View source for Engineering:TOS-1

'''TOS-1 Buratino''' ({{langx|ru|тяжёлая огнемётная система (ТОС-1)|Tyazhyelaya ognemyetnaya sistema (TOS-1)}}, Heavy Flamethrower System (TOS-1)) is a Soviet 220&nbsp;mm 30-barrel (original system, '''Object 634''' or '''TOS-1M''') or 24-barrel ('''Object 634B''' or '''TOS-1A Solntsepyok''') [[Engineering:Multiple rocket launcher|multiple rocket launcher]] capable of using thermobaric warheads, mounted on a [[Engineering:T-72|T-72]] / [[Engineering:T-90|T-90]] tank [[Engineering:Chassis|chassis]]. TOS-1 was designed to attack enemy fortified positions and lightly armored vehicles and transports, particularly in open terrain. The system’s first combat tests took place in 1988 and 1989 in the Panjshir Valley during the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]]. The TOS-1 was shown for the first time in public in 1999 in Omsk.

TOS-1 is not assigned to the artillery units of the Russian Armed Forces but is found in Russian NBC Protection Troops.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/ukraine_-_russia_invasion_conflict_war/ukrainian_army_fires_tos-1a_heavy_flamethrower_against_its_former_russian_owner.html | title=Ukrainian army fires TOS-1A Heavy Flamethrower against its former Russian owner| date=6 April 2022}}</ref>{{Needs update|date=April 2023|reason=unclear if still the case}}

==Development==
[[File:Army2016-487.jpg|thumb|left|BM-1 - Russian 24-barrel multiple rocket launcher, part of ТОS-1A system]]
The idea of a heavy short-range [[Engineering:Multiple rocket launcher|MLRS]] to launch rockets equipped with incendiary and thermobaric warheads arose in the late 1970s. The combat system consisting of the combat vehicle, rockets, and loading vehicle was developed in early 1980s at KBTM in Omsk and was named TOS-1, remaining a secret development for a long time.

The TOS-1 '''Buratino''' is intended to engage military personnel, equipment, and buildings, including fortified constructions. The nickname "[[Biology:Buratino|Buratino]]" originates with the name of the hero of a Russian retelling of the [[Biology:Pinocchio|Pinocchio]] tale (by Alexey Tolstoy), given the perception of the big "nose" of the launcher (in the original Italian text of [[Biology:Pinocchio|Pinocchio]], the protagonist is a "burattino", the Italian word for "[[Software:Puppet|puppet]]"). The combat vehicle acts within the combat order of infantry and tanks. The large mass of the launcher, combined with the short range of rockets launches ({{convert|3500|m|yd|abbr=off|disp=comma}}), forced an increase in the level of armor and use the chassis of the [[Engineering:T-72|T-72]] main battle tank. The TZM reloading vehicle was built on the chassis of a KrAZ-255B cross-country truck and equipped with a crane for loading/unloading of the launcher. Production of KrAZ-255B has officially stopped in 1994. Therefore, TZM-T for later Soltsepyok was created based on the chassis of a T-72 variation T-72A.

