View source for Open Library

{{Short description|Online project for book data of the Internet Archive}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Open Library
| logo = Open Library logo.svg
| screenshot = OpenLibrarypage.jpg
| screenshot_size = 200px
| collapsible = C
| caption = Open Library homepage in September 2011
| url = {{URL|https://openlibrary.org/}}
| commercial = No
| type = Digital library index
| language = [[Social:English language|English]], [[Social:Czech language|Czech]], [[German language|German]], [[French language|French]], Croatian, [[Social:Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Social:Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Social:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| registration = Free
| license = {{Plain list|
* Data: public domain<ref>{{Cite web|title=Using Open Library Data&nbsp;§ Who owns the Open Library catalog?|url=https://openlibrary.org/help/faq/using?v=8#ownership|date=2013-10-10|author1=Bookfinch|first2=Anand|last2=Chitipothu|first3=George|last3=Oates|first4=Jessamyn|last4=West|access-date=2021-04-06|archive-date=2022-04-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411005734/https://openlibrary.org/help/faq/using?v=8#ownership|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Source code: [[Software:GNU Affero General Public License|AGPLv3]]<ref name=gitlic/>
}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2006}}
| current_status = Active
| founder = Aaron Swartz, Brewster Kahle, Alexis Rossi, Anand Chitipothu, and Rebecca Hargrave Malamud
| revenue = Donation
}}

'''Open Library''' is an online project intended to create "one [[Web page|web page]] for every book ever published". Created by Aaron Swartz,<ref name="BBC2007"/><ref name="Guardian2009"/> Brewster Kahle,<ref>{{cite web|title = Aaron Swartz: howtoget |url = https://aaronsw.jottit.com/howtoget |publisher = Aaronsw.jottit.com|access-date = 2015-06-05|url-status = live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150523080104/http://aaronsw.jottit.com/howtoget| archive-date = 2015-05-23}}</ref> Alexis Rossi,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| url=https://openlibrary.org/about/people.en|title=The Open Library Team |publisher=Open Library |language=en|access-date=2018-07-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717013214/https://openlibrary.org/about/people.en|archive-date=2018-07-17|url-status=live}}</ref> Anand Chitipothu,<ref name=":0" /> and Rebecca Hargrave Malamud,<ref name=":0" /> Open Library is a project of the [[Internet Archive]], a [[Engineering:Nonprofit organization|nonprofit organization]]. It has been funded in part by grants from the California State Library and the Kahle/Austin Foundation. <!-- PLEASE DO NOT LINK Kahle/Austin Foundation because that page is a redirect to already-linked Brewster Kahle--> Open Library provides online digital copies in multiple formats, created from images of many [[Social:Public domain|public domain]], out-of-print, and in-print books.

==Book database and digital lending library==
Its book information is collected from the Library of Congress, other libraries, and Amazon.com, as well as from user contributions through a [[Wiki|wiki]]-like interface.<ref name=Guardian2009 /> If books are available in digital form, a button labeled "Read" appears next to its catalog listing. Digital copies of the contents of each scanned book are distributed as encrypted e-books (created from images of scanned pages), audiobooks and streaming audio (created from the page images using OCR and text-to-speech software), unencrypted images of full pages from OpenLibrary.org and Archive.org, and APIs for automated downloading of page images.<ref name="National Writers Union">{{cite web |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=What is the Internet Archive doing with our books? |date=16 April 2020 |url=https://nwu.org/what-is-the-internet-archive-doing-with-our-books/ |publisher=National Writers Union |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Links to where books can be purchased or borrowed are also provided.

