Earth:List of orogenies
From HandWiki
Short description: Known mountain building events of the Earth's history
The following is a list of known orogenies organised by continent, starting with the oldest in each. The headings are present-day continents, which may differ from the geography contemporary to the orogenies. Some orogenies encompass more than one continent and may have different names in each, and some very large orogenies include sub-orogenies. As with other geological phenomena, orogenies are often subject to revised interpretations of their age, type and associated paleogeography.
In some (especially older) literature, the term orogeny refers to a long episode of basin formation and deposition of sediments over hundreds of millions of years, ending with deformation (sometimes including metamorphism) of these deposits. However, some workers use the term only for the final mountain-building deformation event over tens of millions of years or shorter.[1][2]
.
African orogenies
- Earth:Damara orogeny – Mountain building event at the intersection of the Congo and the Kalahari cratons.
- Zambezian Orogeny – Area of mountain building now in southern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe
Antarctic orogenies
Orogenies affecting Antarctica include:[3]
Asian orogenies
- Aravalli-Delhi Orogen – Precambrian
- Altaid Orogeny – Paleozoic Era
- Cimmerian and Cathaysian orogenies
- Dabie-Sulu orogeny – Mesozoic Era
- Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny – Cenozoic Era; caused by the continuing collision of the Arabian and Indian Plates with the Eurasian Plate, encompassing:
- Himalayan orogeny – Forming the Himalaya
European orogenies
- Earth:Mediterranean Ridge – Seabed ridge south of Greece
North American orogenies
- Earth:Trans-Hudson orogeny, also known as Hudsonian orogeny – Mountain-building event in North America – Extends from Hudson Bay west into Saskatchewan then south through the western Dakotas and Nebraska. Result of the collision of the Superior craton with the Hearne craton and the Wyoming craton, during the Proterozoic Eon (2000–1800 Ma)
- Earth:East Greenland Orogen – From Cryogenian to Devonian Periods
- Appalachian Mountains are a well studied orogenic belt resulting from a late Paleozoic collision between North America and Africa.
- Earth:Antler orogeny – Ancestral Sierra Nevada, western U.S., from late Devonian Period to early Mississippian age
- Earth:Sevier orogeny – Mountain-building episode in North America – Rocky Mountains, western North America, (140–50 Ma)
- Earth:Laramide orogeny – Period of mountain building in North America – Rocky Mountains, western North America, (40–70 Ma)
Oceania orogenies
Australian orogenies
New Zealand orogenies
- Earth:Rangitata Orogeny, (142–99 Ma)
South American orogenies
- Guriense orogeny
- Earth:Pampean orogeny – Paraguai Belt
- Terra Australis Orogeny
- Earth:Pampean orogeny
- Earth:Famatinian orogeny – Paleozoic geological event in South America
- Earth:Andean orogeny – Ongoing mountain-forming process in South America, Andes Mountains, (200 Ma – present)
Table
| Orogeny | Estimated start time(Ga) | Estimated end time(Ga) | Continent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pan-African orogeny | .55 | .55 | Africa |
| Damara orogeny | .53 | .5 | Africa |
| Kibaran orogeny | 1.4 | 1 | Africa |
| Eburnean orogeny | 2.2 | 2 | Africa |
| East African Orogeny | .75 | .55 | Africa |
| Mauritanide Orogeny | .32 | .27 | Africa |
| Mozambique Orogeny | 2.65 | 2.97 | Africa |
| Zambezi Orogeny | .89 | .53 | Africa |
| Napier orogeny | 4 | Antarctica | |
| Rayner orogeny | 3.5 | Antarctica | |
| Humboldt orogeny | 3 | Antarctica | |
| Insel orogeny | 2.65 | Antarctica | |
| Early Ruker orogeny | 2 | 1.7 | Antarctica |
| Late Ruker orogeny | 1 | Antarctica | |
| Beardmore orogeny | .62 | Antarctica | |
| Ross orogeny | .55 | .48 | Antarctica |
| Borchgrevink orogeny | .42 | .35 | Antarctica |
| Aravalli-Delhi Orogen | 2.3 | Asia | |
| Aravalli-Delhi Orogen | 2.3 | Asia | |
| Altaid Orogeny | .54 | Asia | |
| Uralian orogeny | .3 | .25 | Asia |
| Cimmerian orogeny | .22 | Asia | |
| Dabie-Sulu orogeny | .24 | Asia | |
| Persia–Tibet–Burma orogeny | .55 | Asia | |
| Himalayan orogeny | .29 | .16 | Asia |
