last3=Vucetich |first3=M. Guiomar |last4=Vieytes |first4=E. Carolina |year=2014 |title=A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263555476_A_New_Early_Miocene_Octodontoid_Rodent_Hystricognathi_Caviomorpha_from_Patagonia_Argentina_and_a_Reassessment_of_the_Early_Evolution_of_Octodontoidea |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=397–406 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cheme Arriaga |first=Lucas |last2=Dozo |first2=María Teresa |last3=Gelfo |first3=Javier N. |year=2016 |title=A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309370068_A_new_Cramaucheniinae_Litopterna_Macraucheniidae_from_the_early_Miocene_of_Patagonia_Argentina |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=e1229672 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}

;Abanico Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Bertrand |first=Ornella C. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Wyss |first4=André R. |year=2012 |title=Two new taxa (Caviomorpha, Rodentia) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna (Chile) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262523787_Two_New_Taxa_Caviomorpha_Rodentia_from_the_Early_Oligocene_Tinguiririca_Fauna_Chile |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3750 |pages=1–36 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Bradham |first=Jennifer |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Wyss |first4=Andre R. |year=2015 |title=New notoungulates (Notostylopidae and basal toxodontians) from the early Oligocene Tinguiririca fauna of the Andean Main Range, central Chile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284141601_New_Notoungulates_Notostylopidae_and_Basal_Toxodontians_from_the_Early_Oligocene_Tinguiririca_Fauna_of_the_Andean_Main_Range_Central_Chile |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3841 |pages=1–24 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Croft |first=Darin A. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Wyss |first3=André R. |year=2008 |title=The Tinguiririca fauna of Chile and the early stages of "modernization" of South American mammal faunas |url=http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/publicacoes/wp-content/arquivos/Arqs%2066%20n%201%20p%20191-211%20Croft%20et%20al.pdf |journal=Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro |volume=66 |pages=191–211 |accessdate=2019-02-12 |archive-date=2018-09-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233925/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/publicacoes/wp-content/arquivos/Arqs%2066%20n%201%20p%20191-211%20Croft%20et%20al.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906233925/http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/publicacoes/wp-content/arquivos/Arqs%2066%20n%201%20p%20191-211%20Croft%20et%20al.pdf |date=2018-09-06 }}
* {{cite LSA |last=Engelman |first=Russell K. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Gans |first3=Philip |last4=Wyss |first4=André R. |last5=Croft |first5=Darin A. |year=2018 |title=''Chlorocyon phantasma'', a late Eocene borhyaenoid (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta) from the Los Helados locality, Andean Main Range, central Chile |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329976567_Chlorocyon_phantasma_a_Late_Eocene_Borhyaenoid_Mammalia_Metatheria_Sparassodonta_from_the_Los_Helados_Locality_Andean_Main_Range_Central_Chile |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3918 |pages=1–22 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Godoy |first=Estanislao |year=2012 |title=Sobre el variable marco geotectónico de las formaciones Abanico y Farellones y sus equivalentes al sur de los 35°LS |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-48222012000400008 |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |volume=69 |pages=570–577 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Muñoz |first=Marcia |last2=Fuentes |first2=Francisco |last3=Vergara |first3=Mario |last4=Aguirre |first4=Luis |last5=Nyström |first5=Jan Olov |last6=Féraud |first6=Gilbert |last7=Demant |first7=Alain |year=2006 |title=Abanico East Formation: petrology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks behind the Cenozoic arc front in the Andean Cordillera, central Chile (33°50'S) |url=http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0716-02082006000100005 |journal=Revista Geológica de Chile |volume=33 |pages=109–140 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Biblián Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Veintimilla González |first=Liliana Alexandra |year=2015 |title=Solución geológica, geotécnica, hidrológica, hidráulica y estructural de la alcantarilla que sirve a la autopista Cuenca-Azogues, Abscisa km. 4+667 (thesis) |url=http://dspace.ucuenca.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/21679/1/TESIS.pdf |publisher=[[Organization:University of Cuenca|Universidad de Cuenca]] |pages=1–111 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}

