View source for Earth:List of orogenies

{{short description|Known mountain building events of the Earth's history}}
{{World geologic provinces}} 
The following is a list of known [[Physics:Orogeny|orogenies]] organised by continent, starting with the oldest in each. The headings are present-day continents, which may differ from the geography contemporary to the orogenies. Some orogenies encompass more than one continent and may have different names in each, and some very large orogenies include sub-orogenies. As with other geological phenomena, orogenies are often subject to revised interpretations of their age, type and associated paleogeography. 

In some (especially older) literature, the term orogeny refers to a long episode of basin formation and deposition of sediments over hundreds of millions of years, ending with deformation (sometimes including [[Earth:Metamorphism|metamorphism]]) of these deposits. However, some workers use the term only for the final mountain-building deformation event over tens of millions of years or shorter.<ref name="Sengör_1990">Sengör, A.M.C. (1990); Plate tectonics and orogenic research after 25 years: A Tethyan perspective. Earth Sci. Reviews, 277, 1-201.</ref><ref name="van Dijk_1992, d">van Dijk, J.P. (1992); Late Neogene fore-arc basin evolution in the Calabrian Arc (Central Mediterranean). Tectonic sequence stratigraphy and dynamic geohistory. With special reference to the geology of Central Calabria. Geologica Ultrajectina, 92, 288 pp.  ISBN 90-71577-46-5; pp. 251-264</ref>

.

== African orogenies ==
* {{annotated link|Earth:Damara orogeny}}
* {{annotated link|Earth:Zambezi Belt|Zambezian Orogeny}}

== Antarctic orogenies ==
Orogenies affecting [[Earth:Antarctica|Antarctica]] include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.freeuk.com/gtlloyd/tam/geochron.htm |title=Geochronology |accessdate=2010-11-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019222334/http://home.freeuk.com/gtlloyd/tam/geochron.htm |archivedate=2008-10-19 }} Tectonics of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geochronology</ref>

== Asian orogenies ==
[[File:EurasianPlate.png|thumb|right|250px|Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny in Eurasian Plate]]

* Aravalli-Delhi Orogen  – [[Earth:Precambrian|Precambrian]]
* [[Earth:Central Asian Orogenic Belt|Altaid Orogeny]]  – Paleozoic Era
* Cimmerian and Cathaysian orogenies
** Active through [[Earth:Triassic|Triassic]] and [[Earth:Jurassic|Jurassic]] Periods along south and southeast [[Earth:Asia|Asia]].
* Dabie-Sulu orogeny  – Mesozoic Era
* Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny – Cenozoic Era; caused by the continuing collision of the [[Earth:Arabian Plate|Arabian]] and [[Earth:Indian Plate|Indian Plate]]s with the [[Earth:Eurasian Plate|Eurasian Plate]], encompassing:
** [[Earth:Geology of the Himalaya|Himalayan orogeny]] – Forming the {{wipe|Himalaya}}

== European orogenies ==
** The Formation of the [[Place:Alps|Alps]], during the [[Earth:Eocene|Eocene]] through Miocene Periods
* {{annotated link|Earth:Mediterranean Ridge}}

== North American orogenies ==
[[File:Taconic orogeny.gif|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Taconic orogeny]]
* {{annotated link|Earth:Trans-Hudson orogeny|aka=Hudsonian orogeny}} – Extends from Hudson Bay west into Saskatchewan then south through the western Dakotas and Nebraska. Result of the collision of the Superior craton with the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton, during the Proterozoic Eon (2000–1800 Ma)
** {{annotated link|Earth:East Greenland Orogen}} – From [[Earth:Cryogenian|Cryogenian]] to [[Earth:Devonian|Devonian]] Periods
** Appalachian Mountains are a well studied orogenic belt resulting from a late [[Earth:Paleozoic|Paleozoic]] collision between [[Earth:North America|North America]] and [[Earth:Africa|Africa]].  
* {{annotated link|Earth:Antler orogeny}} – Ancestral Sierra Nevada, western U.S., from late Devonian Period to early Mississippian age
* {{annotated link|Earth:Sevier orogeny}} – Rocky Mountains, western North America, (140–50 Ma)
* {{annotated link|Earth:Laramide orogeny}} – Rocky Mountains, western North America, (40–70 Ma)

== Oceania orogenies ==

=== Australian orogenies ===


=== New Zealand orogenies ===
* {{annotated link|Earth:Rangitata Orogeny}}, (142–99 Ma)

== South American orogenies ==
*Guriense orogeny
** {{annotated link|Earth:Pampean orogeny}} – Paraguai Belt
* {{annotated link|Earth:Terra Australis Orogen|Terra Australis Orogeny}}
** {{annotated link|Earth:Pampean orogeny}}
** {{annotated link|Earth:Famatinian orogeny}}
* {{annotated link|Earth:Andean orogeny}}, [[Place:Andes|Andes]] Mountains, (200 Ma – present)