In 2003, the improved TOS-1A '''Solntsepyok''' ("Scorching sunlight") system entered service with the range extended to {{convert|6|km|yd}} and a better ballistic computer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1224/122050259/detail.shtml |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / В декабре исполняется 15 лет со дня принятия на вооружение ВС РФ ТОС-1А "Солнцепек" |trans-title=TsAMTO / News / In December it will be 15 years since the adoption of TOS-1A "Solntsepyok" in the Russian Armed Forces |lang=ru|access-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170601/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/1224/122050259/detail.shtml |archive-date=2018-12-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2020, Russia introduced a new rocket for the TOS-1A with a range of {{convert|10|km|yd}}, achieved in part by weight and size reductions of a new fuel air explosive mixture in the warhead, while also increasing its power. Minimum range is extended from {{convert|400|to|1600|m|yd}}, so the shorter-range M0.1.01.04M rocket will be retained for close combat environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1128331|title = Troops fire next-generation shells for heavy flamethrowers in Siberia drills}}</ref> In 2018, Russian NBC Protection Troops received 30 TOS-1A Solntsepyok (Sunburn) 220&nbsp;mm multiple rocket launchers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/82729/russian-cbrn-protection-troops-receive-30-tos-1a-mrls|title=Russian CBRN protection troops receive 30 TOS-1A MRLs {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2018-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905143814/https://www.janes.com/article/82729/russian-cbrn-protection-troops-receive-30-tos-1a-mrls|archive-date=2018-09-05|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2017 Saudi Arabian Military Industries signed a Memorandum of Understanding with Rosoboronexport for the local production of the TOS-1A.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/05/Saudi-Arabian-Military-Industries-signs-agreement-to-manucafture-Russian-weapons-locally-.html|title=Saudi Arabia signs agreement to manufacture Russian weapons locally|website=english.alarabiya.net|date=5 October 2017|access-date=2017-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006113509/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/05/Saudi-Arabian-Military-Industries-signs-agreement-to-manucafture-Russian-weapons-locally-.html|archive-date=2017-10-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Combat history==
[[File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-1).jpg|thumb|TOS-1A in action]]
TOS-1s were first used in combat in Afghanistan's Panjshir valley by the Soviet Union during the [[Religion:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euWFB3nRXxE|title=Putin schickt nach Syrien & Irak die effektivste Waffe gegen den IS - TOS-1A |trans-title=Putin sends to Syria & Iraq the most effective weapon against the IS - TOS-1A |lang=de|last=Deutschland+Russland|date=21 September 2015|via=YouTube|access-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506202925/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=euWFB3nRXxE|archive-date=6 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a17324/the-scariest-soviet-tank-mounted-rocket-launcher-ever-will-blow-you-up-now/|title=This Russian Tank-Mounted Rocket Launcher Can Incinerate 8 City Blocks|date=14 September 2015|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170507035207/http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a17324/the-scariest-soviet-tank-mounted-rocket-launcher-ever-will-blow-you-up-now/|archive-date=7 May 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, they were used during the Second Chechen War.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-chechen-wars-cast-a-long-shadow-7b058a84ffe9|title=The Chechen Wars Cast a Long Shadow|first=War Is|last=Boring|date=28 March 2015|access-date=1 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628202624/https://medium.com/war-is-boring/the-chechen-wars-cast-a-long-shadow-7b058a84ffe9|archive-date=28 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

TOS-1As were first used in combat in Iraq by the Iraqi Army in the recapture of Jurf Al Sakhar on 24 October 2014, from [[Religion:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIL]] forces.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Salami|first1=Jassem Al|title=Led by an Armored Bulldozer, Shia Militia Fought to Restore Their Credibility|url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/led-by-an-armored-bulldozer-shia-militia-fought-to-restore-their-credibility-8a6467a29174|website=War is Boring|date=26 November 2014|publisher=Medium.com|access-date=27 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219052004/https://medium.com/war-is-boring/led-by-an-armored-bulldozer-shia-militia-fought-to-restore-their-credibility-8a6467a29174|archive-date=19 December 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The Iraqi Army launched at least three TOS-1 rockets on 18 June 2017 during the first day of an offensive to recapture the Old City of [[Place:Mosul|Mosul]], Iraq, from the [[Religion:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]], targeting school buildings held by Islamic State forces and known to be devoid of civilians.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/they-will-fight-to-the-death-iraqi-forces-start-offensive-to-retake-last-area-of-mosul-held-by-militants/2017/06/18/ca390f08-53f3-11e7-be25-3a519335381c_story.html |title=Morris, Loveday, "Iraqi forces fight their way into the narrow streets of Mosul's historic center," ''Washington Post'', June 18, 2017. |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=June 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618085301/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/they-will-fight-to-the-death-iraqi-forces-start-offensive-to-retake-last-area-of-mosul-held-by-militants/2017/06/18/ca390f08-53f3-11e7-be25-3a519335381c_story.html |archive-date=June 18, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The OSCE reported in September 2015 that the TOS-1 was sighted in a rebel training area in eastern Ukraine.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34425454|title=Ukraine rebels 'have new rockets'|work=BBC News|date=2 October 2015|access-date=21 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225354/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34425454|archive-date=19 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