There are different entities in the database:
* authors
* works (which are the aggregate of all books with the same title and text)
* editions (which are different publications of the corresponding works)

Open Library claims to have over 20 million records in its database.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/about |title=About Us |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627092210/https://openlibrary.org/about |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> Copies of the contents of tens of thousands of modern books have been made available from 150 libraries and publishers for [[Ebook|ebook]] [[Controlled digital lending|controlled digital lending]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/post/349420/in-library-ebook-lending-program-launched |title=Internet Archive Forums: In-Library eBook Lending Program Launched |date=2011-02-22 |access-date=2015-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717121618/https://archive.org/post/349420/in-library-ebook-lending-program-launched |archive-date=2015-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other books including in-print and in-copyright books have been scanned from copies in library collections, library discards, and donations, and are also available for lending in digital form.<ref>{{cite web |title=FAQ on Controlled Digital Lending (CDL) |date=13 February 2019 |url=https://nwu.org/book-division/cdl/faq/ |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-date=2020-03-30 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20200330193826/https://nwu.org/book%2Ddivision/cdl/faq/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In total, the Open Library offers copies of over 1.4 million books for what it calls "digital lending", but critics have called distribution of digital copies a violation of copyright law.<ref name="Lee2020">{{cite web |last1=Lee |first1=Timothy B. |title=Internet Archive offers 1.4 million copyrighted books for free online |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/03/internet-archive-offers-thousands-of-copyrighted-books-for-free-online/ |website=Ars Technica |access-date=2020-04-20 |language=en |date=2020-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328195723/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/03/internet-archive-offers-thousands-of-copyrighted-books-for-free-online/ |archive-date=2020-03-28 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
Open Library began in 2006 with Aaron Swartz as the original engineer and leader of the Open Library's technical team.<ref name="BBC2007">{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6924022.stm | access-date=2010-07-06 | title=A library bigger than any building | publisher=BBC News | date=2007-07-31 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127185623/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6924022.stm | archive-date=2009-11-27 }}</ref><ref name="Guardian2009">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books | access-date=2010-07-06 | title=Why you can't find a library book in your search engine | newspaper=The Guardian | date=2009-01-22 | location=London | first=Wendy M | last=Grossman | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114010642/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jan/22/library-search-engines-books | archive-date=2014-01-14 }}</ref> The project was led by George Oates from April 2009 to December 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/people/george08 |title=George |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222055108/https://openlibrary.org/people/george08 |archive-date=2017-02-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> Oates was responsible for a complete site redesign during her tenure.<ref>{{cite web |last=Oates |first=George |url=http://blog.openlibrary.org/2010/03/17/announcing-the-open-library-redesign/ |title=Announcing the Open Library redesign « The Open Library Blog |publisher=Blog.openlibrary.org |date=2010-03-17 |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627185859/http://blog.openlibrary.org/2010/03/17/announcing-the-open-library-redesign/ |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> In 2015, the project was continued by Giovanni Damiola<ref name=":0" /> and then Brenton Cheng<ref name=":0" /> and Mek Karpeles<ref name=":0" /> in 2016.

The site was redesigned and relaunched in May 2010. Its codebase is on [[GitHub]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary/|title=internetarchive/openlibrary · GitHub|publisher=GitHub.com|access-date=2015-06-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810081247/https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary|archive-date=2015-08-10}}</ref> The site uses Infobase, its own database framework based on [[Software:PostgreSQL|PostgreSQL]], and Infogami, its own [[Wiki software|Wiki engine]] written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/about/tech |title=About the Technology |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627065429/https://openlibrary.org/about/tech |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref> The source code to the site is published under the [[Software:GNU Affero General Public License|GNU Affero General Public License]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://openlibrary.org/developers/licensing |title=Developers / Licensing |publisher=Openlibrary.org |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627074555/https://openlibrary.org/developers/licensing |archive-date=2015-06-27 }}</ref><ref name=gitlic>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary/blob/master/LICENSE|title=openlibrary/LICENSE at master · internetarchive/openlibrary · GitHub|publisher=GitHub.com|access-date=2015-06-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122093343/https://github.com/internetarchive/openlibrary/blob/master/LICENSE|archive-date=2017-01-22}}</ref>

