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{{short description|Hierarchical outline list of articles related to geography}}
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The following [[Outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to geography:

'''[[Earth:Geography|Geography]]''' &ndash; study of earth and its people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography |work=The American Heritage Dictionary/ of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geography |access-date=October 9, 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Map of the world by the US Gov as of 2016.svg|thumb|300px|right|A map of the world]]

== Nature of geography ==

=== Geography as ===

* an [[Academic discipline|academic discipline]] &ndash; a body of knowledge given to − or received by − a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in. Modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the Earth and its human and natural complexities − not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. Geography has been called 'the world discipline'.<ref>{{cite book|last = Bonnett|first= Alastair |title =  What is Geography?|location= London|publisher = Sage|date = 2008|isbn =9781412918688}}</ref>
* a field of science &ndash; widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. This field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many geography-related scientific journals.
** a [[Natural science|natural science]] &ndash; field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of the natural environment (physical geography).
** a [[Social:Social science|social science]] &ndash; field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society (human geography).
* an interdisciplinary field &ndash; a field that crosses traditional boundaries between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions have emerged. Many of the branches of physical geography are also branches of Earth science

== Branches of geography ==

As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches:
*human geography
*physical geography<ref>{{cite web|url = http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf|title = Geography: The Mother of Sciences|url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030901102227/http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/morgans/lecture_2.prn.pdf|archive-date = 1 September 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/1b.html |title=Elements of Geography|last= Pidwirny|first= M.|date=2006|work = Fundamentals of Physical Geography|edition = 2nd |publisher=Physicalgeography.net}}</ref>

Other branches include:
*integrated geography
*technical geography
*regional geography
=== Physical geography ===

* [[Earth:Physical geography|Physical geography]] &ndash; examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact.<ref name="AAG"/>

==== Fields of physical geography ====

* [[Physics:Geomorphology|Geomorphology]] &ndash; study of landforms and the processes that them, and more broadly, of the processes controlling the topography of any planet. Seeks to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics, and to predict future changes through field observation, physical experiment, and numerical modeling.
* [[Earth:Hydrology|Hydrology]] &ndash; study the movement, distribution, and quality of water throughout the Earth, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability.
** [[Earth:Glaciology|Glaciology]] &ndash; study of glaciers, or more generally ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
** [[Physics:Oceanography|Oceanography]] &ndash; studies a wide range of topics about oceans, including marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamics; plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor; and fluxes of various chemical substances and physical properties within the ocean and across its boundaries.
* [[Earth:Biogeography|Biogeography]] &ndash; study of the distribution of species spatially and temporally. Over areal [[Earth:Ecology|ecological]] changes, it is also tied to the concepts of species and their past, or present living '[[Biology:Refugium (population biology)|refugium]]', their survival locales, or their interim living sites. It aims to reveal where organisms live, and at what abundance.<ref>Martiny JBH et al. [http://alrlab.pdx.edu/media/HughesBiogeoNature.pdf Microbial biogeography: putting microorganisms on the map] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621194350/http://alrlab.pdx.edu/media/HughesBiogeoNature.pdf |date=2010-06-21 }} ''Nature: FEBRUARY 2006 | VOLUME 4''</ref>
* [[Earth:Climatology|Climatology]] &ndash; study of [[Earth:Climate|climate]], scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of [[Time|time]].<ref>{{cite web|website =National Weather Service: Climate Prediction Center|url = http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/outreach/glossary.shtml#C |title= Climate Glossary|publisher = NOAA|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070208233912/http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/outreach/glossary.shtml|archive-date = 8 February 2007}}</ref>
* [[Physics:Meteorology|Meteorology]] is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes and short term forecasting (in contrast with climatology).
* Pedology &ndash; study of soils in their natural environment<ref>{{cite web |url = http://natres.psu.ac.th/Link/SoilCongress/bdd/symp45/75-t.pdf | title = Soil Preservation and the Future of Pedology | author = Ronald Amundsen |access-date = 2006-06-08}}</ref> that deals with [[Earth:Pedogenesis|pedogenesis]], [[Earth:Soil morphology|soil morphology]], and [[Soil classification|soil classification]].
* [[Earth:Palaeogeography|Palaeogeography]] &ndash; study of what the geography was in times past, most often concerning the physical landscape, but also the human or cultural environment.
* [[Earth:Coastal geography|Coastal geography]] &ndash; study of the dynamic interface between the ocean and the land, incorporating both the physical geography (i.e. coastal geomorphology, geology and oceanography) and the human geography (sociology and history) of the coast. It involves an understanding of coastal weathering processes, particularly wave action, sediment movement and weather, and also the ways in which humans interact with the coast.
* [[Earth:Quaternary science|Quaternary science]] &ndash; focuses on the Quaternary period, which encompasses the last 2.6&nbsp;million years, including the last ice age and the Holocene period.
* [[Earth:Landscape ecology|Landscape ecology]] &ndash; the relationship between spatial patterns of urban development and ecological processes on a multitude of landscape scales and organizational levels.<ref>Wu, J. 2006. Cross-disciplinarity, landscape ecology, and sustainability science. Landscape Ecology 21:1-4.</ref><ref name="wu-2007">Wu, J. and R. Hobbs (Eds). 2007. Key Topics in Landscape Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</ref><ref>Wu, J. 2008. Landscape ecology. In: S. E. Jorgensen (ed), Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Oxford.</ref>

==== Approaches of physical geography ====

* [[Quantitative geography]] &ndash; [[Quantitative research]] tools and methods applied to geography. See also the quantitative revolution.
* Systems approach &ndash;

=== Human geography ===

* [[Social:Human geography|Human geography]] &ndash; one of the two main subfields of geography, it is the study of human use and understanding of the world and the processes which have affected it. Human geography broadly differs from physical geography in that it focuses on the built environment and how space is created, viewed, and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy.<ref name="AAG">{{Cite web|title=What is geography? |work=AAG Career Guide: Jobs in Geography and related Geographical Sciences |publisher=Association of American Geographers |url=http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html |access-date=October 9, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061006152742/http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=October 6, 2006}}</ref>

