View source for Earth:Quasi-state

{{Short description|Political entity}}
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 | caption2          = Maximum extent of the territory of the [[Religion:Islamic State|Islamic State]] (frequently described as a proto-state) in Iraq and [[Place:Syria|Syria]], on 21 May 2015.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Fairfield |first1=Hannah |last2=Wallace |first2=Tim |last3=Watkins |first3=Derek |title=How ISIS Expands |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |location={{wipe|New York City}} |date=21 May 2015 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523191807/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/05/21/world/middleeast/how-isis-expands.html |archive-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=15 September 2020}}</ref>

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A '''quasi-state''' (some times referred to as '''state-like entity'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite Q|Q105755921|pages=493, 580|chapter=Quasi-State|quote=A term sometimes used to describe entities with many, but not all, the criteria of statehood .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. which are nonetheless possessed of a measure of international personality. .&nbsp;.&nbsp;. a term of international relations, and certainly not of international law, it connotes former colonies .&nbsp;.&nbsp;.}}</ref> or formatively a '''proto-state'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/11/16/how-the-islamic-state-declared-war-on-the-world-actual-state/|title=How the Islamic State Declared War on the World|website=Foreign Policy|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref><ref name=":0" />) is a political entity that does not represent a fully institutionalised or autonomous [[Earth:Sovereign state|sovereign state]].<ref name=Hahn>{{cite book|last=Hahn|first=Gordon|title=Russia's Revolution from Above, 1985-2000: Reform, Transition, and Revolution in the Fall of the Soviet Communist Regime|date=2002|page=527|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick|isbn=978-0765800497}}</ref>

The precise definition of ''quasi-state'' in political literature fluctuates depending on the context in which it is used. It has been used by some modern scholars to describe the self-governing British colonies and dependencies that exercised a form of home rule but remained crucial parts of the [[Place:British Empire|British Empire]] and subject firstly to the metropole's administration.<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr1GDQAAQBAJ|title=Age of Secession: The International and Domestic Determinants of State Birth|last=Griffiths|first=Ryan|date=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1107161627|location=Cambridge|pages=85–102, 213–242}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert H. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/quasistates/D7A4579413072EFCA01AE8075669FE57 |title=Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations and the Third World |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44783-6 |pages=21–22 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511559020}}</ref> Similarly, the Republics of the Soviet Union, which represented administrative units with their own respective national distinctions, have also been described as quasi-states.<ref name=Hahn/>

In the 21st century usage, the term ''quasi-state'' has most often been evoked in reference to militant secessionist groups who claim, and exercise some form of territorial control over, a specific region, but which lack institutional cohesion.<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Failed verification|date=March 2021|talk=Definition of proto-state|reason=Source does not use the term in this way. See talk.}} Such quasi-states include the Republika Srpska and Herzeg-Bosnia during the Bosnian War<ref name="Griffiths" /> and Azawad during the 2012 Tuareg rebellion.<ref name="Azawad1">{{cite web|title=Independent Azawad: Tuaregs, Jihadists, and an Uncertain Future for Mali|last=Alvarado|first=David|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/142674/NOTES%2054_ALVARADO_english.pdf|location=Barcelona
|publisher=Barcelona Center for International Affairs|date=May 2012|access-date=25 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325064003/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/142674/NOTES%2054_ALVARADO_english.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> The Islamic State is also widely held to be an example of a modern quasi-state or proto-state.{{sfnp|Lia|2015|pp=31–32}}<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21646750-though-islamic-state-still-spreading-terror-its-weaknesses-are-becoming-apparent|title=The caliphate cracks|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.e-ir.info/2015/04/03/the-islamic-state-more-than-a-terrorist-group/|title=The Islamic State: More than a Terrorist Group?|website=E-International Relations|date=3 April 2015 |access-date=2016-07-20}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Les rebelles touaregs joignent leurs forces dans le nord du Mali (8248043080).jpg|thumb|250px|Tuareg rebels in the short-lived proto-state of Azawad.]]
The term "proto-state" has been used in reference to contexts as far back as {{wipe|Ancient Greece}}, to refer to the phenomenon that the formation of a large and cohesive nation would often be preceded by very small and loose forms of statehood.<ref name="Empires">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8QTDAAAQBAJ&q=The+Dynamics+of+Ancient+Empires+proto-state&pg=PT150|title=The Dynamics of Ancient Empires: State Power from Assyria to Byzantium|last1=Scheidel|first1=Walter|last2=Morris|first2=Ian|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195371581|location=Oxford|pages=5–6, 132}}</ref> For instance, historical sociologist Garry Runciman describes the evolution of social organisation in the [[History:Greek Dark Ages|Greek Dark Ages]] from statelessness, to what he calls ''semistates'' based on patriarchal domination but lacking inherent potential to achieve the requirements for statehood, sometimes transitioning into ''protostates'' with governmental roles able to maintain themselves generationally, which could evolve into larger and more centralised entities fulfilling the requirements of statehood by 700 BC in the archaic period.<ref name=Empires/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Runciman|first=W. G.|date=July 1982|title=Origins of States: The Case of Archaic 351–377 Greece|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0010417500010045/type/journal_article|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=351–377|doi=10.1017/S0010417500010045|s2cid=145247889 |issn=0010-4175}}</ref>

Most ancient proto-states were the product of tribal societies, consisting of relatively short-lived confederations of communities that united under a single warlord or chieftain endowed with symbolic authority and military rank.<ref name="Empires" /> These were not considered sovereign states since they rarely achieved any degree of institutional permanence and authority was often exercised over a mobile people rather than measurable territory.<ref name="Empires" /> Loose confederacies of this nature were the primary means of embracing a common statehood by people in many regions, such as the Central Asian steppes, throughout ancient history.<ref name="Huns1">{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Hyun Jin|title=The Huns|date=2015|pages=3–6|publisher=Routledge Books|location=Abingdon|isbn=978-1138841758}}</ref>