==Book sponsorship program==
In the week of October 21, 2019, the Open Library website introduced a Book Sponsorship program,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Internet Archive Book Drive {{!}} Open Library |url=https://openlibrary.org/bookdrive |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=openlibrary.org |archive-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605121050/https://openlibrary.org/bookdrive |url-status=live }}</ref> which according to Cory Doctorow, "lets you direct a cash donation to pay for the purchase and scanning of any books. In return, you are first in line to check that book out when it is available, and then anyone who holds an Open Library library card can check it out.".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Doctorow |first1=Cory |title=The Internet Archive's Open Library will let you sponsor a book, paying for it to be scanned |url=https://boingboing.net/2019/10/22/hathi-never-forgets.html |website=BoingBoing |access-date=2019-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023125120/https://boingboing.net/2019/10/22/hathi-never-forgets.html |archive-date=2019-10-23 |url-status=live |date=2019-10-22}}</ref> The feature was developed by Mek Karpeles, Tabish Shaikh,<ref name=":0" /> and other members of the community.<ref>{{cite web |last1=El-Sabrout |first1=Omar Rafik |title=Scan On Demand: Building the World's Open Library, Together |url=http://blog.openlibrary.org/2019/10/23/scan-on-demand-building-the-worlds-open-library-together |website=The Open Library Blog |date=23 October 2019 |access-date=2019-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024160902/http://blog.openlibrary.org/2019/10/23/scan-on-demand-building-the-worlds-open-library-together/ |archive-date=2019-10-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Books for the blind and dyslexic==
The website was relaunched adding ADA compliance and offering over one million modern and older books to the print disabled in May 2010<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/may/05/project-puts-1m-books-online-for-blind-dyslexic |title=Project puts 1M books online for blind, dyslexic {{pipe}} UTSanDiego.com |publisher=Signonsandiego.com |date=2010-05-05 |access-date=2015-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111217045351/http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2010/may/05/project-puts-1m-books-online-for-blind-dyslexic/ |archive-date=2011-12-17 }}</ref>  using the [[DAISY Digital Talking Book]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/printdisabled|title=Welcome to Daisy Books for the Print Disabled|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]|access-date=2012-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104215902/https://archive.org/details/printdisabled|archive-date=2013-01-04|url-status=live}}</ref> Under certain provisions of United States copyright law, libraries are sometimes able to reproduce copyrighted works in formats accessible to users with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|title=NLS Factsheets: Copyright Law Amendment, 1996: PL 104-197|url=https://www.loc.gov/nls/reference/guides/copyright.html|website=Library of Congress NLS Factsheets|publisher=Library of Congress|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521163748/http://www.loc.gov/nls/reference/guides/copyright.html|archive-date=2017-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Scheid|first1=Maria|title=Copyright and Accessibility|url=https://library.osu.edu/blogs/copyright/2015/08/28/copyright-and-accessibility/|website=Copyright Corner|publisher=The Ohio State University Libraries|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630233308/https://library.osu.edu/blogs/copyright/2015/08/28/copyright-and-accessibility/|archive-date=2016-06-30}}</ref>

==Copyright violation accusations==
The Open Library has justified its ability to offer full contents of books in digital formats as part of the [[Social:First-sale doctrine|first-sale doctrine]] and [[Social:Fair use|fair use]] law.<ref>{{cite report | url = https://controlleddigitallending.org/whitepaper#_Toc524383330 | title = A White Paper on Controlled Digital Lending of Library Books | first1 = David R. | last1 = Hansen | first2 = Kyle K. | last2 = Courtney | date = 2018 | publisher = Controlled Digital Lendings by Libraries | access-date = 2020-04-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190802221324/https://controlleddigitallending.org/whitepaper#_Toc524383330 | archive-date = 2019-08-02 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="vox open library">{{cite web | url = https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic | title = Why authors are so angry about the Internet Archive's Emergency Library | first = Constance | last = Grady | date = 2020-04-02 | access-date = 2020-04-02 | work = Vox | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200404010247/https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/4/2/21201193/emergency-library-internet-archive-controversy-coronavirus-pandemic | archive-date = 2020-04-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Open Library owns a physical copy of each book that they have made available, and thus argue that the lending out of one digital scan of the book in a controlled manner falls within the first-sale doctrine, a practice known as controlled digital lending and in use by multiple public and academic libraries.<ref name="vox open library"/>