;Castillo Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Johnson |first=Kenneth G. |last2=Sánchez Villagra |first2=Marcelo R. |last3=Aguilera |first3=Órangel A. |year=2009 |title=The Oligocene-Miocene transition on coral reefs in the Falcón Basin (NW Venezuela) |url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.617.9079&rep=rep1&type=pdf
|journal=PALAIOS |volume=24 |pages=59–69 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rincón |first=Ascanio D. |last2=Solórzano |first2=Andrés |last3=McDonald |first3=H. Gregory |last4=Núñez Flores |first4=Mónica |year=2017 |title=''Baraguatherium takumara'', gen. et sp. nov., the earliest mylodontoid sloth (early Miocene) from northern South America |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300000528_Baraguatherium_takumara_Gen_et_Sp_Nov_the_Earliest_Mylodontoid_Sloth_Early_Miocene_from_Northern_South_America |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=179–191 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Rincón |first=Ascanio D. |last2=Solórzano |first2=Andrés |last3=Benammi |first3=Mouloud |last4=Vignaud |first4=Patrick |last5=McDonald |first5=H. Gregory |year=2014 |title=Chronology and geology of an Early Miocene mammalian assemblage in North of South America, from Cerro La Cruz (Castillo Formation), Lara State, Venezuela: implications in the 'changing course of Orinoco River' hypothesis |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v41n3/art02.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=41 |pages=507–528 |accessdate=2018-09-07}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Solórzano |first=Andrés |last2=Rincón |first2=Ascanio D. |last3=Cidade |first3=Giovanne M. |last4=Núñez Flores |first4=Mónica |last5=Sánchez |first5=Leonardo |year=2018 |title=Lower Miocene alligatoroids (Crocodylia) from the Castillo Formation, northwest of Venezuela |url=http://www.paleolab.com.br/assets/uploads/files/Solorzano_et_al.%2C_2018._Crocodilos_de_castillo.pdf |journal=Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments |volume=_ |pages=1–19 |accessdate=2018-09-07}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Urbani |first=Franco |last2=Mendi |first2=David |year=2010 |title=Notas sobre la discordancia del margen sur de la cuenca Oligo-Miocena de Falcón estados Lara, Falcón y Yaracuy, Venezuela |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Franco_Urbani/publication/289375537_Notas_sobre_la_discordancia_del_margen_sur_de_la_cuenca_oligo-miocena_de_falcon_estados_Lara_Falcon_y_Yaracuy_Venezuela/links/568bf57708ae16c414a9cf68/Notas-sobre-la-discordancia-del-margen-sur-de-la-cuenca-oligo-miocena-de-falcon-estados-Lara-Falcon-y-Yaracuy-Venezuela.pdf |journal=Boletín de la Academia de Ciencias Físicas, Matemáticas y Naturales |volume=LXX |pages=9–25 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Cerro Bandera Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Kramarz |first=Alejandro G. |last2=Bond |first2=Mariano |last3=Arnal |first3=Michelle |year=2015 |title=Systematic description of three new mammals (Notoungulata and Rodentia) from the early Miocene Cerro Bandera Formation, northern Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281596616_Systematic_description_of_three_new_mammals_Notoungulata_and_Rodentia_from_the_early_Miocene_Cerro_Bandera_Formation_Northern_Patagonia_Argentina |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=585–597 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Kramarz |first=Alejandro |last2=Garrido |first2=Alberto |last3=Forasiepi |first3=Analía |last4=Bond |first4=Mariano |last5=Tambussi |first5=Claudia |year=2005 |title=Estratigrafia y vertebrados (Aves y Mammalia) de la Formación Cerro Bandera, Mioceno Temprano de la Provincia del Neuquén, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Analia_Forasiepi/publication/250374050_Estratigrafia_y_vertebrados_Aves_y_Mammalia_de_la_Formacion_Cerro_Bandera_Mioceno_Temprano_de_la_Provincia_del_Neuquen_Argentina/links/0deec5382a850ee47c000000/Estratigrafia-y-vertebrados-Aves-y-Mammalia-de-la-Formacion-Cerro-Bandera-Mioceno-Temprano-de-la-Provincia-del-Neuquen-Argentina.pdf |journal=Revista Geológica de Chile |volume=32 |pages=273–291 |accessdate=2017-10-20}}