The TOS-1 was used in Syria on 10 October 2015, by Syrian Army forces against rebel forces in Hama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fUgOJpuf50|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810171420/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5fUgOJpuf50|archive-date=2017-08-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWdNdHB4BCk|title=TOS-1 Buratino Russian MLRS, burn up islamic terrorists in Hama|last=odzadze123|date=25 November 2015|via=YouTube|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816134112/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWdNdHB4BCk|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2016, it was used against rebel forces in the Latakia mountains,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Cf5RzijSRs|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=2017-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817011732/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Cf5RzijSRs|archive-date=2017-08-17|url-status=live}}</ref> with at least one being destroyed by a rebel Kornet ATGM near Northern Aleppo.<ref>{{cite tweet |user=Rebel44CZ |number=1495506928826519552 |first=Jakub |last=Janovsky |title=2016.06.04 Tal Sheikh Yusef. N. Aleppo. Kornet vs. TOS-1 MRLS, hit (Fatah Halab) |date=20 February 2022 |access-date=2022-03-16}}</ref> It was used again by the Syrian Arab Army in April 2017 in the area of Palmyra,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vpk-news.ru/news/36062|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408111902/http://vpk-news.ru/news/36062|url-status=dead|title="Солнцепек" работает под Пальмирой (видео) |trans-title="Solntsepyok" in action near Palmyra (video)|archivedate=April 8, 2017|website=vpk-news.ru}}</ref> and later in the same month to destroy an ISIS camp. In November 2018, the system was deployed by the SAA against ISIS in Al-Safa region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vpk-news.ru/news/46368 |title=Российский спецназ и ТОС-1А помогают сирийской армии добивать боевиков |trans-title=Russian special forces and TOS-1A help the Syrian army to finish off the militants |lang=ru |website=vpk-news.ru|access-date=2018-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120055147/https://vpk-news.ru/news/46368 |archive-date=2018-11-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] used the TOS-1A against the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army on 4 April 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=For the first time Azerbaijan has used heavy flamethrower systems|url=http://azeridaily.com/reality/17758|website=AZERI DAILY|access-date=4 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414213024/http://azeridaily.com/reality/17758|archive-date=14 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and 28 September 2020. 
It took part in the large-scale Russian-Belarusian exercise Zapad in September 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1337271|title = Remote minelayer, heavy flamethrower first used together in Zapad exercise}}</ref>

