View source for Earth:Marine regression

{{short description|Geological process of areas of submerged seafloor being exposed above the sea level.}}
[[File:Offlap & onlap EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Cross-sectional diagrams illustrating the shift of sedimentary [[Earth:Facies|facies]] during transgression (onlap) and regression (offlap)]]
A '''marine regression''' is a geological process occurring when areas of submerged seafloor are exposed above the sea level. The opposite event, marine transgression, occurs when flooding from the sea covers previously-exposed land.<ref>Monroe, James Stewart, and Reed Wicander. ''Physical Geology: Exploring the Earth.'' Fifth edition; Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005; p. 162.</ref>

Evidence of marine regressions and transgressions occurs throughout the fossil record, and the fluctuations are thought to have caused or contributed to several [[Biology:Extinction event|mass extinctions]], such as the Permian-Triassic extinction event (250 million years ago) and [[Earth:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]] (66 Ma). During the Permian-Triassic extinction, the largest extinction event in the Earth's history, the global sea level fell 250 m (820 ft).<ref>Courtillot, Vincent. ''Evolutionary Catastrophes: The Science of Mass Extinction.'' Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999; p. 89.</ref>

A major regression could itself cause marine organisms in shallow seas to go extinct, but mass extinctions tend to involve both terrestrial and aquatic species, and it is harder to see how a marine regression could cause widespread extinctions of land animals. Regressions are, therefore, seen as correlates or symptoms of major extinctions, rather than primary causes. The Permian regression might have been related to the formation of [[Earth:Pangaea|Pangaea]]. The accumulation of all major landmasses into one body could have facilitated a regression by providing "a slight enlargement of the ocean basins as the great continents coalesced."<ref>Ward, Peter D. ''Rivers in Time: The Search for Clues to Earth's Mass Extinctions.'' New York, Columbia University Press, 2000; p. 77.</ref> However, that cause could not have applied in all or even many of the other cases.

During the ice ages of the [[Earth:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]], a clear correlation existed between marine regressions and episodes of glaciation. As the balance shifts between the global [[Physics:Cryosphere|cryosphere]] and [[Earth:Hydrosphere|hydrosphere]], more of the planet's water in ice sheets means less in the oceans. At the height of the last ice age, around 18,000 years ago, the global sea level was 120 to 130 m (390-425 ft) lower than today. A cold spell around 6 million years ago was linked to an advance in glaciation, a marine regression, and the start of the [[Earth:Messinian salinity crisis|Messinian salinity crisis]] in the [[Place:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] basin. Some major regressions of the past, however, seem unrelated to glaciation episodes, with the regression that accompanied the mass extinction at the end of the [[Earth:Cretaceous|Cretaceous Period]] being one example.

A clear and certain understanding of major marine regressions has not yet been achieved. According to one hypothesis, regressions may be linked to a "slowdown in sea-floor spreading, leading to a generalized drop in sea level (as the mid-ocean ridges would take up less space)...."<ref>Courtillot, p. 141.</ref> That view considers major marine regressions to be one aspect of a normal variation in rates of plate tectonic activity, which leads to major episodes of global [[Earth:Volcano|volcanism]] like the Siberian Traps and the [[Earth:Deccan Traps|Deccan Traps]], which in turn cause large extinction events.

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Earth:Marine transgression}}
* {{annotated link|Earth:Holocene glacial retreat|Holocene Transgression}}
* {{annotated link|History:8.2-kiloyear event}}
* {{annotated link|Earth:Raised beach|Marine terrace}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070326233957/http://science.enotes.com/earth-science/marine-transgression-marine-regression Marine Transgression and Marine Regression: World of Earth Science]

{{coastal geography}}
{{Geologic Principles}}

[[Category:Sedimentology]]
[[Category:Plate tectonics]]
[[Category:Extinction events]]
[[Category:Coastal geography]]
[[Category:Oceanographical terminology]]

{{Sourceattribution|Marine regression}}