;Chichinales Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Agnolin |first=Federico L. |last2=Chafrat |first2=Pablo |year=2015 |title=New fossil bird remains from the Chichinales Formation (Early Miocene) of northern Patagonia, Argentina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273206896_New_fossil_bird_remains_from_the_Chichinales_Formation_Early_Miocene_of_northern_Patagonia_Argentina |journal=[[Earth:Annales de Paléontologie|Annales de Paléontologie]] |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=87–94 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Kramarz |first=Alejandro Gustavo |last2=Paz |first2=Ernesto Rodrigo |year=2013 |title=Un Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) basal del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia |url=http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/572/57226227017.pdf |journal=Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas |volume=30 |pages=186–195 |accessdate=2017-10-20}}

;Chilcatay Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |first2=C. |last2=de Muizon |first3=M. |last3=Urbina |first4=O. |last4=Lambert |year=2020 |title=Extensive diversity and disparity of the early Miocene platanistoids (Cetacea, Odontoceti) in the Southeastern Pacific (Chilcatay Formation, Peru) |journal=Life |volume=10 |pages=1–62}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Landini |first=W.  |first2=A. |last2=Collareta |first3=C. |last3=Di Celma |first4=E. |last4=Malinverno |first5=M. |last5=Urbina |first6=G. |last6=Bianucci |year=2019 |title=The early Miocene elasmobranch assemblage from Zamaca (Chilcatay T Formation, Peru) |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=91 |pages=352–371}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Bianucci |first=Giovanni |last2=Bosio |first2=Giulia |last3=Malinverno |first3=Elisa |last4=De Muizon |first4=Christian |last5=Villa |first5=Igor M.  |last6=Urbina |first6=Mario |last7=Lambert |first7=Olivier |year=2018 |title=A new large squalodelphinid (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from Peru sheds light on the Early Miocene platanistoid disparity and ecology |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=172302 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}
* {{cite LSA |last=De la Cruz |first=Aldo Alván |year=2008 |title=Geología de Ocucaje: aportes en la sedimentología y paleontología de Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú) |url=http://sisbib.unmsm.edu.pe/bibvirtualdata/publicaciones/geologia/vol11_n21/a07vol11n21.pdf |journal=Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG |volume=11 |pages=51–59 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Lambert |first=Olivier |last2=De Muizon |first2=Christian |last3=Malinverno |first3=Elisa |last4=Di Celma |first4=Claudio |last5=Urbina |first5=Mario  |last6=Bianucci |first6=Giovanni |year=2017 |title=A new odontocete (toothed cetacean) from the Early Miocene of Peru expands the morphological disparity of extinct heterodont dolphins |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319652698_A_new_odontocete_toothed_cetacean_from_the_Early_Miocene_of_Peru_expands_the_morphological_disparity_of_extinct_heterodont_dolphins |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=16 |issue=12 |pages=981–1016 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Lambert |first=Olivier |last2=Bianucci |first2=Giovanni |last3=Urbina |first3=Mario |year=2014 |title=''Huaridelphis raimondii'', a new early Miocene Squalodelphinidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Chilcatay Formation, Peru |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265606066_Huaridelphis_raimondii_a_new_early_Miocene_Squalodelphinidae_Cetacea_Odontoceti_from_the_Chilcatay_Formation_Peru |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=987–1004 |accessdate=2019-02-12}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Varas Malca |first=R. M. |first2=A. J. |last2=Altamirano Sierra |first3=T. |last3=DeVries |first4=M. |last4=Urbino |year=2011 |title=The earliest known pinniped from the Southern Hemisphere |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=48 |pages=R217}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Acosta Hospitaleche |first=C. |first2=M. |last2=Stucchi |year=2005 |title=Nuevos restos terciarios de Spheniscidae (Aves, sphenisciformes) procedentes de la Costa del Peru |journal=Revista Española de Paleontología |volume=20 |pages=1–5}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Alván |first=A. |first2=J. |last2=Apolín |first3=C. |last3=Chacaltana |year=2004 |title=Los dientes de Seláceos (Condrichthyies) y su aplicaión estratigráfica en Las Lomas de Ullujaya (Ica, Perú) |publisher=XIII Congreso Peruano de Geología. Resúmenes Extendidos |pages=595–598}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Colbert |first=E. H |year=1944 |title=A new fossil whale from the Miocene of Peru |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=83 |pages=199–216}}

