View source for Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network

{{Short description|United Kingdom-based think tank}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox Institute
|name = Globalization and World Cities Research Network
|image = Globalization and World Cities Research Network Logo.png
|established = 1998
|head_label = Director
|head = Peter J. Taylor
|location = Loughborough, {{wipe|United Kingdom}}
|website = {{URL|https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/|lboro.ac.uk/gawc}}
}}
The '''Globalization and World Cities Research Network''' ('''GaWC''') is a think tank that studies the relationships between [[Global city|world cities]] in the context of [[Social:Globalization|globalization]]. It is based in the [[Earth:Geography|geography]] department of [[Organization:Loughborough University|Loughborough University]] in Leicestershire, {{wipe|United Kingdom}}. GaWC was founded by Peter J. Taylor in 1998.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Peter J.|title=World city network: a global urban analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RKpvD7nvBKUC&pg=PR9|access-date=2010-10-10|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-30249-8|page=ix}}</ref> Together with Jon Beaverstock and Richard G. Smith, they create the GaWC's biennial categorization of world cities into "Alpha", "Beta" and "Gamma" tiers, based upon their international connectedness.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Donald|first1=Stephanie|last2=Gammack|first2=John G.|title=Tourism and the branded city|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gcAx3bjuC98C&pg=PA23|access-date=2010-10-10|year=2007 |publisher=[[Company:Ashgate Publishing|Ashgate Publishing]] |location=London|isbn=978-0-7546-4829-1|page=23 }}</ref>

== GaWC city classification ==
The GaWC examines cities worldwide to narrow them down to a roster of world cities, then ranks these based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.<ref name = "intro">{{cite web |url= https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2018link.html |title=GaWC City Link Classification 2018|publisher=Lboro.ac.uk |date= 13 November 2018|access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> The GaWC inventory ranks city [[Finance:Economics|economics]] more heavily than political or cultural factors.{{why?|date=October 2020}} Beyond the categories of "Alpha" world cities (with four sub-categories), "Beta" world cities (three sub-categories), and "Gamma" world cities (three sub-categories), the GaWC cities include additional cities at "High sufficiency" and "Sufficiency" level.

GaWC published city classifications in 1998, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/gawcworlds.html |website=GaWC - Research Network|access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma world cities (three sub-categories), and additional cities with High sufficiency or Sufficiency presence. The list has been prone to change in the ranks. For example, some cities that were selected prior to 2018, such as the United States cities of Greensboro and Providence. are no longer classified as sufficient level.<ref>{{cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2010t.html |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2012 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2012t.html |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |access-date=16 May 2022}}</ref>

== 2020 city classification ==
The classification "results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services across 707 cities worldwide (i.e. the input is 175 x 707 = 123,725 pieces of information). The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network (i.e. enabling corporate globalization)."<ref>{{Cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020: Classification of Cities |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk}}</ref> The cities in the 2020 classification are as follows.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=26 August 2020}}</ref>

({{increase}}1) or ({{decrease}}1) indicates a city moved one category up or down since the 2018 classification.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2018 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2018t.html |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=28 December 2020}}</ref>

=== Alpha ===
Alpha level cities are linked to major economic states/regions and highly integrated into the world economy. Alpha level cities are classified into four sections: Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha, and Alpha − cities.

==== Alpha ++ ====
Alpha ++ cities are cities most integrated with the global economy:
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:London|London]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|New York City}}
{{div col end}}

==== Alpha + ====
Alpha + are "other highly integrated cities that complement London and New York, largely filling in advanced service needs for the Pacific/Asia [region]":<ref>{{Cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/gawcworlds.html |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Beijing|Beijing]]
* {{flagicon|ARE}} Dubai
* {{flagicon|HKG}} [[Place:Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Place:Paris|Paris]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Shanghai|Shanghai]]
* {{flagicon|SIN}} [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Tokyo|Tokyo]]
{{div col end}}

