View source for Engineering:Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies

{{Infobox spacecraft instrument
| Name = Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies (Ma_MISS)
| Image =
| Caption =

| Operator = [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]
| Manufacturer = [[Organization:INAF|INAF]]
| Type = [[Physics:Spectrometer|spectrometer]]
| Function =
| Mission_Duration = ≥ 7 months<ref name="Astro2017">{{cite journal |title=Habitability on Early Mars and the Search for Biosignatures with the ExoMars Rover |journal=Astrobiology |first=Jorge L. |last=Vago |display-authors=0 |volume=17 |issue=6–7 |pages=471–510 |date=July 2017 |doi=10.1089/ast.2016.1533 |bibcode=2017AsBio..17..471V|pmc=5685153 |pmid=31067287 }}</ref>
| Began = <!--date operations began (single instruments only)-->
| Ceased = <!--date operations ceased (single instruments only)-->
| Webpage = [https://exploration.esa.int/web/mars/-/45103-rover-instruments ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite]

| Mass = 
| Dimensions =
| Power_consumption = 
| Resolution = 
| Spectral_Band = Visible and NIR
| Data_Rate =

| Spacecraft = [[Engineering:Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]]
| SC_Operator = [[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]]
| Launch = NET 2028
| Rocket = 
| Launch_Site =
| COSPAR = <!--COSPAR ID of host spacecraft-->
}}
'''Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies''' ('''Ma_MISS''') is a miniaturized [[Imaging spectrometer|imaging spectrometer]] designed to provide imaging and spectra by reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength region and determine the mineral composition and [[Earth:Stratigraphy|stratigraphy]]. The instrument is part of the science payload on board the European [[Engineering:Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Howell |first=Elizabeth |url=https://www.space.com/34664-exomars-facts.html |title=ExoMars: Searching for Life on Mars |work=Space.com |date=July 24, 2018 |accessdate=March 13, 2020}}</ref> tasked to search for [[Astronomy:Biosignature|biosignature]]s, and scheduled to launch not earlier than 2028. Ma_MISS is essentially inside a drill on the Rover, and will take measurements of the sub-surface directly.

Ma_MISS will help on the search for biosignatures by studying minerals and ices ''in situ'' before the collection of samples. The instrument is integrated within the Italian [[Engineering:Core drill|core drill]] system called DEEDRI, and it will be dedicated to ''in situ'' studies of the mineralogy inside the excavated holes in terms of visible and infrared spectral reflectance.<ref name='Vago 2017'>[https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/ast.2016.1541 Ma_MISS on ExoMars: Mineralogical Characterization of the Martian Subsurface]. Maria Cristina De Sanctis, Francesca Altieri, Eleonora Ammannito, David Biondi, Simone De Angelis, Marco Meini, Giuseppe Mondello,
Samuele Novi, Riccardo Paolinetti, Massimo Soldani, Raffaele Mugnuolo, Simone Pirrotta, Jorge L. Vago. ''Astrobiology'', Vol. 17, No. 6-7. 1 July 2017. {{doi|10.1089/ast.2016.1541}}.</ref> 

The Principal Investigator is Maria Cristina De Sanctis, from the [[Organization:INAF|INAF]] (''Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica'') in Italy.<ref name='ESA home'/>

