View source for Help:IPA/Punjabi

{{IPA key|H:IPA-PA}}
The charts below show the way (both in Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi scripts) in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Social:Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and Dogri pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-pa}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" | IPA
! colspan="6" |Consonant<ref>Consonants can be germinated (doubled)</ref><ref>As Punjabi is a tonal language, some aspirated letters are not pronounced such as ‘ਭ’/‘بھ’ (bʰ)</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|India}}Gurmukhi
! rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}Shahmukhi
! rowspan="2" | Gurmukhi letter !! rowspan="2" | Shahmukhi letter
! colspan="3" |Examples!! rowspan="2" | English equivalent
|-
!Gurmukhi 
!Transliteration
!Shahmukhi
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big>
| ਬ, ਭ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ب، بھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | a'''b'''ash
|-
| colspan="2" |<big> {{IPAlink|d̪|d}}</big>
| ਦ, ਧ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">د، دھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | a'''d'''o
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɖ}}</big>
| ਡ, ਢ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ڈ، ڈھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | ''somewhat like'' gua'''rd'''
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}</big>
| ਜ, ਝ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ج، جھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | he'''dg'''e
|-
|'''{{IPAlink|pʰ}}''', {{IPAlink|f}}
|{{IPAlink|f}}
| ਫ਼<br />||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ف</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''f'''ood
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɡ}}</big>
| ਗ, ਘ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">گ، گھ</span>
|ਘਰ
|
|{{Lang|pa|گھر|rtl=yes}}|| style="text-align:left;" | '''g'''ate
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɦ}}</big>
| ਹ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ہ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | a'''h'''ead
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|j}}</big>
| ਯ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ی</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''y'''ak
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
| ਕ, ਘ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ک، گھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | s'''c'''an
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
| ਖ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">کھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''c'''an
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|l}}</big>
| ਲ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ل</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''l'''eaf
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɭ}}
| ਲ਼
{{Small|(mainly ਲ)}}
|{{Lang|pa|ࣇ|rtl=yes}}<ref><sub>(Lām with small Tah -  {{nastaliq|لؕ}})</sub></ref><br>{{small|(mainly {{Nastaliq|ل}})}}
|ਨਾਲ਼
|
|نا'''ࣇ'''
| style="text-align:left;" | ''roughly'' gi'''rl'''
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|m}}</big>
| ਮ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">م</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''m'''uch
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|n}}</big>
| ਨ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ن</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''n'''ot
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɳ}}</big>
| ਣ
|{{Lang|pa|ݨ|rtl=yes}}{{small|<br> (mainly {{Nastaliq|ن}})}}
|ਗਾਣਾ
|
|گاݨا
| style="text-align:left;" | ''somewhat like'' bu'''rn'''er
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ŋ}}</big>
| ਙ
|{{Lang|pa|ن٘|rtl=yes}}{{small|<br> (mainly {{Nastaliq|ن}})}}
|ਰੰਗ
|
|رن٘گ
| style="text-align:left;" | ba'''n'''k, si'''ng'''
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|p}}</big>
| ਪ, ਭ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">پ، بھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | s'''p'''an
|-
| colspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|pʰ}}</big>
| ਫ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">پھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''p'''an
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|k}}</big>
|{{IPAlink|q}}
| ਕ਼
{{Small|(mainly ਕ)}}
|<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ق</span>
|ਕ਼ਲਮ
|
|قلم
| style="text-align:left;" |''a'' '''k''' ''pronounced like a'' '''g''', in the back of the throat
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɾ}}</big><ref name="ɾ">{{IPA|/ɾ/}} may be either tapped {{IPA|[ɾ]}} or trilled [{{IPA link|r}}] depending on the speaker and variety.</ref>
| ਰ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ر</span>
|ਰਾਤਾਂ
|
|راتاں
| style="text-align:left;" |''US:'' be'''''tt'''''er
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ɽ}}</big>
| ੜ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ڑ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | ''somewhat like'' US: la''rd''er
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|s}}</big>
| ਸ ||{{Lang|pa|س|rtl=yes}}
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''s'''ue
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʃ}}</big>
| ਸ਼ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ش</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" |  '''sh'''oe
|-
| colspan="2" |<big> {{IPAlink|t̪|t}}</big>
| ਤ, ਧ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ت، دھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | s'''t'''able
|-
| colspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|tʰ}}</big>
| ਥ ||{{Lang|pa|تھ|rtl=yes}}
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | '''t'''able
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʈ}}</big>
| ਟ, ਢ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ٹ، ڈھ</span>
|ਢੂੰਡ
|
|{{Lang|pa|ڈھونڈ|rtl=yes}}|| style="text-align:left;" | ''somewhat like'' a'''rt'''
|-
| colspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|ʈʰ}}</big>
| ਠ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ٹھ</span>
|
|
| || style="text-align:left;" | ''somewhat like'' '''t'''able
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʃ}}</big>
| ਚ, ਝ ||<span lang="pa" dir="ltr">چ، جھ</span>
|ਚਲ
|
|{{Lang|pa|چل|rtl=yes}}|| style="text-align:left;" | ar'''ch'''er
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|tʃʰ}}</big>
| ਛ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">چھ</span>
|ਛੋਟਾ
|
|{{Lang|pa|چھوٹا|rtl=yes}}|| style="text-align:left;" | ca'''tch'''
|-
| colspan="2" |<big>{{IPAlink|ʋ}}</big>
| ਵ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">و</span>
|ਵੇਗ
|
|{{Lang|pa|ویگ|rtl=|yes=}}|| style="text-align:left;" |''somewhat like'' '''v'''ery
|-
|{{IPAlink|kʰ}}
|{{IPAlink|x}}
| ਖ਼
{{Small|(mainly ਖ)}}
|<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">خ</span>
|ਖ਼ਾਲੀ
|
|{{Lang|pa|خالی|rtl=yes}}|| style="text-align:left;" | ''Scottish'' lo'''ch'''
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|g}}</big>
|{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
| ਗ਼
{{Small|(mainly ਗ)}}
|<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">غ</span>
|ਬਗ਼ੈਰ
|
|{{Lang|pa|بغیر|rtl=yes}}|| style="text-align:left;" | ''somewhat like'' '''ch''' ''in Scottish ‘''lo'''ch'''''’ or French ‘'''''r'''''’''
|-
|<big>'''{{IPAlink|dʒ}}''',</big> {{IPAlink|z}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
| ਜ਼ ||<span lang="pa" dir="rtl">ز</span>
|ਜ਼ਿੰਦਗੀ
|
|{{Lang|pa|زندگی}}|| style="text-align:left;" |  '''z'''en
|}
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="12" | Vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" | IPA !! colspan="4" |{{Flagicon|India}}
Gurmukhi
! colspan="6" |{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}
Shahmukhi
! rowspan="2" | English equivalent
|-
!Initial
!Final
! colspan="4" |Example
! colspan="2" |Final
!Medial
!Initial
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|aː}}</big>
| ਆ
| ਾ 
|''''ਨਾਂ'''<nowiki/>'
| colspan="2" |'<nowiki/>'''Nā'''<nowiki/>'''̃''''
('N<nowiki/>ame')
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|ناں|rtl=yes}}'''’|| colspan="3" | ـا
|آ|| style="text-align:left;" | br'''a'''
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|eː}}</big>
| ਏ
| ੇ 
|‘'''ਤੇਰਾ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Tērā'''’