==== Alpha ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Brussels
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Chicago}}
* {{flagicon|DEU}} Frankfurt
* {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Place:Jakarta|Jakarta]]
* {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Place:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Los Angeles}}
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Madrid|Madrid]]
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Place:Mexico City|Mexico City]]
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Milan
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{wipe|Mumbai}}
* {{flagicon|BRA}} São Paulo
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Sydney|Sydney]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Toronto
{{div col end}}

==== Alpha − ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Place:Bangkok|Bangkok]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Bangalore ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Boston ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Place:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|IRL}} [[Place:Dublin|Dublin]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Guangzhou ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|TUR}} Istanbul ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Place:Johannesburg|Johannesburg]]
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Place:Lisbon|Lisbon]]
* {{flagicon|LUX}} [[Place:Luxembourg City|Luxembourg City]]
* {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Place:Manila|Manila]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} {{wipe|Montreal}}
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Munich|Munich]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Place:New Delhi|New Delhi]]
* {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Place:Prague|Prague]]
* {{flagicon|SAU}} [[Place:Riyadh|Riyadh]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|San Francisco}}
* {{flagicon|CHL}} [[Place:Santiago|Santiago]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Place:Seoul|Seoul]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Shenzhen
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]]
* {{flagicon|TAI}} [[Place:Taipei|Taipei]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} [[Place:Warsaw|Warsaw]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Place:Zürich|Zürich]] ({{decrease}}1)
{{div col end}}

=== Beta ===
Beta level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy and are classified into three sections, Beta +, Beta, and Beta &minus; cities.

==== Beta + ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} Atlanta
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Place:Auckland|Auckland]]
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Barcelona|Barcelona]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|LBN}} [[Place:Beirut|Beirut]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Berlin|Berlin]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|COL}} [[Place:Bogotá|Bogotá]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|AUS}} Brisbane ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|ROM}} [[Place:Bucharest|Bucharest]]
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Place:Cairo|Cairo]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Chengdu
* {{flagicon|DNK}} [[Place:Copenhagen|Copenhagen]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Dallas
* {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Place:Doha|Doha]]
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Düsseldorf|Düsseldorf]]
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Houston ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Place:Lima|Lima]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Miami ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Place:Rome|Rome]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Place:Tel Aviv|Tel Aviv]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} {{wipe|Vancouver}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]] ({{decrease}}1)
{{div col end}}

==== Beta ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Place:Abu Dhabi|Abu Dhabi]]
* {{flagicon|GRE}} [[Place:Athens|Athens]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Place:Cape Town|Cape Town]]
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Place:Casablanca|Casablanca]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Chennai
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Chongqing|Chongqing]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Denver
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Hangzhou ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Place:Hanoi|Hanoi]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Place:Helsinki|Helsinki]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|VIE}} Ho Chi Minh City ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Place:Karachi|Karachi]]
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Place:Kyiv|Kyiv]]
* {{flagicon|BHR}} [[Place:Manama|Manama]]
* {{flagicon|URU}} [[Place:Montevideo|Montevideo]]
* {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Place:Nairobi|Nairobi]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Nanjing
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Place:Oslo|Oslo]]
* {{flagicon|PAN}} [[Place:Panama City|Panama City]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|AUS}} Perth ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Philadelphia
* {{flagicon|BRA}} Rio de Janeiro
* {{flagicon|USA}} Seattle ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Tianjin|Tianjin]]
{{div col end}}