==== Fields of human geography ====

* [[Social:Cultural geography|Cultural geography]] &ndash; study of cultural products and norms and their variations across and relations to spaces and places. It focuses on describing and analyzing the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another and on explaining how humans function spatially.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G. |author2=Domosh, Mona |author3=Rowntree, Lester | title=The human mosaic: a thematic introduction to cultural geography | year=1994 | publisher=HarperCollinsCollegePublishers | location=New York  | isbn=978-0-06-500731-2 }}</ref>
** Children's geographies &ndash; study of places and spaces of children's lives, characterized experientially, politically and ethically. Children's geographies rest on the idea that children as a social group share certain characteristics which are experientially, politically and ethically significant and which are worthy of study. The pluralization in the title is intended to imply that children's lives will be markedly different in differing times and places and in differing circumstances such as gender, family, and class. The range of foci within children's geographies include:
*** Children and the city
*** Children and the countryside
*** Children and technology
*** Children and nature,
*** Children and globalization
*** Methodologies of researching children's worlds
*** Ethics of researching children's worlds
*** Otherness of childhood
** Animal geographies &ndash; studies the spaces and places occupied by animals in human culture because social life and space is heavily populated by animals of many different kinds and in many differing ways (e.g. farm animals, pets, wild animals in the city). Another impetuses that has influenced the development of the field is ecofeminist and other environmentalist viewpoints on nature-society relations (including questions of animal welfare and rights).
** Language geography &ndash; studies the geographic distribution of language or its constituent elements. There are two principal fields of study within the geography of language:
**# Geography of languages &ndash; deals with the distribution through history and space of languages,<ref>Delgado de Carvalho, C.M. (1962). ''The geography of languages.'' In Wagner, P.L.; Mikesell, M.W. ''Readings in cultural geography.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 75-93.</ref>
**# Linguistic geography &ndash; deals with regional linguistic variations within languages.<ref>{{cite book|last = Pei|first = Mario |date =1966|title = Glossary of linguistic terminology|location= New York|publisher = Columbia University Press|isbn = 9780231030120}}</ref><ref>Trudgill, P. (1974). ''Linguistic change and diffusion: description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect geography.'' Language in Society 3:2, 215-46.</ref><ref name=Trud3>Trudgill, P. (1983). ''On dialect: social and geographical perspectives.'' Oxford: Basil Blackwell; New York: New York University Press.</ref><ref name=Trud2>Trudgill, P. (1975). ''Linguistic geography and geographical linguistics.'' Progress in Geography 7, 227-52</ref><ref name=Dict>Withers, Charles W.J. [1981] (1993). Johnson, R.J. ''The Dictionary of Human Geography'', Gregory, Derek; Smith, David M., Second edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 252-3.</ref>
** [[Social:Sexuality and space|Sexuality and space]] &ndash; encompasses all relationships and interactions between human sexuality, space, and place, including the geographies of LGBT residence, public sex environments, sites of queer resistance, global sexualities, sex tourism,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Constructing tourism landscapes - gender, sexuality and space|first1=Annette|last1=Pritchard|first2=Nigel J.|last2=Morgan|date=1 January 2000|journal=Tourism Geographies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=115–139|doi=10.1080/14616680050027851|s2cid=145202919}}</ref> the geographies of prostitution and adult entertainment, use of sexualised locations in the arts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wings.buffalo.edu/epc/authors/howe/syllabi/sexuality.html|title=Syllabus Poetics: Sexuality and Space in 17th - 19th Century American Literature, University at Buffalo|website=buffalo.edu|access-date=2010-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417135920/http://wings.buffalo.edu/epc/authors/howe/syllabi/sexuality.html|archive-date=2017-04-17|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/0/1/4/9/2/p14928_index.html?phpsessid=43bac9979986e74e34d2496c52ebac62|title=Space and Modern (Homo)sexuality in Tsai Ming Liang's Films by Lyn Van Swol|website=allacademic.com}}</ref> and sexual citizenship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pages.towson.edu/dherman/sexspace/sexhome.htm|title=Sexuality and Space, Course Syllabus Towson University|website=towson.edu|access-date=2010-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203071547/http://pages.towson.edu/dherman/sexspace/sexhome.htm|archive-date=2008-02-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Religion geography &ndash; study of the influence of geography, i.e. place and space, on religious belief.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Park|first=Chris|title=Routledge Companion to the Study of Religion|editor=Hinnells, J|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|chapter=Religion and geography}}</ref>
* [[Finance:Development geography|Development geography]] &ndash; study of the Earth's geography with reference to the standard of living and quality of life of its human inhabitants. Measures development by looking at economic, political and social factors, and seeks to understand both the geographical causes and consequences of varying development, in part by comparing More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) with Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs).
* [[Social:Economic geography|Economic geography]] &ndash; study of the location, distribution and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. Subjects of interest include but are not limited to the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as "linkages"), transportation, international trade and development, real estate, gentrification, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization.
** Marketing geography &ndash; a discipline within marketing analysis which uses geolocation (geographic information) in the process of planning and implementation of marketing activities.<ref name= "qr10">[http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~dq209/publications/recommending10quercia.pdf "Recommending Social Events from Mobile Phone Location Data"], Daniele Quercia, et al., ICDM 2010</ref> It can be used in any aspect of the marketing mix – the product, price, promotion, or place (geo targeting).
** Transportation geography &ndash; branch of economic geography that investigates spatial interactions between people, freight and information. It studies humans and their use of vehicles or other modes of traveling as well as how markets are serviced by flows of finished goods and raw materials.
* Health geography &ndash; application of geographical information, perspectives, and methods to the study of health, disease, and health care, to provide a spatial understanding of a population's health, the distribution of disease in an area, and the environment's effect on health and disease. It also deals with accessibility to health care and spatial distribution of health care providers.
** [[Time geography]] &ndash; study of the temporal factor on spatial human activities within the following constraints:
# Authority - limits of accessibility to certain places or domains placed on individuals by owners or authorities
# Capability - limitations on the movement of individuals, based on their nature. For example, movement is restricted by biological factors, such as the need for food, drink, and sleep
# Coupling - restraint of an individual, anchoring him or her to a location while interacting with other individuals in order to complete a task
* [[History:Historical geography|Historical geography]] &ndash; study of the human, physical, fictional, theoretical, and "real" geographies of the past, and seeks to determine how cultural features of various societies across the planet emerged and evolved, by understanding how a place or region changes through time, including how people have interacted with their environment and created the cultural landscape.
* [[Earth:Political geography|Political geography]] &ndash; study of the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes and the ways in which political processes are themselves affected by spatial structures. Basically, the inter-relationships between people, state, and territory.
** [[Social:Electoral geography|Electoral geography]] &ndash; study of the relationship between election results and the regions they affect (such as the environmental impact of voting decisions), and of the effects of regional factors upon voting behavior.
** [[Earth:Geopolitics|Geopolitics]] &ndash; analysis of geography, history and social science with reference to spatial politics and patterns at various scales, ranging from the level of the state to international.
** Strategic geography &ndash; concerned with the control of, or access to, spatial areas that affect the security and prosperity of nations.
** [[Earth:Military geography|Military geography]] &ndash; the application of geographic tools, information, and techniques to solve military problems in peacetime or war.
* Population geography &ndash; study of the ways in which spatial variations in the distribution, composition, migration, and growth of populations are related to the nature of places.
* Tourism geography &ndash; study of travel and tourism, as an industry and as a social and cultural activity, and their effect on places, including the environmental impact of tourism, the geographies of tourism and leisure economies, answering tourism industry and management concerns and the sociology of tourism and locations of tourism.
* [[Engineering:Urban geography|Urban geography]] &ndash; the study of urban areas, in terms of concentration, infrastructure, economy, and environmental impacts.

==== Approaches of human geography ====

* {{Annotated link|Behavioral geography}}
* {{Annotated link|Cognitive geography}}
* {{Annotated link|Critical geography}}
* {{Annotated link|Feminist geography}}
* {{Annotated link|Marxist geography}}
* {{Annotated link|Non-representational theory}}
* {{Annotated link|Postcolonialism}}
* {{Annotated link|Post-structuralism}}<ref>Harrison, Paul; 2006; "Post-structuralist Theories"; pp122-135 in Aitken, S. and Valentine, G. (eds); 2006; ''Approaches to Human Geography''; Sage, London</ref> &ndash;
* [[Qualitative geography]] &ndash; [[Qualitative research|qualitative research]] tools and methods applied to geography.

=== Integrated geography ===

* [[Earth:Integrated geography|Integrated geography]] &ndash; branch of geography that describes the spatial aspects of interactions between humans and the natural world. It requires an understanding of the dynamics of geology, meteorology, hydrology, biogeography, ecology, and geomorphology, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment.

=== Technical geography ===

* [[Technical geography]] &ndash; branch of geography and the discipline of studying, developing, and applying methods to gather, store, process, and deliver geographic or spatially referenced information. It is a widespread interdisciplinary field that includes the tools and techniques used in land surveying, remote sensing, cartography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Navigation Satellite Systems, photogrammetry, and related forms of earth mapping.

==== Fields contributing to technical geography ====

* {{Annotated link|Geomatics}}
* {{Annotated link|Photogrammetry}} 
* {{Annotated link|Cartography}}
* {{Annotated link|Digital terrain modelling}}
* {{Annotated link|Geodesy}}
* {{Annotated link|Geographic information system}} 
* {{Annotated link|Geospatial}}
* Global navigation satellite systems represented by {{Annotated link|Satellite navigation}} &ndash; Any system that uses satellite radio signals to provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning
** {{Annotated link|Global Positioning System}}
* {{Annotated link|Hydrography}}
* {{Annotated link|Mathematics}}
* {{Annotated link|Navigation}}
* {{Annotated link|Remote sensing}} 
* {{Annotated link|Surveying}}

=== Regional geography ===

[[Place:Regional geography|Regional geography]] &ndash; study of world regions. Attention is paid to unique characteristics of a particular region such as its natural elements, human elements, and regionalization which covers the techniques of delineating space into regions. Regional geography breaks down into the study of specific regions.

[[Earth:Region|Region]] &ndash; an area, defined by physical characteristics, human characteristics, or functional characteristics. The term is used in various ways among the different branches of geography. A region can be seen as a collection of smaller units, such as a country and its political divisions, or as one part of a larger whole, as in a country on a continent.