Proto-states proliferated in Western Europe during the [[History:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], likely as a result of a trend towards political decentralisation following the collapse of the [[Place:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]] and the adoption of [[Social:Feudalism|feudalism]].<ref name=Borza>{{cite book|last=Borza|first=Eugene|title=In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon|date=1992|pages=238–240|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691008806}}</ref> While theoretically owing allegiance to a single monarch under the feudal system, many lesser nobles administered their own fiefs as miniature "states within states" that were independent of each other.<ref name=Politics1>{{cite book|last=Duverger|first=Maurice|title=The Study of Politics|date=1972|pages=[https://archive.org/details/studyofpolitics0000duve/page/144 144–145]|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons, Publishers|location=Surrey|isbn=978-0690790214|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/studyofpolitics0000duve/page/144}}</ref> This practice was especially notable with regards to large, decentralised political entities such as the [[Religion:Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman Empire]], that incorporated many autonomous and semi-autonomous proto-states.<ref name=Danube>{{cite book|last=Beattie|first=Andrew|title=The Danube: A Cultural History|date=2011|page=35|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0199768356}}</ref>

Following the [[Age of Discovery]], the emergence of European [[Social:Colonialism|colonialism]] resulted in the formation of colonial proto-states in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.<ref name=Abernethy>{{cite book|last=Abernethy|first=David|title=The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415-1980|date=2002|pages=327–328|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300093148}}</ref> A few colonies were given the unique status of [[Social:Protectorate|protectorate]]s, which were effectively controlled by the metropole but retained limited ability to administer themselves, self-governing colonies, dominions, and dependencies.<ref name=Griffiths/> These were distinct administrative units that each fulfilled many of the functions of a state without actually exercising full sovereignty or independence.<ref name=Abernethy/> Colonies without a sub-national home rule status, on the other hand, were considered administrative extensions of the colonising power rather than true proto-states.<ref name=Lusophone>{{cite book|last=Morier-Genoud|first=Eric|title=Sure Road? Nationalisms in Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique|date=2012|page=2|publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV|location=Leiden|isbn=978-9004222618}}</ref> Colonial proto-states later served as the basis for a number of modern nation states, particularly on the Asian and African continents.<ref name=Abernethy/>

During the twentieth century, some proto-states existed as not only distinct administrative units, but their own theoretically self-governing republics joined to each other in a political union such as the socialist federal systems observed in Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]].<ref name=Griffiths/><ref name=Hahn/><ref name=Kosovo1>{{cite book|last=Kostovicova|first=Denisa|title=Kosovo: The Politics of Identity and Space|url=https://archive.org/details/kosovopoliticsid00kost|url-access=limited|date=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kosovopoliticsid00kost/page/n21 5]–7|publisher=Routledge Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0415348065}}</ref> 
[[File:Oslobođena teritorija u vreme prvog zasedanja AVNOJ-a.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Territory controlled by the Anti-Fascist Council of Yugoslavia, which established its own proto-state in 1942]]
Another form of proto-state that has become especially common since the end of [[Social:World War II|World War II]]{{citation needed|date=May 2020}} is established through the unconstitutional seizure of territory by an insurgent or militant group that proceeds to assume the role of a ''de facto'' government.{{sfnp|Lia|2015|pp=31–32}} Although denied recognition and bereft of civil institutions, insurgent proto-states may engage in external trade, provide social services, and even undertake limited diplomatic activity.<ref name=Sellström>{{cite book|last=Sellström|first=Tor|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-204|title=Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Vol. 2 : Solidarity and assistance, 1970–1994|date=2002|pages=97–99|publisher=Nordic Africa Institute|location=Uppsala|isbn=978-91-7106-448-6}}</ref> These proto-states are usually formed by movements drawn from geographically concentrated ethnic or religious minorities, and are thus a common feature of inter-ethnic civil conflicts.<ref name=COIN1>{{cite book|last=Christian|first=Patrick James|title=A Combat Advisor's Guide to Tribal Engagement: History, Law and War as Operational Elements|date=2011|pages=36–37|publisher=Universal Publishers|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1599428161}}</ref> This is often due to the inclinations of an internal cultural identity group seeking to reject the legitimacy of a sovereign state's political order, and create its own enclave where it is free to live under its own sphere of laws, social mores, and ordering.<ref name=COIN1/> Since the 1980s a special kind of insurgent statehood has emerged in form of the "Jihadi proto-state", as the Islamist concept of statehood is extremely flexible. For instance, a Jihadi [[Social:Emirate|emirate]] can be simply understood as a territory or group ruled by an emir; accordingly, it might rule a significant area or just a neighborhood. Regardless of its extent, the assumption of statehood provides Jihadi militants with important internal legitimacy and cementes their self-identification as frontline society opposed to certain enemies.{{sfnp|Lia|2015|pp=31–32}}

The accumulation of territory by an insurgent force to form a sub-national geopolitical system and eventually, a proto-state, was a calculated process in China during the Chinese Civil War that set a precedent for many similar attempts throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.<ref name=Geography/> Proto-states established as a result of civil conflict typically exist in a perpetual state of warfare and their wealth and populations may be limited accordingly.<ref name="El País">{{Cite news
|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2010/07/12/internacional/1278885612_850215.html
|title=Estados-embrión
|last=Torreblanca
|first=José Ignacio
|date=12 July 2010
|newspaper=El País
|language=es
|access-date=18 March 2016
}}</ref> One of the most prominent examples of a wartime proto-state in the twenty-first century is the [[Religion:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]],<ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/2427742/0/estado-islamico/claves-califato/terrorismo-yihadista/
|title=¿Por qué Estado Islámico le está ganando la partida a los herederos de Bin Laden?
|last=Segurado
|first=Nacho
|date=16 April 2015
|newspaper=20 minutos
|language=es
|access-date=12 March 2016
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.es/2015/04/05/javier-martin-estado-islamico_n_6862082.html
|title=Javier Martín: "El Estado Islámico tiene espíritu de gobernar y permanecer"
|last=Rengel
|first=Carmen
|date=5 April 2015
|language=es
|access-date=12 March 2016
|website=huffingtonpost.es
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news
|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35585298
|title=Islamic State: The struggle to stay rich - BBC News
|language=en-GB
|access-date=17 March 2016
|date=2016-03-08
|last1=Keatinge
|first1=Tom
}}</ref> that maintained its own administrative bureaucracy and imposed taxes.<ref>{{Cite book
|url=http://www.catarata.org/libro/mostrar/id/1057
|title=Estado Islámico. Geopolítica del Caos
|last=Martín Rodríguez
|first=Javier
|publisher=Los Libros de la Catarata
|year=2015
|isbn=978-84-9097-054-6
|edition=3rd
|page=15
|location=[[Place:Madrid|Madrid]], Spain
|language=es
|trans-title=Islamic State: Geopolitics of Chaos
|access-date=2016-04-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203195640/http://www.catarata.org/libro/mostrar/id/1057
|archive-date=2017-12-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Theoretical basis==