==== Beta − ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Place:Almaty|Almaty]]
* {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Place:Amman|Amman]] ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Austin, Texas}} ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|SER}} [[Place:Belgrade|Belgrade]]
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Place:Bratislava|Bratislava]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Calgary ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Place:Caracas|Caracas]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Changsha
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Dalian
* {{flagicon|USA}} Detroit ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Place:Dhaka|Dhaka]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:Edinburgh|Edinburgh]]
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Place:Geneva|Geneva]]
* {{flagicon|CYM}} [[Place:George Town, Cayman Islands|George Town]]
* {{flagicon|GUA}} [[Place:Guatemala City|Guatemala City]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Place:Hyderabad|Hyderabad]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|SAU}} Jeddah
* {{flagicon|PRC}} Jinan
* {{flagicon|UGA}} [[Place:Kampala|Kampala]]
* {{flagicon|KWT}} [[Place:Kuwait City|Kuwait City]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Place:Lagos|Lagos]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|PAK}} Lahore ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Lyon
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Manchester
* {{flagicon|USA}} Minneapolis ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Monterrey
* {{flagicon|OMN}} [[Place:Muscat|Muscat]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CYP}} [[Place:Nicosia|Nicosia]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} {{wipe|Osaka}} ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Place:Quito|Quito]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} Saint Petersburg ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|USA}} San Diego ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|CRI}} [[Place:San José, Costa Rica|San José]]
* {{flagicon|SLV}} [[Place:San Salvador|San Salvador]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Shenyang
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Place:Sofia|Sofia]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Stuttgart|Stuttgart]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Tampa ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Place:Tunis|Tunis]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Wuhan|Wuhan]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Xiamen
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Xi'an ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|HRV}} [[Place:Zagreb|Zagreb]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Zhengzhou ({{increase}}1)
{{div col end}}

=== Gamma ===
Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections, Gamma +, Gamma, and Gamma &minus; cities.

==== Gamma + ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Adelaide|Adelaide]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Ahmedabad ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|DZA}} [[Place:Algiers|Algiers]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Antwerp ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|AZE}} [[Place:Baku|Baku]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Baltimore ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:Belfast|Belfast]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Charlotte ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|DEU}} Cologne ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|TAN}} [[Place:Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Glasgow
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Guadalajara ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Hefei ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Place:Kolkata|Kolkata]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Kunming ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|SVN}} [[Place:Ljubljana|Ljubljana]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|COL}} Medellín ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Orlando ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|CAM}} [[Place:Phnom Penh|Phnom Penh]] ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Phoenix ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|POR}} Porto ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|IND}} Pune
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Qingdao ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|LVA}} [[Place:Riga|Riga]]
* {{flagicon|NED}} Rotterdam
* {{flagicon|USA}} San Jose ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} St. Louis ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Suzhou ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Place:Tbilisi|Tbilisi]] ({{increase}}1)
{{div col end}}

==== Gamma ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Place:Ankara|Ankara]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Bristol
* {{flagicon|LKA}} [[Place:Colombo|Colombo]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Place:Dakar|Dakar]] ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|RSA}} Durban ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|SWE}} Gothenburg ({{increase}}3)
* {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Place:Guayaquil|Guayaquil]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Haikou ({{increase}}3)
* {{flagicon|BOL}} [[Place:La Paz|La Paz]]
* {{flagicon|SWE}} Malmö ({{increase}}3)
* {{flagicon|NIC}} [[Place:Managua|Managua]] ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Nantes ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Nashville ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Place:Ottawa|Ottawa]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|PUR}} [[Place:San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|DOM}} [[Place:Santo Domingo|Santo Domingo]]
* {{flagicon|TAI}} Taichung ({{increase}}3)
* {{flagicon|HND}} [[Place:Tegucigalpa|Tegucigalpa]]
* {{flagicon|ALB}} [[Place:Tirana|Tirana]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Place:Turin|Turin]]
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Place:Valencia|Valencia]] ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Place:Vilnius|Vilnius]]
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Place:Wellington|Wellington]]
* {{flagicon|POL}} Wrocław ({{increase}}1)
{{div col end}}

==== Gamma − ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Place:Accra|Accra]] ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|PRY}} [[Place:Asunción|Asunción]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} Belo Horizonte
* {{flagicon|ESP}} Bilbao ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Cleveland ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Columbus ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Place:Douala|Douala]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Edmonton ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Fuzhou
* {{flagicon|ZWE}} [[Place:Harare|Harare]] ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Harbin ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|TAI}} Kaohsiung ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Kansas City ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|POL}} Katowice ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Place:Lausanne|Lausanne]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CYP}} Limassol ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|ANG}} [[Place:Luanda|Luanda]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|ESP}} Málaga ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Place:Maputo|Maputo]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Milwaukee
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Nagoya ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|BHS}} [[Place:Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|MUS}} [[Place:Port Louis|Port Louis]] ({{decrease}}3)
* {{flagicon|MAS}} Penang
* {{flagicon|POL}} Poznań
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Querétaro ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Sacramento
* {{flagicon|USA}} Salt Lake City ({{increase}}2)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Taiyuan ({{decrease}}1)
{{div col end}}

=== Sufficiency ===
Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities. This is sorted into High Sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities.