==== Continents ====

[[Earth:Continent|Continent]] &ndash; one of several large [[Earth:Landmass|landmass]]es on [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]]. They are generally identified by [[Philosophy:Convention (norm)|convention]] rather than any specific criteria, but seven areas are commonly regarded as continents. They are:

::''1.'' Africa &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Africa|outline]]) &ndash;
::''2.'' [[Earth:Antarctica|Antarctica]] &ndash;
::''3.'' Australia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Australia|outline]]) &ndash;
: The Americas:
::''4.'' North America &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of North America|outline]]) &ndash;
::''5.'' South America &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of South America|outline]]) &ndash;
: Eurasia:
::''6.'' Europe &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Europe|outline]]) &ndash;
::''7.'' Asia &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Asia|outline]]) &ndash;

===== Subregions =====

[[Earth:Subregion|Subregion]] [[Earth:Subregion#Subregions by continent|(list)]]

==== Biogeographic regions ====

[[File:Ecozones.png|thumb|300px|right|Map of six of the world's eight biogeographic realms
{{legend|#8000ff|Nearctic}}
{{legend|#008000|Palearctic}}
{{legend|#ff8040|Afrotropic}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Indomalaya}}
{{legend|#808000|[[Biology:Australasian realm|Australasia]]}}
{{legend|#bb825b|Neotropic}}
{{legend|#f9f9f9|[[Biology:Oceanian realm|Oceania]] and [[Biology:Antarctic realm|Antarctic]] realms not shown}}]]

===== Biogeographic realm =====

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) developed a system of eight [[Biology:Biogeographic realm|biogeographic realm]]s (ecozones):
* Nearctic 22.9 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including most of North America)
* Palearctic 54.1 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including the bulk of [[Earth:Eurasia|Eurasia]] and [[Place:North Africa|North Africa]])
* Afrotropic 22.1 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including [[Place:Sub-Saharan Africa|Sub-Saharan Africa]])
* [[Biology:Indomalayan realm|Indomalaya]] 7.5 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including the [[Earth:Indian subcontinent|South Asian subcontinent]] and [[Place:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]])
* [[Biology:Australasian realm|Australasia]] 7.7 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including Australia, New Guinea, and neighboring islands). The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line.
* Neotropic 19.0 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including [[Earth:South America|South America]] and the Caribbean)
* [[Biology:Oceanian realm|Oceania]] 1.0 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including [[Place:Polynesia|Polynesia]], Fiji and [[Place:Micronesia|Micronesia]])
* [[Biology:Antarctic realm|Antarctic]] 0.3 mil. km<sup>2</sup> (including [[Earth:Antarctica|Antarctica]]).

===== Ecoregions =====

[[Earth:Ecoregion|Ecoregion]]
Biogeographic realms are further divided into ecoregions. The World has over 800 terrestrial ecoregions. ''See [[Earth:Lists of ecoregions by country|Lists of ecoregions by country]].''