The definition of a proto-state is not concise, and has been confused by the interchangeable use of the terms ''state'', ''country'', and ''nation'' to describe a given territory.<ref name=Atlas>{{cite book|last=Middleton|first=Nick|title=An Atlas of Countries That Don't Exist: A Compendium of Fifty Unrecognized and Largely Unnoticed States|date=2015|pages=14–16|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1447295273}}</ref> The term proto-state is preferred to "proto-nation" in an academic context, however, since some authorities also use ''nation'' to denote a social, ethnic, or cultural group capable of forming its own state.<ref name=Atlas/>

A proto-state does not meet the four essential criteria for statehood as elaborated upon in the declarative theory of statehood of the 1933 Montevideo Convention: a permanent population, a defined territory, a government with its own institutions, and the capacity to enter into relations with other states.<ref name=Atlas/> A proto-state is not necessarily synonymous with a state with limited recognition that otherwise has all the hallmarks of a fully functioning sovereign state, such as Rhodesia or the Republic of China, also known as Taiwan.<ref name=Atlas/> However, proto-states frequently go unrecognised since a state actor that recognises a proto-state does so in violation of another state actor's external sovereignty.<ref name=Coggins>{{cite book|last=Coggins|first=Bridget|title=Power Politics and State Formation in the Twentieth Century: The Dynamics of Recognition|date=2014|pages=35–64, 173|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107047358}}</ref> If full diplomatic recognition is extended to a proto-state and embassies exchanged, it is defined as a sovereign state in its own right and may no longer be classified as a proto-state.<ref name=Coggins/>

[[File:Map of Republika Srpska Krajina.png|thumb|right|250px|Territory of Croatia controlled by the Republic of Serbian Krajina proto-state 1991–1995.]]
Throughout modern history, partially autonomous regions of larger recognised states, especially those based on a historical precedent or ethnic and cultural distinctiveness that places them apart from those who dominate the state as a whole, have been considered proto-states.<ref name=Griffiths/> Home rule generates a sub-national institutional structure that may justifiably be defined as a proto-state.<ref name=Augusteijn>{{cite book|last=Augusteijn|first=Joost|title=The Irish Revolution, 1913-1923|url=https://archive.org/details/irishrevolution00augu|url-access=limited|date=2002|page=[https://archive.org/details/irishrevolution00augu/page/n27 13]|publisher=Palgrave|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0333982266}}</ref> When a rebellion or insurrection seizes control and begins to establish some semblance of administration in regions within national territories under its effective rule, it has also metamorphosed into a proto-state.<ref name=Nigeria>{{cite book|last=Araoye|first=Ademola|editor-last=Okome|editor-first=Mojubaolu|title=Contesting the Nigerian State: Civil Society and the Contradictions of Self-Organization|date=2013|page=35|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-1137324528}}</ref> These wartime proto-states, sometimes known as ''insurgent states'', may eventually transform the structure of a state altogether, or demarcate their own autonomous political spaces.<ref name=Nigeria/> While not a new phenomenon, the modern formation of a proto-states in territory held by a militant non-state entity was popularised by [[Biography:Mao Zedong|Mao Zedong]] during the Chinese Civil War, and the national liberation movements worldwide that adopted his military philosophies.<ref name=Geography>{{cite book|last=McColl|first=R. W.|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography, Volume 1|date=2005|pages=397–398, 466|publisher=Facts on File, Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8160-5786-3}}</ref> The rise of an insurgent proto-state was sometimes also an indirect consequence of a movement adopting [[Biography:Che Guevara|Che Guevara]]'s ''[[Social:Foco|foco]]'' theory of guerrilla warfare.<ref name=Geography/>

Secessionist proto-states are likeliest to form in preexisting states that lack secure boundaries, a concise and well-defined body of citizens, or a single sovereign power with a monopoly on the legitimate use of military force.<ref name=Newton>{{cite book|last1=Newton|first1=Kenneth|last2=Van Deth|first2=Jan|title=Foundations of Comparative Politics|date=2016|pages=364–365|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-1107582859}}</ref> They may be created as a result of putsches, insurrections, separatist political campaigns, foreign intervention, sectarian violence, civil war, and even the bloodless dissolution or division of the state.<ref name=Newton/>

Proto-states can be important regional players, as their existence affects the options available to state actors, either as potential allies or as impediments to their political or economic policy articulations.<ref name=Nigeria/>

==List of proto-states==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. To avoid original research, please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source stating that the specific entity is a "proto-state" or "quasi-state". All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->
{{incomplete list|date=March 2017}}