(‘Yours’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|تیرا}}'''’
| colspan="2" | ے
|ـیـ
| ایـ|| style="text-align:left;" | pl'''ay'''
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|ɛː}}</big>
| ਐ
| ੈ
|‘'''ਮੈੰ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Mɛ̃'''’

(‘Me’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|مَیں|rtl=yes}}'''’
| colspan="2" |ـے◌َ
|ـیـ◌َ
| اَیـ|| style="text-align:left;" | y'''e'''ll
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ə}}</big>
| ਅ
|bgcolor="CCCCCC" style="text-align:left;" |
| rowspan="2" |‘'''ਅਸੀਂ'''’
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |‘'''Asĩ'''’

(‘Us’)
| rowspan="2" |‘'''{{Lang|pa|اَسِیں|rtl=yes}}'''’
|ـہ
|ـا
|ـ◌َـ
|اَ
| style="text-align:left;" | n'''u'''t
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|iː}}</big> <ref name="V">{{IPA|/iː, ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/uː, ʊ/}} are neutralized to {{IPA|[i, u]}} at the end of a word.</ref>
| ਈ
| ੀ || colspan="2" |ـی
|ـیـ◌ِ
| اِیـ|| style="text-align:left;" | f'''ee'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ɪ}}</big> <ref name="V" />
| ਇ
| ਿ 
|‘'''ਨਿੱਕਾ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Nikka'''’

(‘Tiny’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|نِکّا|rtl=yes}}'''’
| colspan="2" |ـی
|ـ◌ِـ
|اِ
| style="text-align:left;" | b'''i'''n
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|oː}}</big>
| ਓ
| ੋ 
|‘'''ਮੋਟਾ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Mōtā'''’

(‘Fat’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|موٹا|rtl=yes}}'''’
| colspan="3" | و
| او|| style="text-align:left;" | '''o'''ld
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|ɔː}}</big>
| ਔ
| ੌ
|‘'''ਸੌ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Sau'''’

(‘Hundred’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|سَو|rtl=yes}}'''’
| colspan="3" |ـو◌َ
| اَو|| style="text-align:left;" | d'''o'''g
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|uː}}</big> <ref name="V" />
| ਊ
| ੂ
|‘'''ਪੂਰਾ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Pūra'''’

(‘Complete’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|پُورا|rtl=yes}}'''’
| colspan="3" |ـو◌ُ
| اُو|| style="text-align:left;" | l'''oo'''t
|-
|<big>{{IPAlink|ʊ}}</big> <ref name="V" />
| ਉ
| ੁ 
|‘'''ਮੁੱਕਾ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Mukka'''’

(‘Punch’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|مُکّا|rtl=yes}}'''’
| colspan="2" |ـو
|ـ◌ُـ
|اُ
| style="text-align:left;" | l'''oo'''k
|-
|<big> {{IPA|◌ ̃}}</big>
| colspan="2" | ੰ, ਂ
|‘'''ਮਹਿੰਗਾ'''’
| colspan="2" |‘'''Mengā'''’

(‘Expensive’)
|‘'''{{Lang|pa|مہن٘گا|rtl=yes}}'''’
| colspan="2"| ں
|ـن٘ـ
|bgcolor="CCCCCC" style="text-align:left;" |
| ''Nasalised''<ref>Example Portuguese: São Paulo</ref> ''vowels e.g.''<br>(['''ãː'''], ['''õː'''], ''etc.'')
|}
<br>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"
! colspan="4" | Suprasegmentals
|-
! IPA 
!Gurmukhi
!Shahmukhi!! colspan="2" | 
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|ˈ}}</big>
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | stress <br>(placed before stressed syllable)
|-
|<big> {{IPAlink|ː}}</big>
|ੱ
|◌ّ
| style="text-align:left;" | doubled consonant
|-
|{{IPA|í ì}}...
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | tone (placed over vowel)<ref>In any word, there is a choice of three tones: high-falling (ì), low-rising (í), and level (i)</ref>
|}
<br />

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{IPA keys}}

{{Sourceattribution|Punjabi}}