Since its launch, the Open Library has been accused of mass copyright violation by numerous groups,<ref name="vox open library"/> including the American Authors Guild,<ref name=jotformeu-usa>{{Cite web |author=The Authors Guild |title=Open Letter to Internet Archive and Other Proponents of 'Controlled Digital Lending' |url=https://form.jotform.com/90035152846151 |publisher=[[Company:JotForm|JotForm]] |access-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728030522/https://form.jotform.com/90035152846151 |archive-date=2019-07-28 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> the British Society of Authors,<ref name=jotformeu-uk>{{Cite web |author=The Society of Authors |author-link=Society of Authors |title=Open letter to Internet Archive about 'Controlled Digital Lending' |url=https://form.jotformeu.com/90131857822356 |publisher=[[Company:JotForm|JotForm]] |access-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190728030519/https://form.jotformeu.com/90131857822356 |archive-date=2019-07-28 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Australian Society of Authors,<ref>{{cite web |title=Open Library: copyright infringement |url=https://www.asauthors.org/news/open-library-copyright-infringement |publisher=Australian Society of Authors |date=2019-01-21 |access-date=2019-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820093242/https://www.asauthors.org/news/open-library-copyright-infringement |archive-date=2019-08-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America,<ref>{{cite web |title=Infringement Alert |url=https://www.sfwa.org/2018/01/infringement-alert/ |publisher=Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America |date=2018-01-08 |access-date=2019-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070449/https://www.sfwa.org/2018/01/infringement-alert/ |archive-date=2019-02-12 |url-status=live }}</ref> the US National Writers Union,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=NWU denounces 'Controlled Digital Lending' |url=https://nwu.org/nwu-denounces-cdl |publisher=National Writers Union |date=2019-02-13}}</ref> and a coalition of 37 national and international organizations of "writers, translators, photographers, and graphic artists; unions, organizations, and federations representing the creators of works included in published books; book publishers; and reproduction rights and public lending rights organizations".<ref>{{cite web |title=Controlled Digital Lending (CDL): An appeal to readers and librarians from the victims of CDL |date=13 February 2019 |url=https://nwu.org/book-division/cdl/appeal/ |publisher=National Writers Union |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-date=2020-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728091136/https://nwu.org/book-division/cdl/appeal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The UK Society of Authors threatened legal action in 2019 unless the Open Library agreed to cease distribution of copyrighted works.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flood |first1=Alison |title=Internet Archive's ebook loans face UK copyright challenge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/22/internet-archives-ebook-loans-face-uk-copyright-challenge |website=The Guardian |location=London |date=2019-01-22 |access-date=2019-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070623/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/jan/22/internet-archives-ebook-loans-face-uk-copyright-challenge |archive-date=2019-02-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== ''Hachette v. Internet Archive'' ===
{{Main|Hachette v. Internet Archive{{!}}''Hachette v. Internet Archive''}}
The Open Library further came under criticism from several authors and publishers groups when it created the [[Internet Archive#National Emergency Library|National Emergency Library]] in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. Under these circumstances, the National Emergency Library removed the waitlists of all books in its Open Library collection and allowed any number of digital copies of a book to be downloaded as an encrypted file that would be unusable after two weeks, asserting that this unlimited borrowing was a reasonable exception under the national emergency to allow educational functions to continue since physical libraries and bookstores were forced to be shuttered.<ref name="vox open library"/> The Authors Guild, the Association of American Publishers, the National Writers Union, and others argued that this allowed unlimited copyright infringement and denied revenues from distribution of authorized digital copies of books to authors who also needed relief during the COVID-19 national emergency.<ref name="vox open library"/> Though the Open Library asserted that the copies of entire books in e-book format were still encrypted and the unlimited borrowing was for educational purposes, the National Writers Union asserted that images of each page of each book could still be accessed on the Web without encryption or other controls.<ref name="National Writers Union"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hasbrouck |first1=Edward |title=Internet Archive removes controls on "lending" of bootleg e-books |date=24 March 2020 |url=https://nwu.org/internet-archive-removes-controls-on-lending-of-bootleg-e-books/ |publisher=National Writers Union |access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>