===Constituent proto-states===
==== Current ====
{{One source|section
|date=September 2021}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved statehood !!Since!! Source
|-
|{{flag|Adygea}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1991
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Åland}}
|{{flag|Finland}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uoc.edu/euromosaic/web/document/suec/an/e1/e1.html|title=Euromosaic - Swedish in Finland|website=www.uoc.edu|access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Altai Republic}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Aruba}}
|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ashanti.svg}} Ashanti
|{{flag|Ghana}} || {{No}}
|<ref name="Roeder">{{cite book|last=Roeder|first=Philip|title=Where Nation-States Come From: Institutional Change in the Age of Nationalism|date=2007|page=281|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691134673}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Azad Kashmir}}
|{{flag|Pakistan}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Azores}}
|{{flag|Portugal}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Bashkortostan}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{Partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1990
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|British Virgin Islands}} || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}} || 1960 || <ref name="Griffiths" /> 
|-
|{{flag|Bougainville}}
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|2001
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Buryatia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1990
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Canary Islands}}
|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Catalonia}}
|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}} 
|1978
|<ref name="Griffiths" /> 
|-
|{{flag|Cayman Islands}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}
|1962
|<ref name="Griffiths" /> 
|-
|{{flag|Chin State}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Christmas Island}}
|{{flag|Australia}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Chuvashia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Cook Islands}}
|{{flag|New Zealand}}|| {{Partial|''De jure''}} 
|1888
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Corsica}}
|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Curaçao}}
|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Dagestan}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1991
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Easter Island}}
|{{flag|Chile}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Euskadi}}
|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}} 
|1978
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Falkland Islands}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Faroe Islands}}
|{{flag|Denmark}}|| {{No}} 
|1948
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Flanders}}
|{{flag|Belgium}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" /> {{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|French Polynesia}}
|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Galicia}}
|{{flag|Spain|}}|| {{No}} 
|1978
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Greenland}}
|{{flag|Denmark}}|| {{No}} 
|1816
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Guam}}
|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}} 
|1816
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Guernsey}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the American Indian Movement.svg}} Indian reservations
|{{flag|United States}}|| {{Partial|''De jure''}} 
|1658 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|Indigenous territory (Brazil)
|{{flag|Brazil}}|| {{No}} 
|1850<ref>{{Cite web|title=L0601-1850|url=http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l0601-1850.htm|access-date=2021-07-17|website=www.planalto.gov.br}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Ingushetia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Iraqi Kurdistan}} || {{flag|Iraq}} || {{No}} || 1991 || <ref name="Dyer1">{{cite book|last=Dyer|first=Gwynne|title=Don't Panic: ISIS, Terror and Today's Middle East|date=2015|pages=105–107|publisher=Random House Canada|location=Toronto|isbn=978-0345815866}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Isle of Man}} || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{Partial|''De jure''}} || 1828 || <ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Jersey}} || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{Partial|''De jure''}} || 1204 || <ref name="Griffiths" /> 
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast.svg}} Jewish Autonomous Oblast
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1934
|-
|-
|{{flag|Kabardino-Balkaria}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Kachin State}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1949
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Kalmykia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Karachay-Cherkessia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Karelia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1991
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Kayah State}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1949
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Kayin State}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1949
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Khakassia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Komi Republic}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1996
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Madeira}}
|{{flag|Portugal}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Mari El}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1990
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Marquesas Islands}}
|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Montserrat}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| {{No}}
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Mon State}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1949
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Mordovia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1994
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|New Caledonia|FLNKS}}
|{{flag|France}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Northern Marianas}}
|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}} 
|1899
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|North Ossetia-Alania}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1995
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Nunavut}}
|{{flag|Canada}}|| {{No}} 
|1999
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}
|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}} 
|1816
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Puntland}} || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{No}} || 1998 || <ref name="Palmer">{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Andrew|title=The New Pirates: Modern Global Piracy from Somalia to the South China Sea|date=2014|page=74|publisher=I.B. Tauris, Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1848856332}}</ref> 
|-
|{{flag|Quebec}}
|{{flag|Canada}}|| {{No}} 
|1816
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Saint Helena}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}
|1834
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Sakha Republic}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1991
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Shan State}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1949
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Sint Maarten}}
|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}} 
|2010
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|South Tyrol}}
|{{flag|Italy}}|| {{No}} 
|1926
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{noflag}} [[Place:Svalbard|Svalbard]]
|{{flag|Norway}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Tatarstan}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}} 
|1990
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Temotu}}
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}|| {{No}} 
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Turks and Caicos}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{No}}
|1973
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Tuva}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1992
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Udmurtia}}
|{{flag|Russia}}|| {{partial|''Russian Federation''}}  
|1990
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|United States Virgin Islands}}
|{{flag|United States}}|| {{No}} 
|1816
|<ref name="Griffiths" />{{Additional citation needed|date=November 2021|reason=WP:EXCEPTIONAL}}
|-
|{{flag|Wallonia}}
|{{flag|Belgium}}|| {{No}} 
|1970
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Wa State}}
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|<!--1989-->2010
|<ref name="phoenix">29 December 2004, [http://www.phoenixtv.com/phoenixtv/76575495906394112/20041229/477702.shtml 佤帮双雄], Phoenix TV</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Steinmüller|first=Hans|date=2018|title=Conscription by Capture in the Wa State of Myanmar: acquaintances, anonymity, patronage, and the rejection of mutuality|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161929578.pdf|url-status=live|website=London School of Economics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109101438/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/161929578.pdf |archive-date=Jan 9, 2023 }}</ref> 
|-
|{{flag|Zanzibar}}
|{{flag|Tanzania}}|| {{No}} 
|1964
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|}