==== Geography of the political divisions of the World ====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* Geography of Africa &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Africa|Outline]])
** [[Place:West Africa#Geography and climate|West Africa]] <!--[[File:LocationWesternAfrica.png|40px|Outline]])-->
*** Geography of Benin &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Benin|Outline]])
*** Geography of Burkina Faso &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Burkina Faso|Outline]])
*** Geography of Cape Verde &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Cape Verde|Outline]])
*** Geography of Côte d'Ivoire &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Gambia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Gambia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Ghana &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Ghana|Outline]])
*** Geography of Guinea &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Guinea|Outline]])
*** Geography of Guinea-Bissau &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Guinea-Bissau|Outline]])
*** Geography of Liberia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Liberia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Mali &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mali|Outline]])
*** Geography of Mauritania &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mauritania|Outline]])
*** Geography of Niger &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Niger|Outline]])
*** Geography of Nigeria &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Nigeria|Outline]])
*** Geography of Senegal &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Senegal|Outline]])
*** Geography of Sierra Leone &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Sierra Leone|Outline]])
*** Geography of Togo &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Togo|Outline]])
** [[Place:North Africa#Geography|North Africa]] <!--[[File:LocationNorthernAfrica.png|40px|Outline]])-->
*** Geography of Algeria &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Algeria|Outline]])
*** Geography of Egypt &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Egypt|Outline]])
*** Geography of Libya &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Libya|Outline]])
*** Geography of Mauritania &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mauritania|Outline]])
*** Geography of Morocco &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Morocco|Outline]])
*** Geography of Sudan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Sudan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Tunisia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Tunisia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Western Sahara &nbsp; (Outline)
** [[Place:Central Africa|Central Africa]] <!--[[File:LocationCentralMiddleAfrica.png|40px|Outline]])-->
*** Geography of Angola &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Angola|Outline]])
*** Geography of Burundi &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Burundi|Outline]])
*** Geography of Cameroon &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Cameroon|Outline]])
*** Geography of Central African Republic &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Central African Republic|Outline]])
*** Geography of Chad &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Chad|Outline]])
*** Geography of Democratic Republic of the Congo &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Equatorial Guinea &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Equatorial Guinea|Outline]])
*** Geography of Gabon &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Gabon|Outline]])
*** Geography of Republic of the Congo &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Republic of the Congo|Outline]])
*** [[Earth:Geography of Rwanda|Geography of Rwanda]] &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Rwanda|Outline]])
*** Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of São Tomé and Príncipe|Outline]])
** [[Place:East Africa#Geography and climate|East Africa]] <!--[[File:LocationEasternAfrica.png|40px|Outline]])-->
*** Geography of Burundi &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Burundi|Outline]])
*** Geography of Comoros &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Djibouti &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Djibouti|Outline]])
*** Geography of Eritrea &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Eritrea|Outline]])
*** Geography of Ethiopia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Ethiopia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Kenya &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Kenya|Outline]])
*** Geography of Madagascar &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Madagascar|Outline]])
*** Geography of Malawi &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Malawi|Outline]])
*** Geography of Mauritius &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mauritius|Outline]])
*** Geography of Mozambique &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mozambique|Outline]])
*** [[Earth:Geography of Rwanda|Geography of Rwanda]] &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Rwanda|Outline]])
*** Geography of Seychelles &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Seychelles|Outline]])
*** Geography of Somalia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Somalia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Tanzania &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Tanzania|Outline]])
*** Geography of Uganda &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Uganda|Outline]])
*** Geography of Zambia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Zambia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Zimbabwe &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Zimbabwe|Outline]])
** [[Place:Southern Africa#Geography|Southern Africa]] <!--[[File:LocationSouthernAfrica.png|40px|Outline]])-->
*** Geography of Botswana &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Botswana|Outline]])
*** Geography of Lesotho &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Lesotho|Outline]])
*** Geography of Namibia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Namibia|Outline]])
*** Geography of South Africa &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of South Africa|Outline]])
*** Geography of Swaziland &nbsp; (Outline)
** Dependencies in Africa
*** Geography of British Indian Ocean Territory &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(UK)</small>
*** Geography of Mayotte &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mayotte|Outline]])&nbsp;<small>(France)</small>
*** Geography of Réunion &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(France)</small>
*** Geography of Saint Helena &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(UK)</small>
*** Canary Islands#Geography &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(Spain)</small>
*** Geography of Ceuta &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(Spain)</small>
*** Geography of Madeira &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(Portugal)</small>
*** Geography of Melilla &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(Spain)</small>
*** Geography of Socotra &nbsp; (Outline)&nbsp;<small>(Yemen)</small>
*** Geography of Puntland &nbsp; ([[Earth:Outline of Puntland|Outline]])
*** Geography of Somaliland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Somaliland|Outline]])
*** Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic &nbsp; (Outline)
* Geography of Antarctica &nbsp; (Outline)
* Geography of Asia &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Asia|Outline]])
** [[Place:Central Asia#Geography|Central Asia]]
*** Geography of Kazakhstan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Kazakhstan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Kyrgyzstan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Kyrgyzstan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Tajikistan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Tajikistan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Turkmenistan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Turkmenistan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Uzbekistan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Uzbekistan|Outline]])
** [[Place:East Asia|East Asia]]
*** Geography of China &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of China|Outline]])
**** Geography of Tibet &nbsp; ([[Earth:Outline of Tibet|Outline]])
**** Geography of Hong Kong &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Hong Kong|Outline]])
**** Geography of Macau &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Macau|Outline]])
*** Geography of Japan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Japan|Outline]])
*** Geography of North Korea &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of North Korea|Outline]])
*** Geography of South Korea &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of South Korea|Outline]])
*** Geography of Mongolia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mongolia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Taiwan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Taiwan|Outline]])
** [[Place:North Asia#Geography|North Asia]]
*** Geography of Russia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Russia|Outline]])
** [[Place:Southeast Asia#Geography|Southeast Asia]]
*** Geography of Brunei &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Brunei|Outline]])
*** Burma (Myanmar) - Outline)
*** Geography of Cambodia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Cambodia|Outline]])
*** East Timor (Timor-Leste) - [[Place:Outline of East Timor|Outline]])
*** Geography of Indonesia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Indonesia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Laos &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Laos|Outline]])
*** Geography of Malaysia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Malaysia|Outline]])
*** Geography of the Philippines &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Philippines|Outline]])
*** Geography of Singapore &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Singapore|Outline]])
*** Geography of Thailand &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Thailand|Outline]])
*** Geography of Vietnam &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Vietnam|Outline]])
** [[Place:South Asia#Geography|South Asia]]
*** Geography of Afghanistan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Afghanistan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Bangladesh &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Bangladesh|Outline]])
*** Geography of Bhutan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Bhutan|Outline]])
*** Geography of India &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of India|Outline]])
*** Geography of Maldives &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Maldives|Outline]])
*** Geography of Nepal &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Nepal|Outline]])
*** Geography of Pakistan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Pakistan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Sri Lanka &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Sri Lanka|Outline]])
** [[Place:Western Asia#Geography|Western Asia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_mde.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501100605/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/wfbExt/region_mde.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 1, 2011|title=West Asia/Middle East|access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref>
*** [[Place:Armenia#Geography|Armenia]] &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Armenia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Azerbaijan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Azerbaijan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Bahrain &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Bahrain|Outline]])
*** Geography of Cyprus &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Cyprus|Outline]]), including:
**** Geography of Northern Cyprus &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Northern Cyprus|Outline]]) (disputed territory)
*** Georgia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Georgia (country)|Outline]])
*** Geography of Iran &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Iran|Outline]])
*** Geography of Iraq &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Iraq|Outline]])
*** Geography of Israel &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Israel|Outline]])
*** Geography of Jordan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Jordan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Kuwait &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Kuwait|Outline]])
*** Geography of Lebanon &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Lebanon|Outline]])
*** Geography of Oman &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Oman|Outline]])
*** Geography of the Palestinian territories &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Qatar &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Qatar|Outline]])
*** Geography of Saudi Arabia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Saudi Arabia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Syria &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Syria|Outline]])
*** Geography of Turkey &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Turkey|Outline]])
*** Geography of United Arab Emirates &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the United Arab Emirates|Outline]])
*** Geography of Yemen &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Yemen|Outline]])
* [[Earth:Caucasus#Geography and ecology|Caucasus]] (a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)
** [[Earth:North Caucasus|North Caucasus]]
*** Geography of Russia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Russia|Outline]]) (the following parts of Russia are in the North Caucasus: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Adyghea, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, North Ossetia, Krasnodar Krai, Stavropol Krai)
** [[Place:South Caucasus|South Caucasus]]
*** Georgia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Georgia (country)|Outline]]), including:
**** Geography of Abkhazia &nbsp; (Outline) (disputed territory)
**** Geography of South Ossetia &nbsp; (Outline) (disputed territory)
*** [[Place:Armenia#Geography|Armenia]] &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Armenia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Azerbaijan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Azerbaijan|Outline]]), including:
**** Geography of Nagorno-Karabakh &nbsp; (Outline) (disputed territory)
* [[Earth:Geography of Europe|Geography of Europe]] &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Europe|Outline]])
** Geography of Akrotiri and Dhekelia &nbsp; (Outline)
** Geography of Åland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Åland|Outline]])
** Geography of Albania &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Albania|Outline]])
** Geography of Andorra &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Andorra|Outline]])
** Geography of Armenia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Armenia|Outline]])
** Geography of Austria &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Austria|Outline]])
** Geography of Azerbaijan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Azerbaijan|Outline]])
** Geography of Belarus &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Belarus|Outline]])
** Geography of Belgium &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Belgium|Outline]])
** Geography of Bosnia and Herzegovina &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Bosnia and Herzegovina|Outline]])
** Geography of Bulgaria &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Bulgaria|Outline]])
** Geography of Croatia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Croatia|Outline]])
** Geography of Cyprus &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Cyprus|Outline]])
** Geography of Czech Republic &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Czech Republic|Outline]])
** Geography of Denmark &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Denmark|Outline]])
** Geography of Estonia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Estonia|Outline]])
** [[Biography:Faroe Islands#Geography|Faroe Islands]] &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Faroe Islands|Outline]])
** Geography of Finland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Finland|Outline]])
** Geography of France &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of France|Outline]])
** Geography of Georgia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Georgia (country)|Outline]])
** Geography of Germany &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Germany|Outline]])
** Geography of Gibraltar &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Gibraltar|Outline]])
** Geography of Greece &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Greece|Outline]])
** Geography of Guernsey &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Guernsey|Outline]])
** Geography of Hungary &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Hungary|Outline]])
** Geography of Iceland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Iceland|Outline]])
** Republic of Ireland#Geography &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Republic of Ireland|Outline]])
** Geography of the Isle of Man &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Isle of Man|Outline]])
** Geography of Italy &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Italy|Outline]])
** Geography of Jersey &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Jersey|Outline]])
** Geography of Kazakhstan &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Kazakhstan|Outline]])
** Geography of Kosovo &nbsp; ([[Earth:Outline of Kosovo|Outline]])
** Geography of Latvia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Latvia|Outline]])
** Geography of Liechtenstein &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Liechtenstein|Outline]])
** Geography of Lithuania &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Lithuania|Outline]])
{{col-2}}
** Geography of Luxembourg &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Luxembourg|Outline]])
** Geography of Malta &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Malta|Outline]])
** Geography of Moldova &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Moldova|Outline]]), including:
*** Geography of Transnistria &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Transnistria|Outline]]) (disputed territory)
** Geography of Monaco &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Monaco|Outline]])
** Geography of Montenegro &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Montenegro|Outline]])
** Geography of Netherlands &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Netherlands|Outline]])
** Geography of North Macedonia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of North Macedonia|Outline]])
** Geography of Norway &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Norway|Outline]])
** Geography of Poland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Poland|Outline]])
** Geography of Portugal &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Portugal|Outline]])
** Geography of Romania &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Romania|Outline]])
** Geography of Russia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Russia|Outline]])
** Geography of San Marino &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of San Marino|Outline]])
** Geography of Serbia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Serbia|Outline]])
** Geography of Slovakia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Slovakia|Outline]])
** Geography of Slovenia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Slovenia|Outline]])
** Geography of Spain &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Spain|Outline]])
** Geography of Svalbard &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Svalbard|Outline]])
** Geography of Sweden &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Sweden|Outline]])
** Geography of Switzerland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Switzerland|Outline]])
** Geography of Turkey &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Turkey|Outline]])
** Geography of Ukraine &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Ukraine|Outline]])
** Geography of United Kingdom &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the United Kingdom|Outline]])
*** Geography of England &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of England|Outline]])
*** Geography of Northern Ireland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Northern Ireland|Outline]])
*** Geography of Scotland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Scotland|Outline]])
*** Geography of Wales &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Wales|Outline]])
** Geography of Vatican City &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Vatican City|Outline]])
* Geography of North America &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of North America|Outline]])
** Geography of Canada &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Canada|Outline]])
*** By province
**** Geography of Alberta
**** Geography of British Columbia &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of British Columbia|Outline]])
**** Geography of Manitoba
**** Geography of New Brunswick
**** Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
**** Geography of Nova Scotia
**** Geography of Ontario
**** Geography of Prince Edward Island
**** Geography of Quebec &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Quebec|Outline]])
**** Geography of Saskatchewan &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Saskatchewan|Outline]])
*** By territory
**** Geography of the Northwest Territories
**** Geography of Nunavut
**** Geography of Yukon
** Geography of Greenland &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Greenland|Outline]])
** Geography of Mexico &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Mexico|Outline]])
** Geography of Saint Pierre and Miquelon &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Outline]])
** {{wipe|Geography of United States}} &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Alabama &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Alabama|Outline]])
*** Geography of Alaska &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Alaska|Outline]])
*** Geography of Arizona &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Arizona|Outline]])
*** Geography of Arkansas &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Arkansas|Outline]])
*** Geography of California &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of California|Outline]])
*** Geography of Colorado &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Colorado|Outline]])
*** Geography of Connecticut &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Connecticut|Outline]])
*** Geography of Delaware &nbsp; ([[Biography:Outline of Delaware|Outline]])
*** Geography of Florida &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Florida|Outline]])
*** Geography of Georgia &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Georgia (U.S. state)|Outline]])
*** Geography of Hawaii &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Hawaii|Outline]])
*** Geography of Idaho &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Idaho|Outline]])
*** Geography of Illinois &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Illinois|Outline]])
*** Geography of Indiana &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Indiana|Outline]])
*** Geography of Iowa &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Iowa|Outline]])
*** Geography of Montana &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Montana|Outline]])
*** Geography of Kansas &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Kansas|Outline]])
*** Geography of Kentucky &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Kentucky|Outline]])
*** Geography of Louisiana &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Louisiana|Outline]])
*** Geography of Maine &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Maine|Outline]])
*** Geography of Maryland &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Maryland|Outline]])
*** Geography of Massachusetts &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Massachusetts|Outline]])
*** Geography of Michigan &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Michigan|Outline]])
*** Geography of Minnesota &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Minnesota|Outline]])
*** Geography of Mississippi &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Mississippi|Outline]])
*** Geography of Missouri &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Missouri|Outline]])
*** Geography of Nebraska &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Nebraska|Outline]])
*** Geography of Nevada &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Nevada|Outline]])
*** Geography of New Hampshire &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of New Hampshire|Outline]])
*** Geography of New Jersey &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of New Jersey|Outline]])
*** Geography of New Mexico &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of New Mexico|Outline]])
*** Geography of New York &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of New York|Outline]])
*** Geography of North Carolina &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of North Carolina|Outline]])
*** Geography of North Dakota &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of North Dakota|Outline]])
*** Geography of Ohio &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Ohio|Outline]])
*** Geography of Oklahoma &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Oklahoma|Outline]])
*** Geography of Oregon &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Oregon|Outline]])
*** Geography of Pennsylvania &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Pennsylvania|Outline]])
*** Geography of Rhode Island &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Rhode Island|Outline]])
*** Geography of South Carolina &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of South Carolina|Outline]])
*** Geography of South Dakota &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of South Dakota|Outline]])
*** Geography of Tennessee &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Tennessee|Outline]])
*** Geography of Texas &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Texas|Outline]])
*** Geography of Utah &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Utah|Outline]])
*** Geography of Vermont &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Vermont|Outline]])
*** Geography of Virginia &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Virginia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Washington (state) &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Washington (state)|Outline]])
*** Geography of West Virginia &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of West Virginia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Wisconsin &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Wisconsin|Outline]])
*** Geography of Wyoming &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Wyoming|Outline]])
*** Geography of Washington, D.C. &nbsp; (Outline) (Washington, D.C.)
** Central America#Geography &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Belize &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Belize|Outline]])
*** Geography of Costa Rica &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Costa Rica|Outline]])
*** Geography of El Salvador &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of El Salvador|Outline]])
*** Geography of Guatemala &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Guatemala|Outline]])
*** Geography of Honduras &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Honduras|Outline]])
*** Geography of Nicaragua &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Nicaragua|Outline]])
*** Geography of Panama &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Panama|Outline]])
** Geography of the Caribbean &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Anguilla &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Anguilla|Outline]])
*** Geography of Antigua and Barbuda &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Antigua and Barbuda|Outline]])
*** Geography of Aruba &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Aruba|Outline]])
*** Geography of Bahamas &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Bahamas|Outline]])
*** Geography of Barbados &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Barbados|Outline]])
*** Geography of Bermuda &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Bermuda|Outline]])
*** British Virgin Islands#Geography &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the British Virgin Islands|Outline]])
*** [[Finance:Cayman Islands#Geography|Cayman Islands]] &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Cayman Islands|Outline]])
*** Geography of Cuba &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Cuba|Outline]])
*** Geography of Dominica &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Dominica|Outline]])
*** Dominican Republic#Geography &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Dominican Republic|Outline]])
*** Geography of Grenada &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Grenada|Outline]]) <!--
*** Geography of Guadeloupe &nbsp; (Outline) -->
*** Geography of Haiti &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Haiti|Outline]])
*** Geography of Jamaica &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Jamaica|Outline]]) <!--
*** Geography of Martinique &nbsp; (Outline) -->
*** Geography of Montserrat &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Montserrat|Outline]]) <!--
*** Geography of Navassa Island &nbsp; (Outline) -->
*** Netherlands Antilles#Geography &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Netherlands Antilles|Outline]]) <!--
*** Geography of Petrel Islands &nbsp; (Outline) -->
*** Geography of Puerto Rico &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Puerto Rico|Outline]])
*** Geography of Saint Barthélemy &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Saint Barthélemy|Outline]])
*** Geography of Saint Kitts and Nevis &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Outline]])
*** Geography of Saint Lucia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Saint Lucia|Outline]]) <!--
*** Geography of Serranilla Bank &nbsp; (Outline) -->
*** Saint Martin &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Outline]])
*** Geography of Trinidad and Tobago &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Trinidad and Tobago|Outline]]) <!--
*** Geography of Trinidad &nbsp; (Outline) -->
*** Turks and Caicos Islands#Geography &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Turks and Caicos Islands|Outline]])
*** United States Virgin Islands#Geography &nbsp; (Outline)
* Geography of Oceania (includes the continent of Australia)
** [[Place:Australasia|Australasia]]
*** Geography of Australia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Australia|Outline]])
**** Dependencies and territories of Australia
***** Geography of Christmas Island &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Christmas Island|Outline]])
***** Cocos (Keeling) Islands#Geography &nbsp; (Outline)
***** Geography of Norfolk Island &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Norfolk Island|Outline]])
*** Geography of New Zealand &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of New Zealand|Outline]])
** Geography of Melanesia
*** Geography of Fiji &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Fiji|Outline]])
*** Geography of Indonesia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Indonesia|Outline]]) (Oceanian part only)
*** Geography of New Caledonia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of New Caledonia|Outline]]) (France)
*** Geography of Papua New Guinea &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Papua New Guinea|Outline]])
*** Geography of the Solomon Islands &nbsp; (Outline)
*** Geography of Vanuatu &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Vanuatu|Outline]])
** Geography of Micronesia
*** Geography of Federated States of Micronesia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Federated States of Micronesia|Outline]])
*** Geography of Guam &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Guam|Outline]]) (USA)
*** Geography of Kiribati &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Kiribati|Outline]])
*** Geography of Marshall Islands &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Marshall Islands|Outline]])
*** Geography of Nauru &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Nauru|Outline]])
*** Northern Mariana Islands#Geography and climate &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Northern Mariana Islands|Outline]]) (USA)
*** Geography of Palau &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Palau|Outline]])
*** Geography of Wake Island &nbsp; (Outline) (USA)
** Geography of Polynesia
*** Geography of American Samoa &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of American Samoa|Outline]]) (USA)
*** [[Earth:Chatham Islands#Geography|Chatham Islands]] &nbsp; (Outline) (NZ)
*** Cook Islands#Geography &nbsp; ([[Earth:Outline of the Cook Islands|Outline]]) (NZ)
*** Easter Island#Location and physical geography &nbsp; (Outline) (Chile)
*** Geography of French Polynesia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of French Polynesia|Outline]]) (France)
*** Geography of Hawaii &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of Hawaii|Outline]]) (USA)
*** Loyalty Islands#Geography &nbsp; (Outline) (France)
*** Geography of Niue &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Niue|Outline]]) (NZ)
*** Pitcairn Islands#Geography &nbsp; (Outline) (UK)
*** Geography of Samoa &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Samoa|Outline]])
*** Geography of Tokelau &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Tokelau|Outline]]) (NZ)
*** Geography of Tonga &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Tonga|Outline]])
*** Geography of Tuvalu &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Tuvalu|Outline]])
*** Geography of Wallis and Futuna &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Wallis and Futuna|Outline]]) (France)
* Geography of South America &nbsp; ([[Biology:Outline of South America|Outline]])
** Geography of Argentina &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Argentina|Outline]])
** Geography of Bolivia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Bolivia|Outline]])
** Geography of Brazil &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Brazil|Outline]])
** Geography of Chile &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Chile|Outline]])
** Geography of Colombia &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Colombia|Outline]])
** Geography of Ecuador &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Ecuador|Outline]])
** Geography of the Falkland Islands &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of the Falkland Islands|Outline]])
** Geography of French Guiana &nbsp; (Outline)
** Geography of Guyana &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Guyana|Outline]])
** Geography of Paraguay &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Paraguay|Outline]])
** Geography of Peru &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Peru|Outline]])
** Geography of Suriname &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Suriname|Outline]])
** Geography of Uruguay &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Uruguay|Outline]])
** Geography of Venezuela &nbsp; ([[Place:Outline of Venezuela|Outline]])
{{col-end}}