==Overview==

{| class="wikitable floatright"
|-
! MA-MISS !! Parameter/units<ref name='De Angelis 2014'/><ref name='Sanctis 2012'/>
|-
| Operational<br/>wavelengths || *Visible<br/>*NIR: 0.4-2.2 µm
|-
| Focal distance between<br/>window and sample || < 1 mm
|-
| Spatial resolution || 0.1 mm
|-
| Bore hole || ≈2.5 cm diameter
|}
The instrument is based on the design conceived by planetary scientist [[Biography:Angioletta Coradini|Angioletta Coradini]] in 2001.<ref name='ESA home'/><ref name=''>[http://www-personal.umich.edu/~atreya/Proceds/2001_MA_MISS.pdf MA MISS: Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies]. (PDF) A. Coradini, G. Piccioni, etal. ''Adv. Space Res''. Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 1203-1208, 2001.</ref> Ma_MISS is integrated in the [[Engineering:Rosalind Franklin (rover)|''Rosalind Franklin'' rover]]  2-metre DEEDRI core drill and shares its structure and electronics. It will perform visible and [[Physics:Near-infrared spectroscopy|near-infrared spectroscopy]] (NIR) in the 0.4 to 2.2 μm range of the excavated borehole wall. <ref name='ESA home'> [http://exploration.esa.int/mars/45103-rover-instruments/?fbodylongid=2133 The ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite: Ma_MISS - Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies]. European Space Agency. Accessed: 20 July 2018.</ref><ref name='De Angelis 2014'> [http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2014/EPSC2014-243.pdf VNIR spectral measurements on rock slabs with ExoMars Ma_Miss instrument]. S. De Angelis, M.C. De Sanctis, E. Ammannito, C. Carli, T. Di Iorio, A. Frigeri, P. Manzari. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 9, EPSC2014-243, 2014. European Planetary Science Congress 2014.</ref> 

A 5 [[Watt|watt]] lamp and an optical fiber array will provide the illumination of the target (about 100 μm spot) as well as collect the scattered light from the target. An optical fiber carries the light to the spectrometer.<ref name='De Angelis 2014'/>

It will be operated periodically during the pauses of the drilling activity and will also be able to provide images of the hole wall by a [[Chemistry:Sapphire|sapphire]] window connected to an array of optical fibres.<ref name='De Angelis 2014'/><ref name='Sanctis 2012'> [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14.6592D MA_MISS: Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies]. De Sanctis, M. C.; Coradini, A.; Ammannito, E.; Boccaccini, A.; Di Iorio, T.; Battistelli, E.; Capanni, A. ''EGU General Assembly 2012'', held 22-27 April, 2012 in Vienna, Austria. pg. 6592.</ref> MA-MISS will provide important information about [[Earth:Mineralogy|mineralogy]], [[Earth:Petrology|petrology]], and geological processes of sedimentary materials of the Martian subsurface.<ref name='Sanctis 2012'/> It will also give insights about materials that have not been altered by surface processes such as erosion, weathering or oxidation.<ref name='De Angelis 2014'/>

The instrument is noted for its location inside the drill where it will have close contact with the Martian sub-surface.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://exploration.esa.int/mars/45103-rover-instruments/?fbodylongid=2133|title=The ExoMars Rover Instrument Suite|website=exploration.esa.int|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-07-21}}</ref> There is a window on the side of the drill, and as the drill turns it can take measurements around the circumference of the bore hole.<ref name=":0" />

==Objectives==

The [[Astronomy:ExoMars|ExoMars programme]] is an [[Astronomy:Astrobiology|astrobiology]] project focused on the search for [[Astronomy:Biosignature|biosignature]]s in the subsurface of Mars, and to better understand the geological evolution and [[Astronomy:Planetary habitability|habitability]] of Mars. The study of the Martian subsurface will provide important constraints on the nature, timing and duration of alteration and sedimentation processes on Mars, as well as on the complex interactions between the surface and the atmosphere. The stated objectives of the Ma_MISS experiment are: <ref name='Vago 2017'/> 
*Determine the composition of subsurface materials.
*Map the distribution of subsurface [[Astronomy:Water on Mars|water]] and {{chem|CO|2}} ices.
*Characterize grain size.
*Reconstruct a [[Earth:Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] column for clues on subsurface geological processes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Exomars}}
{{Satellite and spacecraft instruments}}
{{Astrobiology}}
{{European Space Agency}}

[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Space science experiments]]

{{Sourceattribution|Mars Multispectral Imager for Subsurface Studies|1}}