==== Former ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved statehood !!Dates!! Source
|-
|{{flag|Adjara}}
|{{flag|Georgia}}|| {{No}} 
|1921–2004
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Transcaucasian SFSR}}, {{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1922–1991
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Artsakh.svg}} [[Place:Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]]
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|1991-2023
|
|-
|{{flag|Aruba}}
|{{flag|Netherlands}}|| {{No}} 
| <ref name="Griffiths" /> 
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Transcaucasian SFSR}}, {{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1922–1991
|
|-
|{{flag|Bophuthatswana}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Partial|''De jure''}} 
|1977–1994
|<ref name="Marx1">{{cite book|title=Making Race and Nation: A Comparison of South Africa, the United States, and Brazil|last=Marx|first=Anthony|date=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521585903|location=Cambridge|page=106}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg}} Bosnia-Herzegovina
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1943–1992
|<ref name="Kosovo1" />
|-
|{{flag|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}, {{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}}
|1920–1991
|
|-
|{{flag|Ciskei}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Partial|''De jure''}} 
|1981–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of SR Croatia.svg}} Croatia
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1943–1991
|<ref name="Kosovo1" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Carpatho-Ukraine}} [[Place:Carpatho-Ukraine|Carpathian Ruthenia]]
|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|1938–1939
|
|-
|{{flag|Czech Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1969–1993
|<ref name="Newton" />
|-
|{{flag|East Caprivi}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1972–1989
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1940–1941, 1944–1991
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Socialist_red_flag.svg}} Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic || {{flag|Finland}} || {{No}} || 1918
|
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Repubblica Romana (1798).svg|frameless|23x23px]] [[Place:Free State of Bottleneck|Free State of Bottleneck]]
|{{Flag|Prussia}}, {{Flag|Weimar Republic}}
|{{No}}
|1919-1923
|
|-
|[[File:Wappen Schwarzenberg Erzgebirge.svg|left|frameless|21x21px]] Free Republic of Schwarzenberg
|{{Flagicon|Soviet occupation zone}} Soviet occupation zone of Germany|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|1945
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Ukraine}} Galician Ruthenians || {{flag|Austria-Hungary}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 1848–1918
|
|-
|{{flag|Gagauzia}}
|{{flag|Moldova}}|| {{No}} 
|1991–1994
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Gazankulu}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1971–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Transcaucasian SFSR}}, {{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1922–1991
|
|-
|{{flagicon|India}} Jammu and Kashmir
|{{flag|India}}|| {{No}}
|1921–2019
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Hereroland}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1970–1989
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|KaNgwane}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1972–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Karelia|1937}} Karelian ASSR
|{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}, {{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Partial|''union republic''}} 
|1923–1940
|
|-
|{{flag|Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{No}}
|1940–1956
|
|-
|{{flag|Kavangoland}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1973–1989
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1936–1991
|
|-
|{{flag|Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1936–1991
|
|-
|{{flag|KwaNdebele}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1981–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|KwaZulu}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1981–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1940–1941, 1944–1991
|
|-
|{{flag|Lebowa}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1972–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1940–1941, 1944–1990/1991
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of North Macedonia (1946–1992).svg}} Macedonia
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1945–1991
|<ref name="Kosovo1" />
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Socialist Republic of Montenegro.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1994–2004).svg}} Montenegro
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}, {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1945–2006
|<ref name="Kosovo1" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Moldova|1925}} Moldavian ASSR
|{{flag|Ukrainian SSR|1919}}, {{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Partial|''union republic''}} 
|1924–1940
|
|-
|{{flag|Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1940–1991
|
|-
|{{flag|Ovamboland}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1973–1989
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|QwaQwa}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{No}} 
|1974–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|Russian SFSR}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1917–1991
|<ref name="Hahn" />
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of SR Serbia.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Serbia (1992–2004).svg}} Serbia
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}, {{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1945–2006
|<ref name="Kosovo1" />
|-
|{{flagicon|Singapore}} Singapore
|{{flag|Malaysia}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1963–1965
|<ref name="Griffiths" />
|-
|{{flag|Slovak Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1969–1993
|<ref name="Newton" />
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Slovenia (1945-1991).svg}} Slovenia
|{{flag|Yugoslavia}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1945–1991
|<ref name="Kosovo1" />
|-
|{{flagicon|South Africa|1928}} South West Africa (Namibia)
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1915–1990
|<ref name="Hague">{{cite book|title=Recueil des cours: Collected courses of the Hague Academy of International Law|author=Hague Academy of International Law|date=1978|publisher=Sijthoff and Noordhoff, Publishers|isbn=978-90-286-0759-0|location=Alphen aan den Rijn|pages=100–101}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|South Sudan}} Southern Sudan
|{{flag|Sudan}}|| {{Yes}} 
|2005–2011
|<ref name="GOSS">{{cite book|title=Non-State Actors in International Law|last=Suzuki|first=Eisuke|date=2015|publisher=Hart Publishing|isbn=978-1849465113|editor1-last=Noortmann|editor1-first=Math|location=Portland|page=40|editor2-last=Reinisch|editor2-first=August|editor3-last=Ryngaert|editor3-first=Cedric}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Transkei}}
|{{flag|South Africa|1928}}|| {{Partial|''De jure''}} 
|1976–1994
|<ref name="Marx1" />
|-
|{{flag|Trucial States}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1820–1971
|<ref name="Trucial">{{cite book|title=The Rise of the Global South: Philosophical, Geopolitical and Economic Trends of the 21st Century|last=Ulrichsen|first=Kristian Coates|date=2013|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|isbn=978-9814397803|editor-last=Dargin|editor-first=Justin|location=Singapore|pages=155–156}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1929–1991
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Turkestan Autonomous SSR Flag.svg}} Turkestan ASSR
|{{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}|| {{No}} 
|1918–1924
|<ref name="Central1">{{cite book|title=Border Work: Spatial Lives of the State in Rural Central Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/borderworkspatia00reev|url-access=limited|last=Reeves|first=Madeleine|date=2014|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0801477065|location=Ithaca|page=[https://archive.org/details/borderworkspatia00reev/page/66 66]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1925–1991
|
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets}}
| {{Flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}
| {{No}} 
| 1917–1918
| 
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian Soviet Republic}}
| {{Flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}
| {{No}} 
| 1918
| 
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
| {{flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}, {{flag|Soviet Union}}
| {{Yes}}
| 1919–1991
| <ref name="Kennedy">{{cite book|title=Envisioning Eastern Europe: Postcommunist Cultural Studies|last=Ryabchuk|first=Mykola|date=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-10556-6|editor-last=Kennedy|editor-first=Michael D.|location=Ann Arbor|page=135|chapter=Between Civil Society and the New Etatism: Democracy in the Making and State Building in Ukraine|quote=For Ukraine, even the formal declaration of the Ukrainian SSR, however puppet like, was extremely important. First, it somewhat legitimised the very existence of the Ukrainian state and nation, even if by an “inviolable” union with Russia. Second, it provided an opportunity to create certain state structure, establish state symbols, and even attain an only informal but, as it turned out, crucial membership in the United Nations. Third, the formal existence of the Ukrainian SSR as a distinct ethnic, territorial, and administrative entity with state like features objectively created a legitimate and psychological basis for the eventual formation of a political nation. It has proven much easier to change a nominal “sovereignty” to a real one than to build a state out of several provinces (''gubernia'') threatened by foreign intervention and civil war, as in 1917–20.}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|{{flag|Soviet Union}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1924–1991
|
|-
|{{flag|Venda}} || {{flag|South Africa|1928}} || {{Partial|''De jure''}} || 1979–1994 || <ref name="Marx1" />
|}