[[File:Demining in Kharkiv Oblast (2022-10-14) 16.jpg|thumb|Remains of a TOS-1 in [[Izium]] (Ukraine) after the recapture of Izium]]
TOS-1A units have been deployed during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/russia-deploys-feared-tos-1-heavy-flamethrower-near-ukraine-cnn-2022-2|title=Russian army deploys its TOS-1 heavy flamethrower, capable of vaporizing human bodies, near Ukrainian border, footage shows|first=Joshua|last=Zitser|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Several sightings of the system have been reported during the invasion. A verified image of a TOS-1A claimed to have been captured by the Ukrainian Army has been widely shared across social media.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1573905/Ukraine-news-army-captures-Russian-TOS-1A-thermobaric-rocket-launcher-Vladimir-Putin-war |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=www.express.co.uk|title=Putin nightmare: Ukrainian army captures Russian TOS-1A thermobaric rocket launcher |date=2 March 2022 }}</ref> On 9 March 2022, the UK Ministry of Defense said on Twitter that the Russian Ministry of Defense had confirmed the use of the weapon system in the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 March 2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine war: Russia admits using thermobaric weapons, UK says |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/mar/09/ukraine-news-russia-war-ceasefire-broken-humanitarian-corridors-kyiv-russian-invasion-live-vladimir-putin-volodymyr-zelenskiy-latest-updates?filterKeyEvents=false&page=with%3Ablock-6228f08d8f08ec6557dfa7f8 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2022 |title=Russian MoD confirmed the use of the TOS-1A |url=https://twitter.com/defencehq/status/1501621370614173701 |access-date=9 March 2022 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> Ukrainian forces went on to capture several units which were left abandoned by the Russians, and have used a captured unit against the Russians.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-05 |title=ЗСУ вперше застосували проти росіян їхню ж вогнеметну систему ТОС-1А "Солнцепек" |trans-title=For the first time, the Ukrainian Armed Forces used their own TOS-1A "Solntsepyok" flamethrower system against the Russians|url=https://novynarnia.com/2022/04/05/zsu-vpershe-zastosuvaly-proty/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=novynarnia.com |language=uk}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Бють окупантів їхньою ж зброєю: ЗСУ вперше застосували трофейний ТОС-1А Солнцепек |trans-title=Fighting the occupiers with their own weapons: Ukrainian Armed Forces use trophy TOS-1A Solntsepyok for the first time|url=https://goloskarpat.info/society/624c262679d0a/ |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=Голос Карпат}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Grylls |first=George |title=Ukrainian forces use Russians' 'blazing sun' thermobaric weapon against them |newspaper=The Times |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/ukrainian-troops-use-russians-own-blazing-sun-thermobaric-weapon-against-them-lzhppql50 |access-date=2022-04-07 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

The TOS-1A was reportedly used by Russian forces during the Battle of Pisky in 2022.<ref>{{cite news|work=Yahoo News|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/russian-bombs-destroy-apartment-blocks-horrifying-footage-080555174.html|title=Russian vacuum bombs destroy Ukrainian town in horrifying new footage|date=12 August 2022|access-date=28 August 2022}}</ref> One was destroyed by Ukrainian forces in February 2023 during the Battle of Vuhledar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Axe |first=David |title=When Russian Troops Got Stuck In a Minefield Near Vuhledar, They Deployed A 'Flamethrower' Rocket Launcher. The Ukrainians Blew It Up. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2023/02/18/when-russian-troops-got-stuck-in-a-minefield-near-vuhledar-they-deployed-a-flamethrower-rocket-launcher-the-ukrainians-blew-it-up/ |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> On 9 June 2023, another TOS-1A was claimed to be destroyed in Zaporizhzhia region during the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive. However no video evidence exist for this claim.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukrainian troops blow up Russia's heavy flamethrower in huge explosion |url=https://defence-blog.com/ukrainian-troops-blow-up-russias-heavy-flamethrower-in-huge-explosion/ |date=10 June 2023}}</ref> Another TOS-1A was reportedly destroyed on the left bank of the Dnipro River in November using a drone dropping bombs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's TOS-1A Solntsepyok destroyed in left-bank Kherson region |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3788591-russias-tos1a-solntsepyok-destroyed-in-leftbank-kherson-region.html |date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

TOS-1A was also reportedly used during the Battle of Chasiv Yar in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2024/06/6/7459516/|work=Ukrainska Pravda|title=Russians target Chasiv Yar with vacuum bombs that burn down everything |date=6 June 2024|access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Kyiv Independent|url=https://kyivindependent.com/ukraine-kmocks-out-russian-troops-from-chasiv-yars-neighbourhood-military-says/|date=27 June 2024|access-date=10 July 2024|title=Ukraine repels Russian troops from eastern Chasiv Yar neighborhood, military says}}</ref> In August 2024, Ukrainian forces reported a TOS-1A had been destroyed in the Zaporizhzhia region.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/3891675-russias-solntsepyok-heavy-flamethrower-destroyed-in-zaporizhzhia-region.html | title=Russia's Solntsepyok heavy flamethrower destroyed in Zaporizhzhia region | date=3 August 2024 }}</ref>