==== High Sufficiency ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|CIV}} [[Place:Abidjan|Abidjan]]
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Place:Abuja|Abuja]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Birmingham ({{decrease}}4)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Engineering:Brasília|Brasília]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Cincinnati ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} Curitiba ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|SAU}} [[Place:Dammam|Dammam]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Hartford
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Place:Indianapolis|Indianapolis]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|MAS}} Johor Bahru ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|POL}} Kraków ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Leeds
* {{flagicon|ZMB}} [[Place:Lusaka|Lusaka]] ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|MAC}} [[Place:Macau|Macau]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Ningbo
* {{flagicon|BRA}} Porto Alegre
* {{flagicon|TTO}} [[Place:Port of Spain|Port of Spain]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Puebla ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Raleigh
* {{flagicon|USA}} San Antonio ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|ESP}} Seville ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Strasbourg ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|NLD}} [[Place:The Hague|The Hague]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Tijuana ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|MNG}} [[Place:Ulaanbaatar|Ulaanbaatar]] ({{increase}}1)
* {{flagicon|MMR}} [[Place:Yangon|Yangon]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Place:Yerevan|Yerevan]] ({{increase}}1)
{{div col end}}

==== Sufficiency ====
{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|DNK}} Aarhus
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Aberdeen
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Aguascalientes City
* {{flagicon|EGY}} [[Place:Alexandria|Alexandria]]
* {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Place:Astana|Astana]]
* {{flagicon|IRQ}} [[Place:Baghdad|Baghdad]]
* {{flagicon|BRN}} [[Place:Bandar Seri Begawan|Bandar Seri Begawan]]
* {{flagicon|COL}} Barranquilla
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Place:Basel|Basel]]
* {{flagicon|NOR}} [[Place:Bergen|Bergen]]
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Place:Bern|Bern]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} Birmingham
* {{flagicon|KGZ}} [[Place:Bishkek|Bishkek]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|MWI}} Blantyre
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Bologna
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Earth:Bordeaux|Bordeaux]]
* {{flagicon|COG}} [[Place:Brazzaville|Brazzaville]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Bremen|Bremen]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Buffalo
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Place:Bursa|Bursa]]
* {{flagicon|KOR}} Busan{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|COL}} Cali
* {{flagicon|BRA}} Campinas
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Place:Canberra|Canberra]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Place:Cardiff|Cardiff]]
* {{flagicon|PHL}} [[Place:Cebu City|Cebu City]]
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Changchun
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Chihuahua{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|MDA}} [[Place:Chișinău|Chișinău]]
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Place:Christchurch|Christchurch]]
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Ciudad Juárez
* {{flagicon|ARG}} Córdoba
* {{flagicon|USA}} Des Moines
* {{flagicon|DEU}} Dortmund
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Dresden|Dresden]]
* {{flagicon|TJK}} [[Place:Dushanbe|Dushanbe]]
* {{flagicon|DEU}} Essen{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Place:Florence|Florence]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Fukuoka
* {{flagicon|BWA}} [[Place:Gaborone|Gaborone]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Genoa
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Place:Goiânia|Goiânia]]
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Place:Graz|Graz]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Grenoble
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Guiyang
* {{flagicon|ISR}} Haifa{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Halifax
* {{flagicon|BER}} [[Place:Hamilton, Bermuda|Hamilton]]
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Hanover|Hanover]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Harrisburg{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|AUS}} Hobart{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Hohhot
* {{flagicon|USA}} Honolulu{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|TAI}} Hsinchu{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|TUR}} İzmir ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|USA}} Jacksonville
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Place:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]]