===Secessionist, insurgent, and self-proclaimed autonomous proto-states===

==== Current ====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved statehood !! Since !! Source
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Abkhazia.svg}} [[Place:Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] || {{flag|Georgia}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 1992 || 
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Religion:Al-Qaeda|Al-Qaeda]] || {{flag|Mali}}<br>{{flag|Somalia}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 2006 ||
|-
|{{flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg}} [[Religion:Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]] || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{No}} || 2009 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of ADF.png}} Allied Democratic Forces || {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<br/>{{flag|Uganda}} || {{No}} || 1996 || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/19/new-insights-on-congos-islamist-rebels/ |title=New insights on Congo's Islamist rebels |author=Daniel Fahey |newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}} |date=19 February 2015 |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Federal Republic of Southern Cameroons.svg}} Ambazonia || {{flag|Cameroon}} || {{No}} || 2017 ||
|-
|{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} Ansar al-Sharia (Yemen)
|{{flag|Yemen}}|| {{No}} 
|2011
|{{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{nowrap|[[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|25px]] Ansar al-Sunna}}
|{{Flag|Mozambique}}|| {{No}} 
|2020
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|De_facto_SA-NES_Flag.svg}} [[Place:Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria|Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria]]
|{{flag|Syria}}|| {{Partial}} 
|2012
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=Brian Glyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_x82DQAAQBAJ&q=Rojava+%22proto-state%22&pg=PA300 |title=Counter Jihad: America's Military Experience in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria |date=2016-10-20 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812248678 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Cabinda (FLEC propose).svg}} Cabinda || {{flag|Angola}} || {{No}} || 1975 ||
|-
|{{flagicon|Central African Republic}} Coalition of Patriots for Change || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || {{No}} || 2020 ||
|-
|-
|{{Flagicon|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}} [[Place:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]|| {{Flag|Islamic State of Afghanistan}}|| {{Yes}} || 1994 ||
|-
|Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan|| {{flag|Pakistan}}|| {{No}}|| 2006 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|-
|{{flagicon image|Kachin Independence Army flag.svg}} Kachin
|{{flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1961
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Khaatumo State of Somalia.svg}} Khatumo
|{{flag|Somalia}}|| {{No}} 
|2012
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Kosovo}} Kosovo
|{{flag|Serbia}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|2008
|
|-
|Mai-Mai
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|| {{No}} 
|2015
|
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_the_NDAA.png|border|25px]] National Democratic Alliance Army
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1989
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of National Resistance Front of Afghanistan.svg}} National Resistance Front of Afghanistan
|{{Flag|Afghanistan}}|| {{No}} 
|2021
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|NDCRflag.svg}} Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated
| {{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|| {{No}} 
| 2015
|
|-
|{{Flag|Northern Cyprus}} || {{flag|Cyprus}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}}|| 1974 ||
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Oromo Liberation Front.svg}} Oromo Liberation Front
|{{Flag|Ethiopia}}|| {{No}} 
|1973
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Syrian Opposition}} Revolutionary Commando Army
|{{Flag|Syria}}|| {{No}} 
|2016
|
|-
|{{flag|Sahrawi Republic}}
|{{flag|Morocco}}|| {{Partial}} 
|1976
|<ref name="Domínguez" />
|-
|{{flagicon|State of Palestine}} [[Place:State of Palestine|State of Palestine]] || {{flag|Israel}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}}  || 1988 ||
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Somaliland.svg}} Somaliland
|{{flag|Somalia}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|1991
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of South Ossetia.svg}} [[Place:South Ossetia|South Ossetia]] || {{flag|Georgia}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 1991 || 
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of South Yemen.svg}} Southern Transitional Council || {{flag|Yemen}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 2017 || 
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Sudan Revolutionary Front.svg}} Sudan Revolutionary Front
|{{Flag|Sudan}}|| {{No}} 
|2011
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Syrian Opposition}} Syrian Interim Government
|{{Flag|Syria}}|| {{No}} 
|2013
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Syrian Salvation Government.svg}} Syrian Salvation Government
|{{Flag|Syria}}|| {{No}} 
|2017
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg}} [[Religion:Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan|Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan]]
|{{flag|Pakistan}}|| {{No}} 
|2002
|{{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Infobox TPLF.png}} Tigray People's Liberation Front || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || {{Partial|Partial}} || 2020 ||
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Transnistria (state).svg}} Transnistria
|{{flag|Moldova}}|| {{Partial|''De facto''}} 
|1990
|
|-
|[[File:United Wa State Army flag.png|border|25px]] United Wa State Army
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}|| {{No}} 
|1989
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of West Papua.svg}} West Papua || {{flag|Indonesia}} || {{No}} || 1971 ||
|}

==== Former ====
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! Proto-state !! Parent state !! Achieved statehood !! Dates !! Source
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.svg}} [[Religion:Al-Nusra Front|Al-Nusra Front]] || {{flag|Syria}} || {{No}} || 2012–2017 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg}} Ansar al-Islam || {{flag|Iraq|1991}}|| {{No}} || 2001–2003 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Movimento_Popular_de_Libertação_de_Angola_(bandeira).svg}} Angola || {{flag|Portugal}} || {{Yes}} || 1961–1975 ||
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg}} Ansar al-Sharia (Libya) || {{flag|Libya}} || {{No}} || 2014–2017 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} Ansar Dine || {{flag|Mali}} || {{No}} || 2012–2013 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}
|-
|{{flag|Donetsk People's Republic}} and {{flag|Luhansk People's Republic}}
| {{flag|Ukraine}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 2014–2022 || <ref name="Ukraine1">{{cite book|last=Socor|first=Vladimir|title=Countering Hybrid Threats: Lessons Learned from Ukraine|date=2016|publisher=IOS Press|isbn=978-1614996507|editor1-last=Iancu|editor1-first=Niculae|location=Washington, DC|pages=187–192|chapter=Conserved Conflict: Russia's Pattern in Ukraine's East|quote=Russia’s 2014 military intervention breached [Ukraine’s titles to sovereignty, territorial integrity and inviolability of its borders] de facto, but the Minsk armistice formalises that breach at the international level. Under the armistice, a formal restoration of Ukraine’s sovereignty and control of the external border in Donetsk-Luhansk is no longer a matter of title, right, or international law. Instead, that restoration becomes conditional on enshrining the Donetsk-Luhansk proto-state in Ukraine’s constitution and legitimising the Moscow-installed authorities there through elections. Moreover, the terms of that restoration are negotiable between Kyiv and Donetsk-Luhansk (i.e., Moscow) under the Minsk armistice.|editor2-last=Fortuna|editor2-first=Andrei|editor3-last=Barna|editor3-first=Cristian|editor4-last=Teodor|editor4-first=Mihaela}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} Armed Forces of South Russia || {{flag|Russian SFSR|name=Russia|1918}}|| {{No}} || 1919–1920 || <ref>Shambarov, V. ''[http://militera.lib.ru/research/shambarov2/index.html The State and revolutions (Государство и революции)]''. "Algoritm". Moscow, 2001 {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Azawad}} || {{flag|Mali}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 2012–2013 || <ref name="Azawad1"/>
|-
|{{flagicon|Islamic State}} [[Religion:Boko Haram|Boko Haram]] || {{flag|Nigeria}}<br>{{flag|Cameroon}} || {{No}} || 2013–2015 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=34}}
|-
| {{Flag|Carpatho-Ukraine}}
| {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}}, {{Flag|Hungary|1920}}
|  {{Partial|''De facto''}}  
| 1938–1939
|
|-
|{{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}} || {{flag|Russia}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 1991–2000 || <ref name=Coggins/>
|-
|{{flag|Chinese Soviet Republic}} || {{flagicon|Taiwan}} China || {{No}} || 1931–1937 || <ref name=Geography/>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Chinese Communist Party (Pre-1996).svg}} Communist China || {{flagicon|Taiwan}} China || {{Yes}} || 1927–1949 || <ref name=Geography/>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Dar El Kuti Republic.svg}} Dar al-Kuti || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 2015–2021 || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/central-african-republic-rebels-declare-autonomous-state-in-north/2015/12/15/8efdd3a8-a380-11e5-ad3f-991ce3374e23_story.html|title=Central African Republic rebels declare autonomous state in north|date=15 December 2015|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>
|-