Four major publishers—Hachette, Penguin Random House, [[Company:Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]], and HarperCollins, all members of the Association of American Publishers—filed a lawsuit in the Southern New York Federal District Court against the Internet Archive in June 2020, asserting the Open Library project violated numerous copyrights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Publishers Are Taking the Internet to Court|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/society/publishers-are-taking-the-internet-to-court/|date=2020-09-10|first=Maria|last=Bustillos|work=The Nation|access-date=2020-10-19|archive-date=2021-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160450/https://www.thenation.com/article/society/publishers-are-taking-the-internet-to-court/|url-status=live}}</ref> In their suit, the publishers claimed "Without any license or any payment to authors or publishers, [the Internet Archive] scans print books, uploads these illegally scanned books to its servers, and distributes verbatim digital copies of the books in whole via public-facing websites. With just a few clicks, any Internet-connected user can download complete digital copies of in-copyright books from [the] defendant."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | title = Publishers sue Internet Archive over Open Library ebook lending | first = Russell | last = Brandom | date = 2020-06-01 | access-date = 2020-06-01 | work = [[The Verge]] | archive-date = 2020-06-01 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200601185706/https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/1/21277036/internet-archive-publishers-lawsuit-open-library-ebook-lending | url-status = live }}</ref> The publishers were represented by the law firms Davis Wright Tremaine and Oppenheim + Zebrak.<ref>{{cite news |title=Publishers File Suit Against Internet Archive for Systematic Mass Scanning and Distribution of Literary Works |url=https://publishers.org/news/publishers-file-suit-against-internet-archive-for-systematic-mass-scanning-and-distribution-of-literary-works/ |work=AAP |date=2020-06-01 |access-date=2020-06-05 |archive-date=2020-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605233623/https://publishers.org/news/publishers-file-suit-against-internet-archive-for-systematic-mass-scanning-and-distribution-of-literary-works/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Internet Archive ended the National Emergency Library on June 16, 2020, instead of the intended June 30 date, and requested the publishers to "call off their costly assault".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | title = Internet Archive ends "emergency library" early to appease publishers | first = Timothy | last = Lee | date = 2020-06-11 | access-date = 2020-06-14 | work = [[Ars Technica]] | archive-date = 2020-06-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200614074641/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/06/internet-archive-ends-emergency-library-early-to-appease-publishers/ | url-status = live }}</ref> In July 2022, both parties filed requests for summary judgement. A first hearing was held on March 20, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |last=Albanese |first=Andrew |date=February 21, 2023 |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/91587-oral-argument-set-in-internet-archive-copyright-case.html |title=Oral Argument Set in Internet Archive Copyright Case |website=Publishers Weekly |access-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318104026/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/publisher-news/article/91587-oral-argument-set-in-internet-archive-copyright-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A summary judgement was issued March 24, 2023, in favor of the plaintiffs. In its ruling the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York determined that the [[Internet Archive]] committed [[Copyright infringement|copyright infringement]] by scanning and distributing copies of books online. Stemming from the creation of the National Emergency Library (NEL) during the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, publishing company Hachette Book Group alleged that the Open Library and the National Emergency Library facilitated copyright infringement. 

On March 25, 2023, the court ruled against Internet Archive, who appealed the decision.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jay Peters |first1=Sean Hollister |title=The Internet Archive has lost its first fight to scan and lend e-books like a library |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/3/24/23655804/internet-archive-hatchette-publisher-ebook-library-lawsuit |access-date=5 August 2023 |publisher=The Verge |date=24 March 2023}}</ref> This appeal was later denied by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Archived copy | url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988.306.1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904150317/https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988/gov.uscourts.ca2.60988.306.1.pdf | archive-date=2024-09-04}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Free-software license]]
* [[Google Books]]
* [[Company:LibraryThing|LibraryThing]]
* [[Software:List of software under the GNU AGPL|List of software under the GNU AGPL]]
* [[List of digital library projects]]
* [[Online public access catalog]]
* [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [[WorldCat]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikidata property|1=P648|2=P3847}}
* {{official website|https://openlibrary.org/}}
* {{librivox book| title=The Open Library|author=Brewster Kahle}} (Text of the speech given by Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive, at the launch of the Open Library in October 2005)

{{Internet Archive navbox}}
{{Books}}

[[Category:Aggregation-based digital libraries]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in Python]]

{{Sourceattribution|Open Library}}