In August 2025, Ukraine's 427th separate regiment released video evidence of a pair of drones destroying a TOS-1A.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rarog Regiment Destroys Russian Solntsepyok |url=https://militarnyi.com/en/news/rarog-regiment-destroys-russian-solntsepyok/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2025, the 27th Separate Brigade of the National Guard of Ukraine posted video evidence of an FPV drone destroying a TOS-1A.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pechersk Brigade of Ukraine’s National Guard Destroys Russian TOS-1A Heavy Flamethrower System |url=https://militarnyi.com/en/news/pechersk-brigade-of-ukraine-s-national-guard-destroys-russian-tos-1a-heavy-flamethrower-system/ |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=Militarnyi |language=en-US}}</ref>

As of 22 October 2025, at least 34 TOS-1A have been lost in Ukraine with 25 destroyed, 6 damaged, and 3 captured, according to Oryxblog, OSINT.<ref name="oryx">{{Cite web |last=Oryx |title=Attack On Europe: Documenting Russian Equipment Losses During The Russian Invasion Of Ukraine |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/02/attack-on-europe-documenting-equipment.html |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=Oryx }}</ref>

==System description==
[[File:TZM-T loader-transport vehicle for TOS-1A during the "Armiya 2020" exhibition (front-side view).jpg|thumb|TZM-T loader-transport vehicle for TOS-1A during the "Armiya 2020" exhibition]]
[[File:TZM-T of the TOS-1A system (6).jpg|thumb|TZM-T with a cover off one of the rocket storage racks, with two rockets]]
The '''TOS-1A Solntsepyok''' ({{langx|ru|Солнцепёк}}, Blazing Sun) system consists of the following items:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos_1a.htm|title=TOS-1A - Heavy flamethrower system|last=ARG|access-date=2011-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928004901if_/http://www.military-today.com/artillery/tos_1a.htm|archive-date=2011-09-28|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tos-1a/tos-1a.shtml|title=Тяжёлая огнемётная система ТОС-1А |trans-title=Heavy flamethrower system TOS-1A |lang=ru|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531074206/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tos-1a/tos-1a.shtml|archive-date=31 May 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The "combat vehicle" '''BM-1''' ({{langx|ru|боевая машина}}) (Object 634B) based on a modified T-72A chassis and fitted with a rotating launch system for 24 unguided thermobaric rockets. All rockets can be launched within 6 to 12 seconds. The launch vehicle is equipped with a fire control system with a ballistic computer, aiming sight and 1D14 laser range finder. The other standard equipment consists of a TKN-3A sight for the commander, a GPK-59 navigation system, an R-163-50U radio station, an R-174 intercom and a 902G smoke grenade launcher with four barrels. The 3-man crew is armed with one [[Engineering:AK-74#AKS-74|AKS-74]], one [[Engineering:RPK#RPKS-74|RPKS-74]], three RPG-26s, and 10 F-1 hand grenades. The BM-1 is fitted with the same equipment as the T-72 tank (NBC protection, fire-fighting, observation etc.). Modernized systems with active protection, new engine and launchers and other improvements were delivered in early 2018.