==== Other regions ====
* [[History:Atlantic World|Atlantic World]]
* [[Unsolved:Bermuda Triangle|Bermuda Triangle]]
* [[Earth:Pacific Rim|Pacific Rim]]
* Pacific Ring of Fire

== History of geography ==
[[File:Hecataeus world map-en.svg|thumb|right|300px|Reconstruction of Hecataeus' map of the World, created during ancient Greek times]]

Topics pertaining to the geographical study of the World throughout history:

=== By period ===
* Ancient roads
* Ancient Greek geography
* Age of discovery
* [[Major explorations after the Age of Discovery]]
* [[Philosophy:Critical geography|Critical geography]]
* [[Philosophy:Environmental determinism|Environmental determinism]]

=== By region ===

=== By subject ===
* [[History:Historical demography#Historical population of the world|Historical population of the world]]

==== By field ====
* History of human geography
** {{annotated link|Earth:History of cartography}}
*** {{annotated link|Astronomy:History of longitude}}
<!--** [[Philosophy:Behavioral geography#History|History of behavioral geography]]-->
** [[Social:Cultural geography#History|History of cultural geography]]
** [[Social:Economic geography#History of economic geography|History of economic geography]]
<!--** History of environmental geography
** History of feminist geography
** [[Finance:Development geography#History|History of development geography]]-->
** History of health geography
<!--** [[Earth:Military geography#History|History of military geography]]-->
** [[Earth:Political geography#History|History of political geography]]
<!--** History of population geography-->
*** [[Demography#History|History of demography]]
<!--** History of social geography
** History of strategic geography
** History of transportation geography
** [[Time geography#History|History of time geography]]
** History of tourism geography
** [[Engineering:Urban geography#History|History of urban geography]]-->
* History of physical geography
** [[Earth:Biogeography#History|History of biogeography]]
** [[Earth:Climatology#History|History of climatology]]
** [[Physics:Meteorology#History|History of meteorology]]
<!--** [[Earth:Coastal geography#History|History of coastal geography]]
** History of environmental geography-->
** {{annotated link|Earth:History of geodesy}}
** [[Physics:Geomorphology#History|History of geomorphology]]
** [[Earth:Hydrology#History|History of hydrology]]
<!--*** [[Earth:Glaciology#History|History of glaciology]]-->
*** [[Physics:Oceanography#History|History of oceanography]]
<!--*** [[Earth:Limnology#History|History of limnology]]-->
** [[Earth:Landscape ecology#History|History of landscape ecology]]
<!--** [[Earth:Palaeogeography#History|History of palaeogeography]]
** History of pedology-->
<!--** [[Social:Ethnography#History|History of ethnography]]
** [[Earth:Geoarchaeology#History|History of geoarchaeology]]
** [[Geographic information science#History|History of geographic information science]]
** [[Earth:Geostatistics#History|History of geostatistics]]-->
<!--** History of the philosophy of geography-->
* [[Place:Regional geography#History|History of regional geography]]