== Table ==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers" style=text-align:right
|-class=static-row-header style=vertical-align:bottom
! Orogeny
! Estimated start time(Ga)
! Estimated end time(Ga)
! Continent 
|-
|style=text-align:left | Pan-African orogeny
|.55
|.55
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Damara orogeny|Damara orogeny]]
|.53
|.5
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | Kibaran orogeny
|1.4
|1
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | Eburnean orogeny
|2.2
|2
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | East African Orogeny
|.75
|.55
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | Mauritanide Orogeny
|.32
|.27
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | Mozambique Orogeny
|2.65
|2.97
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Zambezi Belt|Zambezi Orogeny]]
|.89
|.53
|Africa
|-
|style=text-align:left | Napier orogeny
|4
|
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Rayner orogeny
|3.5
|
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Humboldt orogeny
|3
|
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Insel orogeny
|2.65
|
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Early Ruker orogeny
|2
|1.7
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Late Ruker orogeny
|1
|
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Beardmore orogeny
|.62
|
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Ross orogeny
|.55
|.48
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Borchgrevink orogeny
|.42
|.35
|Antarctica
|-
|style=text-align:left | Aravalli-Delhi Orogen
|2.3
|
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | Aravalli-Delhi Orogen
|2.3
|
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Central Asian Orogenic Belt|Altaid Orogeny]]
|.54
|
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | Uralian orogeny
|.3
|.25
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | Cimmerian orogeny
|.22
|
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | Dabie-Sulu orogeny
|.24
|
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny
|.55
|
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | Himalayan orogeny
|.29
|.16
|Asia
|-
|style=text-align:left | Saamian orogeny
|3.1
|2.9
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Lopian orogeny
|2.9
|2.6
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Svecofennian orogeny
|2.0
|1.75
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Gothian orogeny
|1.75
|1.5
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Sveconorwegian orogeny
|1.14
|.96
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Timanide orogeny
|.62
|.55
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Cadomian orogeny
|.66
|.54
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Caledonian orogeny
|.49
|.39
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Variscan orogeny
|.44
|.35
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Uralian orogeny
|.32
|.25
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Alpine orogeny
|.15
|.25
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Mediterranean Ridge|Mediterranean Ridge]]
|.15
|
|Europe
|-
|style=text-align:left | Algoman orogeny
|2.7
|2.5
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Wopmay orogeny
|2.1
|1.9
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Trans-Hudson orogeny|Trans-Hudson orogeny]]
|1
|1.8
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Nagssugtoqidian orogeny
|1.9
|1.8
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Ketilidian orogeny
|1.85
|1.72
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Penokean orogeny
|1.85
|1.84
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Great Falls orogeny
|1.77
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Ivanpah orogeny
|1.71
|1.70
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Yavapai orogeny
|1.71
|1.70
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Mazatzal orogeny
|1.67
|1.65
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Picuris orogeny
|1.43
|1.30
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Grenville orogeny
|1.25
|.98
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Caledonian orogeny [[Earth:East Greenland Orogen|East Greenland Orogen]]
|.72
|.42
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Caledonian orogeny Taconic orogeny
|.44
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Caledonian orogeny Acadian orogeny
|.37
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Appalachian orogeny
|.48
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Taconic orogeny
|.44
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Acadian orogeny
|.37
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Alleghanian orogeny
|.35
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Ouachita orogeny
|.29
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Antler orogeny|Antler orogeny]]
|.35
|.32
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Innuitian orogeny
|.45
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Sonoma orogeny
|.27
|.24
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Nevadan orogeny
|.2
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Sevier orogeny|Sevier orogeny]]
|.14
|.05
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Laramide orogeny|Laramide orogeny]]
|.07
|.04
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Pasadena orogeny
|.03
|
|North America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Sleaford orogeny
|2.44
|2.42
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Glenburgh orogeny
|2
|1.92
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Barramundi orogeny
|1.89
|1.85
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Kimban orogeny
|1.84
|1.70
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Cornian orogeny
|2
|1.86
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Miltalie orogeny
|1.95
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Yapungku orogeny
|1.76
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Albany-Fraser orogeny
|1.71
|1.02
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Mangaroon orogeny
|1.68
|1.62
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Isan orogeny
|1.60
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Kararan orogeny
|1.57
|1.55
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Olarian orogeny
|1.45
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Capricorn orogeny
|1.3
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Musgrave orogeny
|1.22
|1.12
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Edmundian orogeny
|1.68
|1.46
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Petermann orogeny
|.55
|.53
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Delamerian Orogeny
|.51
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Lachlan Orogeny
|.54
|.44
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Thomson Orogeny
|.51
|.49
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Alice Springs Orogeny
|.45
|.30
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Kanimblan Orogeny
|.32
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Hunter-Bowen orogeny
|.26
|.22
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Tuhua Orogeny
|.37
|.33
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Rangitata Orogeny|Rangitata Orogeny]]
|.14
|.09
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Kaikoura Orogeny
|.03
|
|Oceania
|-
|style=text-align:left | Transamazonian orogeny
|2.14
|1.94
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Guriense orogeny
|2.8
|2.7
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Sunsás orogeny
|1.4
|1.1
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Cariri Velhos orogeny
|.54
|
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Brasiliano-Pan African orogeny
|.54
|
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Pampean orogeny|Pampean orogeny]]
|.53
|.48
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Chonide orogeny
|.25
|.20
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Terra Australis Orogen|Terra Australis Orogen]]
|.54
|.23
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Famatinian orogeny|Famatinian orogeny]]
|.49
|.46
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | San Rafael orogeny
|.29
|.25
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | Toco orogeny
|.33
|.30
|South America
|-
|style=text-align:left | [[Earth:Andean orogeny|Andean orogeny]]
|.20
|0
|South America
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tectonics]]

{{Sourceattribution|List of orogenies}}