;Cura-Mallín Group
* {{cite LSA |last=Flynn |first=John J. |last2=Charrier |first2=Reynaldo |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Gans |first4=Phillip B. |last5=Herriott |first5=Trystan M. |last6=Wertheim |first6=Jill A. |last7=Wyss |first7=André R. |year=2008 |title=Chronologic implications of new Miocene mammals from the Cura-Mallín and Trapa Trapa formations, Laguna del Laja area, south central Chile |url=http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/125201/Flynn_John.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Journal of South American Earth Sciences |volume=26 |pages=412–423 |accessdate=2017-10-20}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Shockey |first=Bruce J. |last2=Flynn |first2=John J. |last3=Croft |first3=Darin A. |last4=Gans |first4=Phillip |last5=Wyss |first5=André R. |year=2012 |title=New leontiniid Notoungulata (Mammalia) from Chile and Argentina : comparative anatomy, character analysis, and phylogenetic hypotheses |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232690741_New_Leontiniid_Notoungulata_Mammalia_from_Chile_and_Argentina_Comparative_Anatomy_Character_Analysis_and_Phylogenetic_Hypotheses |journal=American Museum Novitates |volume=3737 |pages=1–64 |accessdate=2019-02-15}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Utgé |first=Silvana |last2=Folguera |first2=Andrés |last3=Litvak |first3=Vanesa |last4=Ramos |first4=Víctor A. |year=2009 |title=Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0004-48222009000200005 |journal=Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=231–248 |accessdate=2017-10-01}}

;Gaiman Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Acosta Hospitaleche |first=Carolina |year=2007 |title=Revisión sistemática de ''Palaeospheniscus biloculata'' (Simpson) nov. comb. (Aves, Spheniscidae) de la Formación Gaiman (Mioceno Temprano), Chubut, Argentina |url=http://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/viewFile/658/1374 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=44 |pages=417–426 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Viglino |first=Mariana |last2=Buono |first2=Mónica R. |last3=Gutstein |first3=Carolina S. |last4=Cozzuol |first4=Mario A. |last5=Cuitiño |first5=José I. |year=2018 |title=A new dolphin from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina: Insights into the evolution of Platanistoidea in the Southern Hemisphere |url=https://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app63/app004412017.pdf |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=261–277 |accessdate=2019-02-11}}

;Gran Bajo del Gualicho Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Reichler |first=Valeria A |year=2010 |title=Estratigrafía y paleontología del Cenozoico marino del Gran Bajo y Salinas del Gualicho, Argentina, y descripción de 17 especies nuevas |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/pdf/andgeol/v37n1/art08.pdf |journal=Andean Geology |volume=31 |pages=177–219 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}

;Monte León Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Náñez |first=Carolina |last2=Quattrocchio |first2=Mirta E. |last3=Ruiz |first3=Liliana |year=2009 |title=Palinología y micropaleontología de las Formaciones San Julián y Monte León (Oligoceno - Mioceno temprano) en el subsuelo de cabo Curioso, provincia de Santa Cruz, Argentina |url=http://www.scielo.org.ar/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0002-70142009000400007 |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=46 |pages=669–693 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Montera Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Córdova Aguilar |first=Arturo |year=2009 |title=Proyecto: "desarrollo de capacidades para una propuesta de zoneamiento ecológico económica (ZEE) para el ordenamiento territorial del Departamento de Piura" - área: Geología y potencial de recursos mineros |url=http://geoservidorperu.minam.gob.pe/geoservidor/Archivos/Mapa/Piura/Memoria_Descriptiva_Geologia.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Peru |pages=1–83 |accessdate=2018-09-11}}

;Pirabas Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=De Araújo Távora |first=Vladimir |last2=Rodrigues dos Santos |first2=André Augusto |last3=Neto Araújo |first3=Raphael |year=2010 |title=Localidades fossilíferas da Formação Pirabas (Mioceno Inferior) |url=http://www.museu-goeldi.br/editora/bn/artigos/cnv5n2_2010/localidades(tavora).pdf |journal=Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi |volume=5 |pages=207–224 |accessdate=2017-08-15}}