== Elements of geography ==
Topics common to the various branches of geography include:

=== Tasks and tools of geography ===
[[File:Mollweide-projection.jpg|thumb|300px| The equal-area [[Mollweide projection|Mollweide projection]]]]

* {{annotated link|Exploration}}
* {{annotated link|Earth:Geocoding|Geocode|aka=Geospatial Entity Object Code}}
* {{annotated link|Geographic information system|abbreviation=GIS}}
* {{annotated link|Globe}}
* {{annotated link|Earth:Map}}
** {{annotated link|Earth:Cartography}}
*** {{annotated link|Earth:Outline of cartography}}
** {{annotated link|Map projection}}
* {{annotated link|Spatial analysis}}
* {{annotated link|Engineering:Surveying}}

=== Types of geographic features ===

Geographic feature &ndash; component of a planet that can be referred to as a location, place, site, area, or region, and therefore may show up on a map. A geographic feature may be natural or artificial.

====Location and place====
[[File:Countries by Population Density in 2015.svg|300px|thumb|Population density per square [[Kilometre|kilometre]] by country, 2006]]

* Location &ndash;
** {{Annotated link|Absolute location}}
*** {{Annotated link|Latitude}}
**** {{Annotated link|Prime meridian}}
*** {{Annotated link|Longitude}}
**** {{Annotated link|Equator}}
**** {{Annotated link|Tropic of Cancer}}
**** {{Annotated link|Tropic of Capricorn}}
**** {{Annotated link|Arctic Circle}}
**** {{Annotated link|Antarctic Circle}}
**** {{Annotated link|North Pole}}
**** {{Annotated link|South Pole}}
*** {{Annotated link|Altitude}}
**** {{Annotated link|Elevation}}
* Place
** Aspects of a place or region
*** {{Annotated link|Climate}}
*** {{Annotated link|Population}}
**** {{Annotated link|Demographics}}
***** {{Annotated link|Population density}}
**** {{Annotated link|Human overpopulation}}
**** {{Annotated link|World population}}
*** {{Annotated link|Sense of place}}
*** {{Annotated link|Terrain}}
*** {{Annotated link|Topography}}
*** {{Annotated link|Tourist attraction}}
** {{Annotated link|Lists of places}}

==== Natural geographic features ====

Natural geographic feature &ndash; an ecosystem or natural landform.

===== Ecosystems =====

[[Earth:Ecosystem|Ecosystem]] &ndash; community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. 
* {{Annotated link|Biodiversity hotspot}}
* [[Biology:Biogeographic realm|Realm]] &ndash; broadest biogeographic division of the Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms. 
** [[Earth:Ecoprovince|Ecoprovince]] &ndash; biogeographic unit smaller than a realm that contains one or more ecoregions.
*** {{Annotated link|Ecoregion}}
**** {{Annotated link|Ecodistrict}}
**** {{Annotated link|Ecosection}}
***** {{Annotated link|Ecosite}}
****** {{Annotated link|Ecotope}}
******* {{Annotated link|Ecoelement}}
* {{Annotated link|Biome}}
** {{Annotated link|Bioregion}}
*** {{Annotated link|Biotope}}
**** {{Annotated link|Bioelement}}

===== Natural landforms =====
[[File:Ganges River Delta, Bangladesh, India.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The [[Ganges]] ''river delta'' in
India and Bangladesh is one of the most fertile regions in the world.]]
[[File:MSH82 st helens plume from harrys ridge 05-19-82.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The ''[[Earth:Volcano|volcano]]'' Mount St. Helens in {{wipe|Washington (state)}}, United States]]

[[Earth:Landform|Natural landform]] &ndash; terrain or body of water. Landforms are topographical elements, and are defined by their surface form and location in the landscape. Landforms are categorized by traits such as elevation, slope, orientation, [[Earth:Stratum|stratification]], rock exposure, and soil type. Some landforms are artificial, such as certain islands, but most landforms are natural.

==== Natural terrain feature types ====
* {{Annotated link|Continent}}
* {{Annotated link|Island}}
* {{Annotated link|Mainland}}
* {{Annotated link|Mountain}}
* {{Annotated link|Mountain range}}
* {{Annotated link|Subcontinent}}

==== Natural body of water types ====
* Natural {{Annotated link|body of water|bodies of water}}
** Bodies of {{Annotated link|seawater}}
*** {{Annotated link|Channel (geography)|Channel}}
*** {{Annotated link|Firth}}
*** {{Annotated link|Harbor}}
*** {{Annotated link|Inlet}}
**** {{Annotated link|Bay|Bay}}
***** {{Annotated link|Bight (geography)|Bight}}
***** {{Annotated link|Gulf|Gulf}}
**** {{Annotated link|Cove}}
**** {{Annotated link|Creek (tidal)}}
**** {{Annotated link|Estuary}}
**** {{Annotated link|Fjord|alt=fiord}}  
*** {{Annotated link|Kettle (landform)|Kettle}}
*** {{Annotated link|Kill (body of water)|Kill}}
*** {{Annotated link|Lagoon}}
**** {{Annotated link|Barachois}}
*** {{Annotated link|Loch}}
**** Arm of the sea &ndash;
**** {{Annotated link|Mere (lake)|Mere}}
*** {{Annotated link|Ocean}}
*** {{Annotated link|Phytotelma}}
*** {{Annotated link|Salt marsh}}
*** {{Annotated link|Sea}}
**** Types of sea:
***** {{Annotated link|Mediterranean sea (oceanography)|Mediterranean sea}}
***** {{Annotated link|Sound (geography)|Sound}}
**** Sea components or extensions:
***** {{Annotated link|Sea loch}}
***** {{Annotated link|Sea lough}}
*** {{Annotated link|Strait}}
** Bodies of fresh water
*** {{Annotated link|Bayou}}
*** {{Annotated link|Lake}}
**** {{Annotated link|Lists of lakes}}
**** {{Annotated link|Oxbow lake}}
**** {{Annotated link|Subglacial lake}}
**** {{Annotated link|Tarn (lake)|Tarn}}
*** {{Annotated link|Stream pool|Pool}}
**** {{Annotated link|Pond}}
***** {{Annotated link|Billabong}}
**** {{Annotated link|Tide pool}}
**** {{Annotated link|Vernal pool}}
**** {{Annotated link|Puddle}}
*** {{Annotated link|River}} 
**** {{Annotated link|Lists of rivers}}
***** Parts of a river:
***** {{Annotated link|Rapids}}
***** {{Annotated link|Source (river or stream)|Source}}
***** {{Annotated link|Waterfall}}
****** {{Annotated link|List of waterfalls}}
*** {{Annotated link|Roadstead}}
*** {{Annotated link|Spring (hydrosphere)|Spring}}
**** Boil -
*** {{Annotated link|Stream}}
**** {{Annotated link|stream|Beck}}
**** {{Annotated link|stream|Brook}}
**** {{Annotated link|Burn (stream)|Burn}}
**** {{Annotated link|stream|Creek}}
***** {{Annotated link|Arroyo (creek)}}
****** {{Annotated link|Arroyo (creek)|Wash}}
****** {{Annotated link|Arroyo (creek)|Draw}}
**** {{Annotated link|Stream|Run}}
*** {{Annotated link|Wetland}}
**** Freshwater {{Annotated link|marsh}}
**** {{Annotated link|Swamp|Slough (wetland)}}
***** {{Annotated link|Mangrove|Mangrove swamp}}

==== Artificial geographic features ====
Artificial geographic feature &ndash; a thing that was made by humans that may be indicated on a map. It may be physical and exist in the real world (like a bridge or city), or it may be abstract and exist only on maps (such as the Equator, which has a defined location, but cannot be seen where it lies).