|{{flagicon image|Флаг Дубровницкой республики (1991).png}} Dubrovnik Republic || {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia|| {{No}} || 1991–1992 || <ref name=Griffiths/>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Eastern Slavonia - Baranja - and Western Syrmia.svg}} Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia || {{flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia|| {{No}} || 1995–1998 || <ref name=Griffiths/>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the FARC-EP.svg}} FARC || {{flag|Colombia}} || {{No}} || 1964–2017 || <ref name=Extremists>{{cite book|last1=Faure|first1=Guy Olivier|last2=Zartman|first2=I. William|title=Engaging Extremists: Trade-offs, Timing, and Diplomacy|date=1997|page=5|publisher=United States Institute of Peace Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1601270740}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Fatah al-Islam.png}} Fatah al-Islam
| {{flag|Lebanon}}
| {{No}} 
| 2007
| {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Fujian People's Government.svg}} Fujian || {{flagicon|China|1928}} China || {{No}} || 1933–1934 ||
|-
| Armed Islamic Group of Algeria || {{flag|Algeria}} || {{No}} || 1993–1995 || {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{flagicon|Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia}} Herzeg-Bosnia || {{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|| {{No}} || 1991–1996 || <ref name=Griffiths/> 
|-
|{{flag|Hyderabad State}} || {{flag|India}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 1947–1948 || <ref name=Griffiths/> 
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Idel-Ural State.svg}} [[Place:Idel-Ural State|Idel-Ural State]] || {{flagicon|Russia}} Russia || {{No}} || 1917–1918 || <ref name=Tatar>{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Glenn|title=Commissar and Mullah: Soviet-Muslim Policy from 1917 to 1924|date=2007|page=14|publisher=Universal Publishers|location=Boca Raton|isbn=978-1581123494}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} Irish Republic || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || {{Yes}} || 1919–1922 || <ref name=Ireland>{{cite book|last=Suzman|first=Mark|title=Ethnic Nationalism and State Power: The Rise of Irish Nationalism, Afrikaner Nationalism and Zionism|date=1999|pages=144–145|publisher=Macmillan Press|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0312220280}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Islamic Emirate of Kunar
| {{Flag|Afghanistan|1987|name=Republic of Afghanistan}}
| {{No}} 
| 1989–1991
| {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{Flagicon|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}} [[Place:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] || {{Flag|Islamic State of Afghanistan}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 1996–2001 ||
|-
| Islamic Republic of Imbaba
| {{flag|Egypt}}
| {{No}} 
| 1989–1992
| {{sfnp|Lia|2015|p=33}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg}} Jamiat-e Islami ||{{Flag|Afghanistan|1980|name=Democratic Republic of Afghanistan}}|| {{No}} || 1982–1989 || <ref name="Update">''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK_fAAAAMAAJ Defence Journal]''. Ikram ul-Majeed Sehgal, 2006, Volume 9-10 Collected Issues 12(9)-12 (10) page 47.</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania.svg}} Republic of Kosova || {{flag|FR Yugoslavia}} || {{No}} || 1992–1999 || <ref>[http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 Statement of Albanian PM Sali Berisha during the recognition of the Republic of Kosovo, stating that this is based on a 1991 Albanian law, which recognised the Republic of Kosova] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420190957/http://www.keshilliministrave.al/index.php?fq=brenda&m=news&lid=7323&gj=gj2 |date=April 20, 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kharkov People's Republic.svg}} Kharkiv People's Republic || {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{wipe|Ukraine}}|| {{No}} || 2014
|| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/kharkiv-operation-ukraine-terrorism-separatist-arrests/25324984.html |title=Ukraine Authorities Clear Kharkiv Building, Arrest Scores Of 'Separatists'  |date=April 8, 2014 |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Chinese Soviet Republic|name=Jiangxi}} || {{flagicon|China|1928}} China || {{No}} || 1931–1937 || <ref name=Geography/>
|-
|{{flag|Jubaland}} || {{flag|Somalia}} || {{No}} || 1998–2001 || <ref name=Order/>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1978).svg}} Junbish-e Milli 
|| {{Flag|Afghanistan|1987|name=Republic of Afghanistan}} (until April 28)<br/>{{Flag|Islamic State of Afghanistan}} (from April 28)|| {{No}} || 1992–1997 || <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/rashid-dostum-the-treacherous-general-9224857.html | title=Rashid Dostum: The treacherous general| website=Independent.co.uk| date=December 2001}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Yugoslav Partisans flag (1942-1945).svg}} Liberated Yugoslavia || {{flag|Independent State of Croatia}}<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of National Salvation (occupied Yugoslavia).svg}} Occupied Serbia || {{Yes}} || 1942–1945 || <ref name=Laqueur>{{cite book|last=Laqueur|first=Walter|title=Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study|date=1997|page=218|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=Piscataway, New Jersey|isbn=978-0765804068}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic}} || {{flagicon|China|1928}} China || {{Yes}} || 1911–1946
|
|-
|{{flag|Mozambique|1974}} || {{flag|Portugal}} || {{Yes}} || 1964–1974 || {{refn|The erosion of Portuguese military control over northern Mozambique during the Mozambican War of Independence allowed local guerrillas to establish a proto-state there, which survived until the war ended in 1974. Home to about a million people, the miniature insurgent proto-state was managed by FRELIMO's civilian wing and was able to provide administrative services, open trade relations with Tanzania, and even supervise the construction of its own schools and hospitals with foreign aid.<ref name=Sellström/>|name=KBS|group=note}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} Revolutionary Vietnam || {{flag|South Vietnam}} || {{No}} || 1969–1976 || 
<ref name=Domínguez>{{cite book|last=Domínguez|first=Jorge|title=To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy|date=1989|pages=127–128|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=978-0674893252}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Republika_Srpska.svg}} Republika Srpska || {{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|| {{No}} || 1991–1995 || <ref name=Griffiths/>
|-
|Red Spears' rebel area in Dengzhou || {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China.svg}} China || {{No}} || 1929 || {{sfnp|Bianco|2015|p=6}}
|-
|{{flagicon image|State Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg}} Serbian Krajina || {{flag|Croatia}} || {{No}} || 1991–1995 || <ref name=Glaurdic>{{cite book|last=Glaurdic|first=Josip|title=The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia|date=2011|page=149|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=978-0300166293}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Province Sudetenland.Svg}} [[Place:Sudetenland|Sudetenland]]
|{{flag|Czechoslovakia}}|| {{No}} 
|1918–1938
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilbert |first1=Martin |last2=Gott |first2=Richard |title=The Appeasers |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=[[Place:London|London]] |year=1967}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Liberia}} "Taylorland" or Greater Liberia || {{flag|Liberia}} || {{No}} || 1990–1995/97 || {{refn|In course of the First Liberian Civil War, the Liberian central government effectively collapsed, allowing [[Social:Warlord|warlord]]s to establish their own fiefs. One of the most powerful rebel leaders in Liberia, Charles Taylor, set up his own domain in a way resembling an actual state: He reorganised his militia into a military-like organisation (split into Army, Marines, Navy, and Executive Mansion Guard), established his ''de facto'' capital at Gbarnga, and created a civilian government and justice system under his control that were supposed to enforce law and order. The area under his control was commonly called "Taylorland" or "Greater Liberia" and even became somewhat stable and peaceful until it largely disintegrated in 1994/5 as result of attacks by rival militias. In the end, however, Taylor won the civil war and was elected President of Liberia, with his regime becoming the new central government.{{sfn|Dwyer|2015|pp=39, 40, 62}}{{sfn|Lidow|2016|pp=116–130}}|name=Lib|group=note}}
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg}} Tamil Eelam|| {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || {{No}} || 1983–2009 || <ref name=Extremists/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.prcprague.cz/fcdataset/srilanka-tamileelam | title=Sri Lanka vs. Tamil Eelam }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/cfa-gave-de-facto-recognition-to-eelam-ltte/story-mUyWfYQqqKRqk2CLexoiIM.html | title=CFA gave de facto recognition to Eelam: LTTE | date=23 February 2007 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|Tibet}} Tibet || {{flagicon|China|1928}} China || {{No}} || 1912–1951
| {{refn|See Tibetan sovereignty debate|group=note}}
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian National Government}}
| {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}}, {{Flag|Nazi Germany|Nazi}}
| {{No}} 
| 1941
| 
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian People's Republic}}
| {{Flag|Russian Republic}}, {{Flag|Russian SFSR|1918}}
| {{Yes}} 
| 1917–1921
| 
|-
|{{flag|United States|1776}}
|{{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain|name=Great Britain}}|| {{Yes}} 
|1776–1783
|
|-
| {{flag|West Ukrainian People's Republic}}
| {{flag|Austria-Hungary|1918}}, {{flag|Poland|1918}}
| {{No}} 
| 1918–1919
| 
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993–1995).svg}} Western Bosnia || {{flagicon|Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina|| {{No}} || 1993–1995 || <ref name=Griffiths/>
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Ejército_Zapatista_de_Liberación_Nacional,_Flag.svg}} Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities
|{{Flag|Mexico}} || {{Partial|''De facto''}} || 1994–2023 ||
|-
| {{flag|Zaporozhian Sich}}
| {{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg|border=no}} [[Place:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]
| {{Yes}} 
| 16th century–1649
| {{sfnp|Essen|2018|p=83}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Earth:Aspirant state|Aspirant state]]
* [[Earth:Deep state|Deep state]]
* [[Social:Failed state|Failed state]]
* [[Earth:List of sovereign states|List of sovereign states]]
* [[Social:Nation-building|Nation-building]]
* [[Social:Rump state|Rump state]]
* [[Earth:Sovereign state|Sovereign state]]
* [[Social:State-building|State-building]]