;Río Jeinemení Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Dal Molín |first=C.N. |last2=Colombo |first2=F. |year=2003 |title=Sedimentación neógena en la Cuenca del Río Zeballos y del Río Jeinemeni (47° Latitud Sur) Antepaís patagónico Argentina |url=http://rabida.uhu.es/dspace/bitstream/handle/10272/9086/Sedimentacion.pdf?sequence=2 |journal=Geogaceta |volume=34 |pages=139–142 |accessdate=2018-09-10}}

;Uitpa Formation
* {{cite LSA |last=Amson |first=Eli |last2=Carrillo |first2=Juan D. |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Carlos |year=2016 |title=Neogene sloth assemblages (Mammalia, Pilosa) of the Cocinetas Basin (La Guajira, Colombia): Implications for the Great American Biotic Interchange |url=http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Amson_et_al-2016_Sloth_Castilletes.pdf |journal=Palaeontology |volume=_ |pages=1–20 |accessdate=2017-03-31}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Cadena |first=Edwin |last2=Jaramillo |first2=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Early to middle Miocene turtles from the northernmost tip of South America: giant testudinids, chelids, and podocnemidids from the Castilletes Formation, Colombia |url=http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Cadena_2015_turtles_Castilletes_Ameghin.pdf |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=52 |pages=188–203 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Carrillo |first=Juan D. |last2=Amson |first2=Eli |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Carlos |last4=Sánchez |first4=Rodolfo  |last5=Quiroz |first5=Luis |last6=Cuartas |first6=Carlos |last7=Rincón |first7=Aldo F. |last8=Sánchez Villagra |first8=Marcelo R. |year=2018 |title=The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates |url=https://opensi.si.edu/index.php/smithsonian/catalog/book/172 |journal=Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology |volume=101 |pages=1–67  |accessdate=2019-02-11}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Carrillo Briceño |first=Jorge D. |last2=Argyriou |first2=Thodoris |last3=Zapata |first3=Vladimir |last4=Kindlimann |first4=René |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2016 |title=A New Early Miocene (Aquitanian) Elasmobranchii Assemblage from the la Guajira Peninsula, Colombia |url=http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/124206/1/AMGH.26.10.2015.pdf |journal=Ameghiniana |volume=53 |pages=77–99 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Hendy |first=Austin J.W. |last2=Jones |first2=Douglas S. |last3=Moreno |first3=Federico |last4=Zapata |first4=Vladimir |last5=Jaramillo |first5=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Neogene molluscs, shallow marine paleoenvironments, and chronostratigraphy of the Guajira Peninsula, Colombia |url=https://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Hendy_2015_Castilletes_molluscs.pdf |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=134 |pages=45–75 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Moreno |first=F. |last2=Hendy |first2=A.J.W. |last3=Quiroz |first3=L. |last4=Hoyos |first4=N. |last5=Jones |first5=D.S. |last6=Zapata |first6=V. |last7=Zapata |first7=S. |last8=Ballen |first8=G.A. |last9=Cadena, A.L. Cárdenas, J.D. Carrillo Briceño, J.D. Carrillo, D. Delgado Sierra, J. Escobar, J.I. Martínez, C. Martínez, C. Montes, J. Moreno, N. Pérez, R. Sánchez, C. Suárez, M.C. Vallejo Pareja, C. Jaramillo  |first9=Edwin |year=2015 |title=Revised stratigraphy of Neogene strata in the Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira, Colombia |url=http://wwwprof.uniandes.edu.co/~cmontes/CamiloMontes/Publications_files/moreno_etal_2015_Guajira__stratigraphy.pdf |journal=Swiss Journal of Palaeontology |volume=134 |pages=5–43 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Moreno Bernal |first=Jorge W |year=2014 |title=Fossil Crocodilians from the High Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, and the History of Neogene Crocodilian Diversity in Tropical South America |url=http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1050&context=geoscidiss |publisher=University of Nebraska |pages=1–66 |accessdate=2017-08-08}}
* {{cite LSA |last=Suárez |first=Catalina |last2=Forasiepi |first2=AnalÍa M. |last3=Goin |first3=Francisco J. |last4=Jaramillo |first4=Carlos |year=2015 |title=Insights into the Neotropics Prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia |url=http://stri-sites.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/Suarez_C_et_al_2016_Insights_into-the-Neotropics_prior-to-the_GABI.pdf |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=e1029581 |accessdate=2019-02-13}}


[[Category:Colhuehuapian| ]]

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