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0326/110045981/detail.shtml| title= ЦАМТО / Новости / На вооружение полка РХБ защиты ЗВО поступили модернизированные тяжелые огнеметные системы ТОС-1А "Солнцепек"| trans-title= TsAMTO / News / The NBC protection regiment of the Western Military District received the upgraded heavy flamethrower systems TOS-1A "Solntsepyok"| lang= ru| website= www.armstrade.org| access-date= 2018-03-31| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180401004811/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0326/110045981/detail.shtml| archive-date= 2018-04-01|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0410/142046252/detail.shtml| title= ЦАМТО / Новости / В ЮВО поступили модернизированные тяжелые огнеметные системы ТОС-1А "Буратино"| trans-title= TsAMTO / News / The upgraded heavy flamethrower systems TOS-1A "Buratino" were received by the Southern Military District| lang= ru| website= www.armstrade.org| access-date= 2018-04-11| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180411175105/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0410/142046252/detail.shtml| archive-date= 2018-04-11| url-status= live}}</ref> A new topographic orientation system is being reportedly installed as of October 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=ЦАМТО / / Новая система топопривязки повысит оперативность и точность стрельбы «Солнцепеков» и убережет их от огня ВСУ | website=ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием | date=2023-10-24 | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/1024/085075984/detail.shtml | language=ru | ref={{sfnref | ЦАМТО / Центр анализа мировой торговли оружием | 2023}} | access-date=2023-10-26}}</ref>
* Two '''TZM-T''' ({{langx|ru|транспортно-заряжающая машина}}) (Object 563) re-supply vehicles, fitted with a 10&nbsp;kN crane. Each vehicle carries 2x12 spare rockets and 400 litres of fuel for the BM-1 and has a combat weigh of {{convert|39|t|lb|abbr=on}}. The TZM-T has a crew of three, armed with two AKS-74s, one RPKS-74, five RPG-26s, and 10 F-1 hand grenades.
* The '''MO.1.01.04''' rocket ({{langx|ru|неуправляемый реактивный снаряд}}) is {{convert|3.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|173|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="m0m">{{cite news |title=TOS-1A Solntsepyok |url=https://weaponsystems.net/system/322-TOS-1A+Solntsepyok |access-date=15 February 2023 |publisher=WEAPONSYSTEMS.NET}}</ref> The original rocket for the TOS-1A had a range of only {{convert|2700|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
* The '''MO.1.01.04M''' rocket is {{convert|3.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|217|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="m1m">{{cite news |title=M0.1.01.04M |url=https://www.deagel.com/Defensive%20Weapons/M0.1.01.04M/a003355}}</ref> This version extends the range to {{convert|6000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The system was modernized in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tass.com/defense/921184|title=Russian defense contractor puts new types of armament into production this year|access-date=2016-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223162841/http://tass.com/defense/921184|archive-date=2016-12-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The '''M0.1.01.04M2''' rocket was upgraded in March 2020 to a heavier thermobaric warhead and better 10 km range, to operate outside the range of modern ATGMs.<ref name=m1m/>