==Notes and references==
===Annotations===
{{reflist |group=note}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
*{{cite book
 |title = Peasants without the Party: Grassroots Movements in Twentieth Century China
 |last = Bianco
 |first = Lucien
 |date = 2015
 |publisher = [[Company:Routledge|Routledge]]
 |location = Abingdon-on-Thames, {{wipe|New York City}}
 |isbn = 978-1563248405
}}
*{{cite book 
 |title = American Warlord. A true story
 |last = Dwyer
 |first = Johnny
 |publisher = Vintage Books
 |year = 2015
 |location = {{wipe|New York City}}
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last = Essen
 |first = Michael Fredholm von
 |title = Muscovy's Soldiers. The Emergence of the Russian Army 1462–1689
 |language = en
 |date = 2018
 |publisher = Helion & Company
 |location = Warwick
 |isbn = 978-1912390106
 }}
*{{cite book 
 |title = Violent Order: Understanding Rebel Governance through Liberia's Civil War
 |last = Lidow
 |first = Nicholai Hart
 |publisher = {{wipe|Cambridge University Press}}
 |year = 2016
 |location = Cambridge
 }}
*{{cite journal| last = Lia| first = Brynjar| title = Understanding Jihadi Proto-States| journal = Perspectives on Terrorism| volume = 9| issue = 4| date = August 2015| pages=31–41| url = https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/binaries/content/assets/customsites/perspectives-on-terrorism/2015/volume-4/4-understanding-jihadi-proto-states-by-brynjar-lia.pdf |issn = 2334-3745 }}


[[Category:Political science terminology]]
[[Category:Political geography]]
[[Category:Political metaphors]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]

{{Sourceattribution|Quasi-state}}