View source for Mojo (programming language)

{{Short description|Artificial intelligence programming language}}
{{Infobox programming language
| name = Mojo
| logo = 
| logo size = 
| logo alt = 
| logo caption = 
| paradigm = {{cslist|
  [[Programming paradigm#Multi-paradigm|Multi-paradigm:]]|
  [[Imperative programming|imperative]] (primary)|
  [[Functional programming|functional]]|
  [[Generic programming|generic]]
}}
| family = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| designer = [[Biography:Chris Lattner|Chris Lattner]]
| developer = Modular Inc.
| latest release version = 
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2023|05|02}}
| latest preview version = 0.6.0<ref name="">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/modularml/mojo/discussions/874 |title=New Mojo update! |date=2023-09-21 |website=github.com |publisher=Modular |access-date=2023-09-26 |quote=We just released a new version of Mojo 🔥 (v0.3.0)}}</ref>
| latest preview date = 
| typing = {{cslist|
  Affine|
  [[Type inference|inferred]]|
  [[Nominal type system|nominal]]|
  [[Duck typing|duck]]|
  static|
  dynamic|
  [[Strong and weak typing|strong]]|
}}
| implementations = 
| dialects = 
| operating system = Cross-platform
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| year = {{start date and age|2023}}
| influenced by = [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Cython]]{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}, [[C (programming language)|C]], [[C++]], [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]], [[Zig (programming language)|Zig]]
| influenced = 
| file ext = .mojo, .🔥 (the fire [[Emoji|emoji]] / the U+1F525 [[Unicode]] character)
| website = {{URL|https://www.modular.com/mojo}}
| wikibooks = 
}}
'''Mojo''' is a [[Proprietary software|proprietary]] [[Programming language|programming language]] under development.<ref name="MojoProgrammingManual_(2023)">{{cite web |url=https://docs.modular.com/mojo/programming-manual.html |title=Mojo🔥 programming manual |date=2023 |website=docs.modular.com |publisher=Modular |access-date=2023-09-26 |quote=Mojo is a programming language that is as easy to use as Python but with the performance of C++ and Rust. Furthermore, Mojo provides the ability to leverage the entire Python library ecosystem.}}</ref><ref name="Modular-WhyMojo_(2023)">{{cite web |url=https://docs.modular.com/mojo/why-mojo.html |title=Why Mojo🔥 - A language for next-generation compiler technology |date=2023 |website=docs.modular.com |publisher=Modular |access-date=2023-09-26 |quote=While many other projects now use MLIR, Mojo is the first major language designed expressly for MLIR, which makes Mojo uniquely powerful when writing systems-level code for AI workloads.}}</ref><ref name=InfoWorld>{{cite web |last1=Krill |first1=Paul |title=Mojo language marries Python and MLIR for AI development |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3695588/mojo-language-marries-python-and-mlir-for-ai-development.html |website=InfoWorld |language=en |date=4 May 2023}}</ref> 

Mojo is available in browsers via [[Organization:Project Jupyter#Jupyter Notebook|Jupyter notebooks]],<ref name="InfoWorld" /><ref name="IWFirst">{{cite news |last1=Yegulalp |first1=Serdar |title=A first look at the Mojo language |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/3697739/a-first-look-at-the-mojo-language.html |work=InfoWorld |date=7 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> locally on Linux,<ref>{{cite news |last=Deutscher |first=Maria |title=Modular makes its AI-optimized Mojo programming language generally available |url=https://siliconangle.com/2023/09/07/modular-makes-ai-optimized-mojo-programming-language-generally-available/ |work=Silicon Angle |date=7 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-11 |language=en}}</ref> and on macOS.<ref name="MACOS_(2023)">{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/Modular_AI/status/1715024755093287042 |title=Mojo for Mac OS |publisher=Modular |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref>
== Origin design and development ==
In 2022, the Modular company was founded by [[Biography:Chris Lattner|Chris Lattner]], the original [[Software architect|architect]] of the [[Swift (programming language)|Swift]] programming language, and Tim Davis, a former [[Company:Google|Google]] employee.<ref name="claburn2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/05/05/modular_struts_its_mojo_a/ |title=Modular finds its Mojo, a Python superset with C-level speed |first=Thomas |last=Claburn |date=2023-05-05 |accessdate=2023-08-08 |work=The Register }}</ref>

In September 2022, an initial build of Mojo was released internally by Modular Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.modular.com/mojo/changelog.html#september-2022|title=Mojo🔥 changelog}}</ref>

