View source for Engineering:Gated SPECT

'''Gated SPECT''' is a [[Medicine:Nuclear medicine|nuclear medicine]] imaging technique, typically for the [[Biology:Heart|heart]] in [[Chemistry:Myocardial perfusion imaging|myocardial perfusion]] imagery.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=AK |last2=Nabi |first2=HA |title=Gated myocardial perfusion SPECT: basic principles, technical aspects, and clinical applications. |journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology |date=December 2004 |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=179–87; quiz 188–9 |pmid=15576339 |url=http://tech.snmjournals.org/content/32/4/179.long}}</ref> An electrocardiogram (ECG) guides the image acquisition, and the resulting set of [[Biology:Single-photon emission computed tomography|single-photon emission computed tomography]] (SPECT) images shows the heart as it contracts over the interval from one R wave to the next. Gated myocardial perfusion imaging has been shown to have high prognostic value and [[Sensitivity and specificity|sensitivity]] for critical [[Medicine:Stenosis|stenosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=L |title=Prognostic value of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT |journal=Journal of Nuclear Cardiology |date=April 2004 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=171–185 |doi=10.1016/j.nuclcard.2003.12.004 |pmid=15052249}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hesse |first1=B. |last2=Lindhardt |first2=T. B. |last3=Acampa |first3=W. |last4=Anagnostopoulos |first4=C. |last5=Ballinger |first5=J. |last6=Bax |first6=J. J. |last7=Edenbrandt |first7=L. |last8=Flotats |first8=A. |last9=Germano |first9=G. |last10=Stopar |first10=T. Gmeiner |last11=Franken |first11=P. |last12=Kelion |first12=A. |last13=Kjaer |first13=A. |last14=Le Guludec |first14=D. |last15=Ljungberg |first15=M. |last16=Maenhout |first16=A. F. |last17=Marcassa |first17=C. |last18=Marving |first18=J. |last19=McKiddie |first19=F. |last20=Schaefer |first20=W. M. |last21=Stegger |first21=L. |last22=Underwood |first22=R. |title=EANM/ESC guidelines for radionuclide imaging of cardiac function |journal=European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging |date=26 January 2008 |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=851–885 |doi=10.1007/s00259-007-0694-9 |url=https://www.eanm.org/publications/guidelines/gl_cardio_ranuc_img_card_funct.pdf  |display-authors=1}}</ref>

The acquisition computer defines the number of time bins or frames to divide the R to R interval of the patient's electrocardiogram. A "window" may be set which discards data from R to R intervals which deviate from some amount from the patient's average R to R wave duration. This discards preventricular contractions and [[Medicine:Arrhythmia|arrhythmia]]s from the acquisition and improves the quality of the resulting study.<ref name="IntCar">{{cite book |last1=Movahed |first1=Assad |last2=Gnanasegaran |first2=Gopinath |last3=Buscombe |first3=John |last4=Hall |first4=Margaret |title=Integrating Cardiology for Nuclear Medicine Physicians: A Guide to Nuclear Medicine Physicians |date=2008 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=9783540786740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zTQ8cQmRx8C |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|263}}

The [[Physics:Gamma camera|gamma camera]] will take a series of pictures around the patient, dividing each 'step' of the camera head's motion into the predetermined number of 'frames.' The details of this acquisition vary with single-headed, double-headed, or triple-headed cameras — but a single-headed camera typically acquires 32 'steps' over an arc of 180 degrees around the patient.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuikka |first1=Jyrki T |title=Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with Combined Single-photon Emission Computed Tomography and Multislice Computed Tomography |journal=European Cardiology Review |date=2007 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=54 |doi=10.15420/ecr.2007.0.2.54}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dorbala |first1=Sharmila |last2=Ananthasubramaniam |first2=Karthik |last3=Armstrong |first3=Ian S. |last4=Chareonthaitawee |first4=Panithaya |last5=DePuey |first5=E. Gordon |last6=Einstein |first6=Andrew J. |last7=Gropler |first7=Robert J. |last8=Holly |first8=Thomas A. |last9=Mahmarian |first9=John J. |last10=Park |first10=Mi-Ae |last11=Polk |first11=Donna M. |last12=Russell |first12=Raymond |last13=Slomka |first13=Piotr J. |last14=Thompson |first14=Randall C. |last15=Wells |first15=R. Glenn |title=Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Guidelines: Instrumentation, Acquisition, Processing, and Interpretation |journal=Journal of Nuclear Cardiology |date=25 May 2018 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=1784–1846 |doi=10.1007/s12350-018-1283-y |pmid=29802599 |display-authors=1|doi-access=free }}</ref>

When the acquisition is completed, the technologist must process the images to create a data set which represents the volume of tracer as seen by the camera during the study acquisition. In gated SPECT, this process is performed for each of the time bins defined by the acquisition protocol. When viewed by the physician for interpretation, the heart can be watched as it contracts and expands from diastole to systole.

The computer can calculate the patient's [[Medicine:Ejection fraction|ejection fraction]], end diastolic volume, wall motion, end systolic volume, myocardial thickening, shortening, and contractility. However, one is viewing an average of all collected heart beats over the image acquisition. [[Noise (signal processing)|Noise]] on the ECG, patient motion, [[Visual artifact|artefacts]], or a change in the heart rate during acquisition can degrade the quality of the resulting gated image dataset.<ref name="IntCar" />{{rp|268}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Fathala |first1=Ahmed |title=Myocardial perfusion single photon computed tomography: An Atlas |journal=Journal of the Saudi Heart Association |date=April 2011 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=107–122 |doi=10.1016/j.jsha.2011.01.009 |pmid=23960648 |pmc=3727501}}
* {{cite web |last1=DePasquale |first1=Eugene |title=Role of Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Managing CAD |url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/449487_6 |website=Medscape |accessdate=28 September 2019 |date=25 February 2003}}

{{Medical imaging}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gated Spect}}
[[Category:3D nuclear medical imaging]]



{{Sourceattribution|Gated SPECT}}