| Saamian orogeny | 3.1 | 2.9 | Europe |
| Lopian orogeny | 2.9 | 2.6 | Europe |
| Svecofennian orogeny | 2.0 | 1.75 | Europe |
| Gothian orogeny | 1.75 | 1.5 | Europe |
| Sveconorwegian orogeny | 1.14 | .96 | Europe |
| Timanide orogeny | .62 | .55 | Europe |
| Cadomian orogeny | .66 | .54 | Europe |
| Caledonian orogeny | .49 | .39 | Europe |
| Variscan orogeny | .44 | .35 | Europe |
| Uralian orogeny | .32 | .25 | Europe |
| Alpine orogeny | .15 | .25 | Europe |
| Mediterranean Ridge | .15 | Europe | |
| Algoman orogeny | 2.7 | 2.5 | North America |
| Wopmay orogeny | 2.1 | 1.9 | North America |
| Trans-Hudson orogeny | 1 | 1.8 | North America |
| Nagssugtoqidian orogeny | 1.9 | 1.8 | North America |
| Ketilidian orogeny | 1.85 | 1.72 | North America |
| Penokean orogeny | 1.85 | 1.84 | North America |
| Great Falls orogeny | 1.77 | North America | |
| Ivanpah orogeny | 1.71 | 1.70 | North America |
| Yavapai orogeny | 1.71 | 1.70 | North America |
| Mazatzal orogeny | 1.67 | 1.65 | North America |
| Picuris orogeny | 1.43 | 1.30 | North America |
| Grenville orogeny | 1.25 | .98 | North America |
| Caledonian orogeny East Greenland Orogen | .72 | .42 | North America |
| Caledonian orogeny Taconic orogeny | .44 | North America | |
| Caledonian orogeny Acadian orogeny | .37 | North America | |
| Appalachian orogeny | .48 | North America | |
| Taconic orogeny | .44 | North America | |
| Acadian orogeny | .37 | North America | |
| Alleghanian orogeny | .35 | North America | |
| Ouachita orogeny | .29 | North America | |
| Antler orogeny | .35 | .32 | North America |
| Innuitian orogeny | .45 | North America | |
| Sonoma orogeny | .27 | .24 | North America |
| Nevadan orogeny | .2 | North America | |
| Sevier orogeny | .14 | .05 | North America |
| Laramide orogeny | .07 | .04 | North America |
| Pasadena orogeny | .03 | North America | |
| Sleaford orogeny | 2.44 | 2.42 | Oceania |
| Glenburgh orogeny | 2 | 1.92 | Oceania |
| Barramundi orogeny | 1.89 | 1.85 | Oceania |
| Kimban orogeny | 1.84 | 1.70 | Oceania |
| Cornian orogeny | 2 | 1.86 | Oceania |
| Miltalie orogeny | 1.95 | Oceania | |
| Yapungku orogeny | 1.76 | Oceania | |
| Albany-Fraser orogeny | 1.71 | 1.02 | Oceania |
| Mangaroon orogeny | 1.68 | 1.62 | Oceania |
| Isan orogeny | 1.60 | Oceania | |
| Kararan orogeny | 1.57 | 1.55 | Oceania |
| Olarian orogeny | 1.45 | Oceania | |
| Capricorn orogeny | 1.3 | Oceania | |
| Musgrave orogeny | 1.22 | 1.12 | Oceania |
| Edmundian orogeny | 1.68 | 1.46 | Oceania |
| Petermann orogeny | .55 | .53 | Oceania |
| Delamerian Orogeny | .51 | Oceania | |
| Lachlan Orogeny | .54 | .44 | Oceania |
| Thomson Orogeny | .51 | .49 | Oceania |
| Alice Springs Orogeny | .45 | .30 | Oceania |
| Kanimblan Orogeny | .32 | Oceania | |
| Hunter-Bowen orogeny | .26 | .22 | Oceania |
| Tuhua Orogeny | .37 | .33 | Oceania |
| Rangitata Orogeny | .14 | .09 | Oceania |
| Kaikoura Orogeny | .03 | Oceania | |
| Transamazonian orogeny | 2.14 | 1.94 | South America |
| Guriense orogeny | 2.8 | 2.7 | South America |
| Sunsás orogeny | 1.4 | 1.1 | South America |
| Cariri Velhos orogeny | .54 | South America | |
| Brasiliano-Pan African orogeny | .54 | South America | |
| Pampean orogeny | .53 | .48 | South America |
| Chonide orogeny | .25 | .20 | South America |
| Terra Australis Orogen | .54 | .23 | South America |
| Famatinian orogeny | .49 | .46 | South America |
| San Rafael orogeny | .29 | .25 | South America |
| Toco orogeny | .33 | .30 | South America |
| Andean orogeny | .20 | 0 | South America |
References
- ↑ Sengör, A.M.C. (1990); Plate tectonics and orogenic research after 25 years: A Tethyan perspective. Earth Sci. Reviews, 277, 1-201.
- ↑ van Dijk, J.P. (1992); Late Neogene fore-arc basin evolution in the Calabrian Arc (Central Mediterranean). Tectonic sequence stratigraphy and dynamic geohistory. With special reference to the geology of Central Calabria. Geologica Ultrajectina, 92, 288 pp. ISBN 90-71577-46-5; pp. 251-264
- ↑ "Geochronology". Archived from the original on 2008-10-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20081019222334/http://home.freeuk.com/gtlloyd/tam/geochron.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-26. Tectonics of the Transantarctic Mountains: Geochronology
 |  |