==Operators==
[[File:TOS-1 Operator Map 23.10.2023.png|thumb|upright=1.35|TOS-1 operators {{legend|blue|Current}}{{legend|red|Former}}]]

===Current operators===
* {{DZA}}: Estimated 18 in service as of 2024.<ref name="IISS 2024">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2024 |date=2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-05115-3 |language=en |ref={{SfnRef|IISS|2024}} |}}</ref> At least 4 TOS-1A received from Russia in 2016.
* {{ARM}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Practical trainings with TOS-1A heavy flamethrower system at Baghramyan shooting range |url=https://armenpress.am/en/article/1071086 |access-date=30 March 2025 |work=Armenpress |date=17 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{AZE}}: 17 in service as of 2024.<ref name="IISS 2024"/> 36 reported to be received from Russia from 2013-2017.<ref name=SIPRI2024/>
* {{IRQ}}: 6+ in service as of 2024.<ref name="IISS 2024"/> 10 received from Russia in 2014.<ref name=SIPRI2024/>
* {{KAZ}}: 3 received from Russia in 2011 and in service as of 2024.<ref name="IISS 2024"/><ref name=SIPRI2024/>
* {{RUS}}: ~45 TOS-1A<ref>{{cite news |url=https://rg.ru/2018/02/14/reg-urfo/komplekt-tiazhelyh-ognemetov-solncepek.html |title=Войска ЦВО получили комплект тяжелых огнеметов "Солнцепек" |trans-title=Troops of the Central Military District received a set of "Solntsepyok" heavy flamethrowers |lang=ru|work=Rossiyskaya Gazeta |date=2018-02-14 |access-date=2018-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214103208/https://rg.ru/2018/02/14/reg-urfo/komplekt-tiazhelyh-ognemetov-solncepek.html |archive-date=2018-02-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0418/102046369/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / ТОС-1А "Солнцепек" последней модификации впервые поступили в общевойсковую армию ВВО в Приамурье |trans-title=TsAMTO / News / TOS-1A "Solntsepyok" of the latest modification was first received by the combined arms army of the Eastern Military District in the Amur region |lang=ru|website=www.armstrade.org|access-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423102047/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0418/102046369/detail.shtml|archive-date=2018-04-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12174278@egNews|title=Solntsepek triples fire power of RChB troops, Eastern Military District : Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation|website=eng.mil.ru|access-date=2018-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185929/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12174278@egNews|archive-date=2018-05-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0528/092046937/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Новое подразделение РХБ защиты на Алтае получило на вооружение тяжелые огнеметные системы "Солнцепек" |trans-title=TsAMTO / News / A new radio-chemical defense unit in Altai received "Solntsepyok" heavy flamethrower systems in service |lang=ru|website=www.armstrade.org|access-date=2018-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529054213/http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0528/092046937/detail.shtml|archive-date=2018-05-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/82729/russian-cbrn-protection-troops-receive-30-tos-1a-mrls |title=Janes &#124; Latest defence and security news |access-date=2018-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904192448/https://www.janes.com/article/82729/russian-cbrn-protection-troops-receive-30-tos-1a-mrls |archive-date=2018-09-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2021/1206/114565569/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / / "Омсктрансмаш" отправил в войска партию ТОС-1А |trans-title=TsAMTO / / "Omsktransmash" sent a batch of TOS-1A to the troops |lang=ru|website=armstrade.org}}</ref> and a number of TOS-2 before the war in Ukraine.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://ria.ru/20210106/tosochka-1592097160.html|title=В войска ЦВО поступили новые тяжелые огнеметные системы "Тосочка" |trans-title=Troops of the Central Military District received new heavy flamethrower systems "Tosochka" |lang=ru|date=6 January 2021}}</ref> New batches of TOS-1A were delivered in September and November 2022 and again in November 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://tass.com/defense/1513641 | title=Omsktransmash delivers batch of flamethrowers to Russian military ahead of time }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2022/1213/095070771/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / / Подразделения РХБ защиты ЦВО в ноябре получили около 15 образцов современной военной техники |trans-title=TsAMTO / / CBRN defense units of the Central Military District received about 15 samples of modern military equipment in November|lang=ru|website=armstrade.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Уралвагонзавод отправил военным очередную партию огнеметных систем «Солнцепек» | website=Ростех | url=https://rostec.ru/media/news/uralvagonzavod-otpravil-voennym-ocherednuyu-partiyu-ognemetnykh-sistem-laquo-solntsepek-raquo/#start | language=ru | ref={{sfnref|Ростех}} | access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref> At least 34 lost in combat.<ref name="oryx"/> They have reportedly received additional protection.<ref>{{cite web | last=Моисеев | first=Алексей | title=ТОС-1А "Солнцепек" и ТОС-2 "Тосочка" по опыту СВО получили дополнительную защиту | website=Российская газета | date=2024-04-12 | url=https://rg.ru/2024/04/12/tos-1a-solncepek-i-tos-2-tosochka-po-opytu-svo-poluchili-dopolnitelnuiu-zashchitu.html | language=ru | access-date=2024-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Королева | first=Алена | title=Российский "Волнорез" защитил от дронов ВСУ оставленный в поле "Солнцепек" | website=Российская газета | date=2024-04-19 | url=https://rg.ru/2024/04/19/kompleks-volnorez-zashchitil-ot-bpla-ostavlennyj-v-pole-na-noch-solncepek.html | language=ru | access-date=2024-04-26}}</ref>