Mojo uses [[Software:LLVM|LLVM]] and [[Software:MLIR|MLIR]] as its compilation backend.<ref name="InfoWorld" /><ref>{{cite tech report |last1=Lattner |first1=Chris |title=MLIR Primer: A Compiler Infrastructure for the End of Moore's Law |date=2019 |url=https://research.google/pubs/pub48035/ |access-date=2022-09-30 |last2=Pienaar |first2=Jacques}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv |last1=Lattner |first1=Chris |last2=Amini |first2=Mehdi |last3=Bondhugula |first3=Uday |last4=Cohen |first4=Albert |last5=Davis |first5=Andy |last6=Pienaar |first6=Jacques |last7=Riddle |first7=River |last8=Shpeisman |first8=Tatiana |last9=Vasilache |first9=Nicolas |last10=Zinenko |first10=Oleksandr |date=2020-02-29 |title=MLIR: A Compiler Infrastructure for the End of Moore's Law |class=cs.PL |eprint=2002.11054}}</ref>

Mojo uses inferred static typing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modular Docs - Mojo🔥 programming manual |url=https://docs.modular.com/mojo/programming-manual.html#parameterization-compile-time-metaprogramming |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=docs.modular.com |language=en}}</ref>

Mojo was created for easy transition from Python. The language has syntax similar to Python's, and allows users to import Python [[Modular programming|modules]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Modular Docs - Mojo🔥 programming manual |url=https://docs.modular.com/mojo/programming-manual.html#python-integration |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=docs.modular.com |language=en}}</ref>

Mojo is not open source, but it is planned to become open source in the future.<ref>{{Citation |title=Welcome to Mojo 🔥 |date=2023-10-31 |url=https://github.com/modularml/mojo |access-date=2023-10-31 |publisher=Modular}}</ref>

Mojo plans to add a borrow checker, an influence from [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]].

Mojo plans to add a [[Foreign function interface|foreign function interface]] to call C/C++ and Python code. 

Mojo is not [[Source-code compatibility|source-compatible]] with Python 3, only providing a [[Subset|subset]] of its [[Syntax (programming languages)|syntax]], e.g. missing the {{mono|global}} keyword, list and dictionary comprehensions, and support for classes. Further, Mojo also adds features that enable performant low-level programming: {{mono|fn}} for creating [[Type system|typed]], [[Compiled language|compiled]] [[Function (computer programming)|function]]s and "struct" for [[Memory model (programming)|memory]]-optimized alternatives to [[Class (computer programming)|classes]]. Mojo structs support methods, [[Field (computer science)|fields]], [[Operator overloading|operator overloading]], and [[Python syntax and semantics#Decorators|decorators]].<ref name="IWFirst" />

Mojo files use the {{Mono|.mojo}} or {{Mono|.🔥}} file extension.<ref name="MojoProgrammingManual_(2023)" />

== Programming examples ==
In Mojo, functions can be declared using both {{mono|fn}} (for performant functions) or {{mono|def}} (for Python compatibility).<ref name=":0" />

Basic arithmetic operations in Mojo:
<source lang="rust">
fn add(x: Int, y: Int) -> Int:
    return x + y
</source>

The manner in which Mojo employs {{mono|var}} and {{mono|let}} for mutable and immutable variable declarations respectively mirrors the syntax found in Swift. In Swift, {{mono|var}} is used for mutable variables, while {{mono|let}} is designated for constants or immutable variables.<ref name=":0" />

Variable declaration and usage in Mojo:
<source lang="rust">
fn main():
    let x = 1
    
    let y: Int
    y = 1

    var z = 0
    z += 1
</source>

== Development ==
The Mojo SDK allows Mojo programmers to compile and execute Mojo source files locally from the command line, and currently supports Ubuntu and macOS.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modular Docs - Mojo🔥 roadmap & sharp edges |url=https://docs.modular.com/mojo/roadmap.html#mojo-sdk-known-issues |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=docs.modular.com |language=en}}</ref> There is also a Mojo extension for Visual Studio Code, which provides code completion and tooltips.

== See also ==
* [[List of programming languages for artificial intelligence]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://docs.modular.com/mojo/manual/ Mojo manual]
* {{GitHub|modularml/mojo}}
* [https://virtualgyan.com/mojo-lang-the-new-programming-language/ All about mojo programming language]
* [https://www.csmojo.net/mojo-programming-language: Introduction to Mojo programming language]
* [https://www.fast.ai/posts/2023-05-03-mojo-launch.html Mojo may be the biggest programming language advance in decades]
* [https://codeconfessions.substack.com/p/mojo-the-future-of-ai-programming Mojo: The Future of AI Programming]
{{Programming languages}}
{{Statistical software}}
{{Numerical analysis software}}

[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:Programming languages]]
[[Category:High-level programming languages]]
[[Category:Text-oriented programming languages]]
[[Category:Python (programming language)]]
[[Category:Multi-paradigm programming languages]]

{{Sourceattribution|Mojo (programming language)}}