* {{flagicon|AFG}} [[Place:Kabul|Kabul]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} Kazan
* {{flagicon|RWA}} [[Place:Kigali|Kigali]]
* {{flagicon|JAM}} [[Place:Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]
* {{flagicon|COD}} [[Place:Kinshasa|Kinshasa]]
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Kobe{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} Kochi
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Place:Kyoto|Kyoto]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|MAS}} Labuan ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Lanzhou
* {{flagicon|USA}} Las Vegas ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|DEU}} Leipzig
* {{flagicon|MEX}} León
* {{flagicon|GAB}} [[Place:Libreville|Libreville]]
* {{flagicon|BEL}} Liège
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Lille
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Place:Linz|Linz]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Liverpool
* {{flagicon|POL}} Łódź
* {{flagicon|TGO}} [[Place:Lomé|Lomé]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} Louisville
* {{flagicon|MAS}} Malacca{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|DEU}} [[Place:Mannheim|Mannheim]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Marseille
* {{flagicon|USA}} Memphis
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Mérida
* {{flagicon|MEX}} Mexicali
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Place:Minsk|Minsk]] ({{decrease}}2)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Montpellier
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Nanchang
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Nanning
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Naples
* {{flagicon|USA}} New Orleans
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Newcastle upon Tyne
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Nice
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Nottingham
* {{flagicon|RUS}} Novosibirsk
* {{flagicon|DEU}} Nuremberg
* {{flagicon|USA}} Oklahoma City
* {{flagicon|USA}} Omaha{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Palermo{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|USA}} Palo Alto
* {{flagicon|USA}} Pittsburgh
* {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Place:Podgorica|Podgorica]]
* {{flagicon|ZAF}} Port Elizabeth
* {{flagicon|NGA}} Port Harcourt
* {{flagicon|USA}} {{wipe|Portland, Oregon}}
* {{flagicon|PNG}} [[Place:Port Moresby|Port Moresby]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Place:Pretoria|Pretoria]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Quebec City
* {{flagicon|BRA}} Recife
* {{flagicon|ISL}} [[Place:Reykjavík|Reykjavík]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} Richmond
* {{flagicon|USA}} Rochester
* {{flagicon|ARG}} Rosario
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Place:Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|MEX}} San Luis Potosí City
* {{flagicon|HND}} San Pedro Sula
* {{flagicon|YEM}} [[Place:Sanaa|Sanaa]]
* {{flagicon|BOL}} Santa Cruz de la Sierra
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Sapporo{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Place:Sarajevo|Sarajevo]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Saskatoon{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Sendai{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Sheffield{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Shijiazhuang
* {{flagicon|MKD}} [[Place:Skopje|Skopje]] ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Southampton ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|IDN}} Surabaya ({{decrease}}1)
* {{flagicon|FJI}} [[Place:Suva|Suva]]{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|TAI}} Tainan{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|EST}} [[Place:Tallinn|Tallinn]] ({{decrease}}3)
* {{flagicon|UZB}} [[Place:Tashkent|Tashkent]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} Toulouse
* {{flagicon|ITA}} Trieste
* {{flagicon|USA}} Tulsa
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Place:Ürümqi|Ürümqi]]
* {{flagicon|NED}} Utrecht
* {{flagicon|VEN}} Valencia
* {{flagicon|CHL}} Valparaíso
* {{flagicon|LAO}} [[Place:Vientiane|Vientiane]]
* {{flagicon|NAM}} [[Place:Windhoek|Windhoek]]
* {{flagicon|CAN}} Winnipeg
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Wuxi
* {{flagicon|JPN}} Yokohama{{efn-lr|name=new_city}}
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Zhuhai
{{div col end}}

== No longer classified ==
The following cities were included in the 2018 edition, but not in the 2020 edition:

{{div col|colwidth=13em}}
* {{flagicon|MDG}} [[Place:Antananarivo|Antananarivo]]
* {{flagicon|NPL}} [[Place:Kathmandu|Kathmandu]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} Leicester
* {{flagicon|USA}} Madison
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Nantong
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Weifang
* {{flagicon|CHN}} Xining
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
* [[Global city]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist-lr|refs={{efn-lr|name=new_city|Added in the 2020 edition of the classification.}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/ GaWC official website]



[[Category:Social science institutes]]

{{Sourceattribution|Globalization and World Cities Research Network|1}}