* {{KSA}}: 10 in service as of 2024.<ref name="IISS 2024"/><ref name="SIPRI2024">{{Cite web |last=SIPRI |title=SIPRI Arms Transfer Database |url=https://armstransfers.sipri.org/ArmsTransfer/TransferRegister |access-date=12 December 2024 |website=SIPRI}}</ref> A license to produce TOS-1A was granted to Saudi Arabia in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/05/Saudi-Arabian-Military-Industries-signs-agreement-to-manucafture-Russian-weapons-locally-.html|title=Saudi Arabia signs agreement to manufacture Russian weapons locally|publisher=Al Arabiya|date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006113509/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2017/10/05/Saudi-Arabian-Military-Industries-signs-agreement-to-manucafture-Russian-weapons-locally-.html|archive-date=6 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cic.org.sa/2017/10/saudi-arabian-military-industries-signs-agreement-and-mou-with-russias-rosoboronexport/|title=Saudi Arabian Military Industries Signs Agreement And MOU With Russia's ROSOBORONEXPORT|publisher=The Saudi Center for International Communication|date=October 5, 2017|access-date=April 9, 2019|archive-date=April 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428143820/https://cic.org.sa/2017/10/saudi-arabian-military-industries-signs-agreement-and-mou-with-russias-rosoboronexport/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Status unknown ===
* {{SYR}} – 8+.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hier zerstört Putins Höllenkanone eine Festung der Rebellen |date=24 October 2015 |trans-title=Here Putin's infernal cannon destroys a rebel fortress |url=http://www.stern.de/digital/technik/raketenwerfer-tos-1--putins-hoellenkanone-zerstoert-acht-haeuserblocks-auf-einmal-6504704.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209021430/http://www.stern.de/digital/technik/raketenwerfer-tos-1--putins-hoellenkanone-zerstoert-acht-haeuserblocks-auf-einmal-6504704.html |archive-date=9 February 2016 |access-date=2 February 2016 |publisher=STERN.de |language=de}}</ref> Unknown whether these vehicles belonged to Russian or Syrian army. Not included in armament commissioned.<ref>The Military Balance 2023, p. 355</ref>
* {{TJK}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |date=4 October 2022 |title=Central Asian Armour: Tajikistan's Inventory Of AFVs |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/10/central-asian-armour-tajikistans.html |website=Oryx Blog}}</ref> Unknown if vehicles were bought and commissioned or just shown on an exhibition. Not included in armament commissioned.<ref>The Military Balance 2023, p. 198</ref>
* {{UKR}} – at least 3 TOS-1As and 4 TZM-Ts captured during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="oryx"/> One was reportedly used in combat against Russian forces in early April 2022.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Axe |first1=David |date=17 April 2022 |title=Ukrainian Troops Reportedly Fired A Captured Russian Rocket Launcher ... Back At The Russians |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2022/04/17/ukrainian-troops-reportedly-fired-a-captured-russian-rocket-launcher--back-at-the-russians/ |work=Forbes}}</ref>

===Former operators===
* {{URS}} – Passed on to Russia.
{{-}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-22).jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-23).jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-24).jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-25).jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-26).jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-27).jpg
File:ShikhanyNBCExercise2018-05.jpg
File:NBCProtectionExercise2019-21.jpg
</gallery>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:TOS-1A before firing.jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-19).jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-20).jpg
File:Tactical exercises of Radiological, Chemical and Biological Protection Troops units at Shikhani training ground (410-21).jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* {{lwc|TOS-2}}
* {{lwc|M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WfacUxfJbFI Video of the TOS-1 in action] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/tos-1.htm FAS profile]
* [http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/tos-1a/tos-1a.shtml Detailed article on Rbase] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://vitalykuzmin.net/?q=node/294 V. Kuzmin's photo blog about the 2010 Victory Parade in Moscow] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://nationalinterest.org/feature/russias-tos-1-moscows-most-powerful-weapon-war-isnt-nuclear-17567 Russia's TOS-1: Moscow's Most Powerful Weapon of War (That Isn't Nuclear) - National Interest]

{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}{{Soviet and Russian artillery after WW2}}
[[Category:Multiple rocket launchers]]
[[Category:Tracked self-propelled rocket launchers]]

{{Sourceattribution|TOS-1}}