*** {{annotated link|Engineering:Urban hierarchy}} &ndash; ranks the structure of towns within an area.
*** {{annotated link|Finance:Financial centre}}
*** {{annotated link|Global city}} &ndash; city that is deemed to be an important node in the global economic system. Globalization is largely created, facilitated and enacted in strategic geographic locales (including global cities) according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.
*** {{annotated link|Unsolved:Ecumenopolis}} &ndash; theoretical "world city". Will the world ever become so urbanized as to be called this?
* Engineered construct &ndash; built feature of the landscape such as a [[Engineering:Highway|highway]], [[Engineering:Bridge|bridge]], airport, railroad, building, dam, or reservoir. See also [[Engineering:Construction engineering|construction engineering]] and [[Physics:Infrastructure|infrastructure]].
** Artificial landforms
*** {{annotated link|Earth:Artificial island}}
** {{annotated link|Earth:Breakwater (structure)|Breakwater}} &ndash; construction designed to break the force of the sea to provide calm water for boats or ships, or to prevent erosion of a coastal feature.
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Bridge}} &ndash; structure built to span a valley, road, body of water, or other physical obstacle such as a canyon, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle.
** {{annotated link|Earth:Canal}} &ndash; artificial waterway, often connecting one body of water with another.
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Causeway}}
**** {{annotated link|Earth:Levee}} &ndash; artificial slope or wall to regulate water levels, usually [[Chemistry:Soil|earthen]] and often [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] to the course of a [[Earth:River|river]] or the coast.<ref>{{Cite journal | title=Levees and Other Raised Ground | author=Henry Petroski | publisher=American Scientist | year=2006 | volume=94 | issue=1 | pages=7–11}}</ref>
** {{annotated link|Earth:Harbor|Manmade harbor}} &ndash; harbor that has deliberately constructed breakwaters, sea walls, or jettys, or which was constructed by dredging.
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Marina}}
** {{annotated link|Biology:Orchard}}
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Parking lot}}
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Pier}}
** {{annotated link|Physics:Pipeline transport|Pipeline}}
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Port}}
*** {{annotated link|Engineering:Highway}}
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Tunnel}}
** {{annotated link|Engineering:Wharf}}
<!-- Not sure where these should go, as they are human-designated but not particularly artificial
** {{annotated link|Earth:Marine protected area}} -->

[[File:China administrative.gif|thumb|300px|Provinces and territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China]]
* Abstract geographic feature &ndash; does not exist physically in the real world, yet has a location by definition and may be displayed on maps.
*** {{annotated link|Hardiness zone}}
*** {{annotated link|Time zone}}
*** {{annotated link|Earth:Nation}}
*** {{annotated link|Place:Administrative division}}
*** {{annotated link|Place:Administrative division}} &ndash; a designated territory created within a country for administrative or identification purposes. Examples of the types of administrative divisions:
****{{annotated link|Social:Duchy}}
****{{annotated link|Social:Emirate}}
****{{annotated link|Religion:Parish}}
** Cartographical feature &ndash; theoretical construct used specifically on maps that doesn't have any physical form apart from its location.
*** {{annotated link|Earth:Latitude|Latitude line}}
**** {{annotated link|Astronomy:Equator}}
*** {{annotated link|Earth:Longitude|Longitude line}}
*** {{annotated link|Earth:Geographical pole}}

==== Geographic features that include the natural and artificial ====

* {{annotated link|Earth:Waterway}} 

==Geography awards==
[[File:Hubbard Gold Medal, Anne Morrow Lindbergh.JPG|thumb|right|180px|Hubbard Medal awarded to Anne Morrow Lindbergh, showing her flight route]]


Some awards and competitions in the field of geography:




== Geographical organizations ==
: ''See: [[Organization:List of geographical societies|List of geographical societies]]''

*European Geography Association
*EUROGEO-European Association of Geographers
*[[Organization:Gamma Theta Upsilon|Gamma Theta Upsilon]]
*[[Organization:International Geographical Union|International Geographical Union]]

== Geographical publications ==

=== Geographical magazines ===
* ''Al Arab''
* ''Arizona Highways''
* ''Asian Geographic''
* ''Atlas (magazine)''
* ''Australian Geographic''
* ''Canadian Geographic''
* ''Chinese National Geography''
* ''Le Congo illustré''
* ''GEO (magazine)''
* ''Géographica''
* ''Geographical''
* ''Icelandic Geographic''
* ''Le Mouvement Géographique''
* ''National Geographic''
* ''National Geographic Adventure''
* ''National Geographic Kids''
* ''National Geographic Traveler''
* ''New Zealand Geographic''
* ''Podróże''
* ''Revista Geográfica Española''
* ''Rhythms Monthly''
* ''Vokrug sveta''
* ''Walkabout''
* ''The Wide World Magazine''

== Persons influential in geography ==

A [[Geographer|geographer]] is a [[Scientist|scientist]] who studies [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]]'s physical environment and [[Biology:Human|human]] habitat. Geographers are historically known for making [[Earth:Map|map]]s, the subdiscipline of geography known as [[Earth:Cartography|cartography]]. They study the physical details of the environment and also its effect on human and wildlife [[Earth:Ecology|ecologies]], [[Earth:Weather|weather]] and [[Earth:Climate|climate]] patterns, [[Finance:Economics|economics]], and [[Social:Culture|culture]]. Geographers focus on the spatial relationships between these elements.

=== Influential physical geographers ===
[[File:Alexander von Humboldt-selfportrait.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Alexander Von Humboldt, considered to be the founding father of physical geography]]
[[File:Richard Chorley.jpg|thumb|right|120px|Richard Chorley, 20th-century geographer who progressed quantitative geography and who helped bring the systems approach to geography]]

* [[Biography:Eratosthenes|Eratosthenes]] (276{{spaced ndash}}194&nbsp;BC) &ndash; who made the first known reliable estimation of the Earth's size.<ref name="eratosthenes"/> He is considered the father of [[Geodesy|geodesy]].<ref name="eratosthenes">Avraham Ariel, Nora Ariel Berger (2006)."''[https://books.google.com/books?id=2xTJt3b3SHUC&pg=PA12 Plotting the globe: stories of meridians, parallels, and the international]''". Greenwood Publishing Group. p.12.
{{ISBN|0-275-98895-3}}</ref><ref>Jennifer Fandel (2006)."''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kRp7R_WnAiEC&pg=PA4 The Metric System]''". The Creative Company. p.4. {{ISBN|1-58341-430-4}}</ref>
* [[Biography:Ptolemy|Ptolemy]] ({{circa|90}}{{spaced ndash}}c. 168) &ndash; who compiled Greek and Roman knowledge to produce the book ''Geographia''.
* Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973{{spaced ndash}}1048 AD) &ndash; considered the father of [[Geodesy|geodesy]].<ref name=Ahmed>Akbar S. Ahmed (1984). "Al-Beruni: The First Anthropologist", ''RAIN'' '''60''', p. 9-10.</ref><ref>H. Mowlana (2001). "Information in the Arab World", ''Cooperation South Journal'' '''1'''.</ref>{{Verify source|date=September 2010}}
* [[Biography:Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna, 980&ndash;1037) &ndash; whose observations in ''Kitab Al-Shifa'' contributed to later formulations of the [[Physics:Law of superposition|law of superposition]] and concept of uniformitarianism.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMk4t21fOvoC&q=ibn%20sina%20uniformitarianism%20superposition&pg=PA817|title=Encyclopedia of Earth and Space Science|last1=Kusky|first1=Timothy M.|last2=Cullen|first2=Katherine E.|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438128597|pages=817|language=en}}</ref>
* Muhammad al-Idrisi (Dreses, 1100{{spaced ndash}}c.1165) &ndash; who drew the ''Tabula Rogeriana'', the most accurate world map in pre-modern times.<ref name=Scott>{{cite book|first=S. P.|last = Scott|date= 1904|title = History of the Moorish Empire in Europe|page= [https://archive.org/details/cu31924082467113/page/n508 461] |quote =The compilation of Edrisi marks an era in the [[History:History of science|history of science]]. Not only is its historical information most interesting and valuable, but its descriptions of many parts of the earth are still authoritative. For three centuries geographers copied his maps without alteration. The relative position of the lakes which form the Nile, as delineated in his work, does not differ greatly from that established by Baker and Stanley more than seven hundred years afterwards, and their number is the same.|url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924082467113}}</ref>
* Piri Reis (1465{{spaced ndash}}c.1554) &ndash; whose Piri Reis map is the oldest surviving world map to include the [[Earth:Americas|Americas]] and possibly [[Earth:Antarctica|Antarctica]]
* Gerardus Mercator (1512&ndash;1594) &ndash; an innovative [[Earth:Cartography|cartographer]] and originator of the [[Mercator projection]].
* Bernhardus Varenius (1622–1650) &ndash; Wrote his important work "General Geography" (1650) &ndash; first overview of the geography, the foundation of modern geography.
* [[Biography:Mikhail Lomonosov|Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711&ndash;1765) &ndash; father of Russian geography and founded the study of glaciology.
* Alexander Von Humboldt (1769&ndash;1859) &ndash; considered the father of modern geography. Published ''Kosmos'' and founded the study of biogeography.
* Arnold Henry Guyot (1807&ndash;1884) &ndash; who noted the structure of glaciers and advanced the understanding of glacial motion, especially in fast ice flow.
* Louis Agassiz (1807&ndash;1873) &ndash; the author of a glacial theory which disputed the notion of a steady-cooling Earth.
* [[Biography:Alfred Russel Wallace|Alfred Russel Wallace]] (1823&ndash;1913) &ndash; founder of modern biogeography and the Wallace line.
* Vasily Dokuchaev (1846&ndash;1903) &ndash; patriarch of Russian geography and founder of pedology.
* Wladimir Peter Köppen (1846&ndash;1940) &ndash; developer of most important climate classification and founder of Paleoclimatology.
* William Morris Davis (1850&ndash;1934) &ndash; father of American geography, founder of Geomorphology and developer of the geographical cycle theory.
* Walther Penck (1888&ndash;1923) &ndash; proponent of the [[Earth:Cycle of erosion|cycle of erosion]] and the simultaneous occurrence of [[Earth:Tectonic uplift|uplift]] and [[Earth:Denudation|denudation]].
* Sir Ernest Shackleton (1874&ndash;1922) &ndash; Antarctic explorer during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
* Robert E. Horton (1875&ndash;1945) &ndash; founder of modern hydrology and concepts such as infiltration capacity and overland flow.
* J Harlen Bretz (1882&ndash;1981) &ndash; pioneer of research into the shaping of landscapes by catastrophic floods, most notably the [[Earth:Missoula Floods|Bretz (Missoula) floods]].
* Willi Dansgaard (born 1922) &ndash; palaeoclimatologist and quaternary scientist, instrumental in the use of oxygen-isotope dating and co-identifier of Dansgaard-Oeschger events.
* Hans Oeschger (1927&ndash;1998) &ndash; palaeoclimatologist and pioneer in ice core research, co-identifier of Dansgaard-Orschger events.
* Richard Chorley (1927&ndash;2002) &ndash; a key contributor to the quantitative revolution and the use of [[Systems theory|systems theory]] in geography.
* Sir Nicholas Shackleton (1937&ndash;2006) &ndash; who demonstrated that oscillations in climate over the past few million years could be correlated with variations in the orbital and positional relationship between the Earth and the Sun.
* Stefan Rahmstorf (born 1960) &ndash; professor of abrupt climate changes and author on theories of thermohaline dynamics.

=== Influential human geographers ===
[[File:Carl ritter.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Sketch of Carl Ritter]]
[[File:David Harvey.jpg|thumb|right|120px|David Harvey]]
* Carl Ritter (1779–1859) &ndash; considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern geography and first chair in geography at the Humboldt University of Berlin, also noted for his use of organic analogy in his works.
* Friedrich Ratzel (1844–1904) &ndash; [[Philosophy:Environmental determinism|environmental determinist]], invented the term ''[[History:Lebensraum|Lebensraum]]''
* Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845–1918) &ndash; founder of the French School of [[Earth:Geopolitics|geopolitics]] and [[Social:Possibilism (geography)|possibilism]].
* Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861–1947) &ndash; author of ''[[History:The Geographical Pivot of History|The Geographical Pivot of History]]'', co-founder of the [[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics]], along with the Geographical Association.
* Carl O. Sauer (1889–1975) &ndash; critic of [[Philosophy:Environmental determinism|environmental determinism]] and proponent of [[Earth:Cultural ecology|cultural ecology]].
* Walter Christaller (1893–1969) &ndash; economic geographer and developer of the [[Engineering:Central place theory|central place theory]].
* Richard Hartshorne (1899–1992) &ndash; scholar of the history and philosophy of geography.
* Torsten Hägerstrand (1916–2004) &ndash; critic of the quantitative revolution and [[Finance:Regional science|regional science]], noted figure in [[Philosophy:Critical geography|critical geography]].
* Milton Santos (1926–2001) winner of the Vautrin Lud prize in 1994, one of the most important geographers in South America.
* Waldo R. Tobler (born 1930) &ndash; developer of the First law of geography.
* Yi-Fu Tuan (born 1930) A Chinese-American geographer.
* David Harvey (born 1935) &ndash; world's most cited academic geographer and winner of the Lauréat Prix International de Géographie Vautrin Lud, also noted for his work in [[Philosophy:Critical geography|critical geography]] and critique of [[Social:Globalization|global capitalism]].
* Evelyn Stokes (1936–2005). Professor of geography at the [[Organization:University of Waikato|University of Waikato]] in New Zealand. Known for recognizing inequality with marginalized groups including women and Māori using geography.
* Allen J. Scott (born 1938) &ndash; winner of Vautrin Lud Prize in 2003 and the Anders Retzius Gold medal 2009; author of numerous books and papers on economic and urban geography, known for his work on regional development, new industrial spaces, agglomeration theory, global city-regions and the cultural economy.
* Edward Soja (born 1941) &ndash; noted for his work on regional development, planning and governance, along with coining the terms [[Earth:Synekism|synekism]] and postmetropolis.
* Doreen Massey (born 1944) &ndash; key scholar in the space and places of [[Social:Globalization|globalization]] and its pluralities, winner of the Vautrin Lud Prize.
* Michael Watts, Class of 1963 Professor of Geography and Development Studies, University of California, Berkeley
* Nigel Thrift (born 1949) &ndash; developer of [[Non-representational theory|non-representational theory]].
* Derek Gregory (born 1951) &ndash; famous for writing on the Israeli, U.S. and UK actions in the Middle East after 9/11, influenced by Edward Said and has contributed work on [[Social:Imagined geographies|imagined geographies]].
* Cindi Katz (born 1954) &ndash; who writes on [[Social:Social reproduction|social reproduction]] and the production of space. Writing on children's geographies, place and nature, everyday life and security.
* Gillian Rose (born 1962) &ndash; most famous for her critique: ''Feminism & Geography: The Limits of Geographical Knowledge'' (1993) &ndash; which was one of the first moves towards a development of feminist geography.

== Geography educational frameworks ==
Educational frameworks upon which primary and secondary school curricula for geography are based upon include:

* {{Annotated link|Five themes of geography}}<ref>''Guidelines for Geographic Education—Elementary and Secondary Schools.''
Joint Committee on Geographic Education of the National Council for Geographic Education and the Association of American Geographers, 1984.</ref> 
*# movement &ndash;
*# {{annotated link|Earth:Region}}
* The six "essential elements" identified by the Geography Education Standards Project,<ref name="GESP">{{Cite web|title=The National Geography Standards |url=http://www.studentsfriend.com/onhist/ngs.html |access-date=November 6, 2010}}</ref> under which the National Geography Standards they developed are organized:<ref name="National Geography Standards">{{Cite web |title=National Geography Standards |url=http://www.ncge.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3314 |access-date=November 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825112339/http://www.ncge.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3314 |archive-date=August 25, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Geography for Life">Richard G Boehm, Roger M Downs, Sarah W Bednarz. ''Geography for Life: National Geography Standards.'' National Council for Geographic Education, 1994</ref>
*# The [[Astronomy:Earth|World]] in spatial terms
*# Places and [[Earth:Region|region]]s
*# [[Physics:Physical system|Physical system]]s
*# Human systems
*# [[Earth:Natural environment|Environment]] and [[Organization:Society#In sociology|society]]
*# The uses of geography
* The three content areas of geography from the 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress<ref>''[http://www.nagb.org/publications/frameworks/gframework2010.pdf Geography Framework for the 2010 National Assessment of Educational Progress.]'' National Assessment Governing Board, U.S. Department of Education, p. vii: {{quote|It focuses on what geography students should know to be competent and productive 21st century citizens, and uses three content areas for assessing the outcomes of geography education. These content areas are Space and Place, Environment and Society, and Spatial Dynamics and Connections.}}</ref> (U.S.):
*# [[Space#Geographical space|Space]] and place
*# [[Earth:Natural environment|Environment]] and [[Organization:Society#In sociology|society]]
*# Spatial dynamics and connections

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* Gazetteer
* [[Geographer]]
* Geographical renaming
* Geography and places reference tables
* [[Earth:Landform|Landform]]
* List of explorers
** List of Russian explorers
* [[Earth:Map|Map]]
* Navigator
* Philosophy of geography
* World map
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* Pidwirny, Michael. (2014). ''Glossary of Terms for Physical Geography.'' Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada. {{ISBN|9780987702906}}. Available on [https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Michael_Pidwirny_Glossary_of_Terms_for_Physical_Ge?id=jQoIBAAAQBAJ Google Play].
* Pidwirny, Michael. (2014). ''Understanding Physical Geography.'' Planet Earth Publishing, Kelowna, Canada. {{ISBN|9780987702944}}. Available on [https://play.google.com/store/search?q=Pidwirny Google Play].


[[Category:Outlines|Geography]]
[[Category:Geography| 1]]

{{Sourceattribution|Outline of geography}}