Organization:Globalization and World Cities Research Network
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Established | 1998 |
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Director | Peter J. Taylor |
Location | Loughborough, United Kingdom |
Website | lboro.ac.uk/gawc |
The Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) is a think tank that studies the relationships between world cities in the context of globalization. It is based in the geography department of Loughborough University in Leicestershire, United Kingdom . GaWC was founded by Peter J. Taylor in 1998.[1] Together with Jon Beaverstock and Richard G. Smith, they create the GaWC's biennial categorization of world cities into "Alpha", "Beta" and "Gamma" tiers, based upon their international connectedness.[2]
GaWC city classification
The GaWC examines cities worldwide to narrow them down to a roster of world cities, then ranks these based on their connectivity through four "advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising, banking/finance, and law.[3] The GaWC inventory ranks city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors.[why?] Beyond the categories of "Alpha" world cities (with four sub-categories), "Beta" world cities (three sub-categories), and "Gamma" world cities (three sub-categories), the GaWC cities include additional cities at "High sufficiency" and "Sufficiency" level.
GaWC published city classifications in 1998, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2016, 2018 and 2020.[4] The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or cultural factors. The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma world cities (three sub-categories), and additional cities with High sufficiency or Sufficiency presence. The list has been prone to change in the ranks. For example, some cities that were selected prior to 2018, such as the United States cities of Greensboro and Providence. are no longer classified as sufficient level.[5][6]
2020 city classification
The classification "results are derived from the activities of 175 leading firms providing advanced producer services across 707 cities worldwide (i.e. the input is 175 x 707 = 123,725 pieces of information). The results should be interpreted as indicating the importance of cities as nodes in the world city network (i.e. enabling corporate globalization)."[7] The cities in the 2020 classification are as follows.[8]
(1) or (
1) indicates a city moved one category up or down since the 2018 classification.[9]
Alpha
Alpha level cities are linked to major economic states/regions and highly integrated into the world economy. Alpha level cities are classified into four sections: Alpha ++, Alpha +, Alpha, and Alpha − cities.
Alpha ++
Alpha ++ cities are cities most integrated with the global economy:
Alpha +
Alpha + are "other highly integrated cities that complement London and New York, largely filling in advanced service needs for the Pacific/Asia [region]":[10]
Alpha
Amsterdam (
1)
Brussels
Chicago
Frankfurt
Jakarta
Kuala Lumpur
Los Angeles
Madrid
Mexico City
Milan
Moscow
Mumbai
São Paulo
Sydney (
1)
Toronto
Alpha −
Bangkok (
1)
Bangalore (
1)
Boston (
1)
Buenos Aires (
1)
Dublin
Guangzhou (
1)
Istanbul (
1)
Johannesburg
Lisbon
Luxembourg City
Manila
Melbourne (
1)
Montreal
Munich
New Delhi
Prague
Riyadh
San Francisco
Santiago
Seoul (
1)
Shenzhen
Stockholm
- Template:Country data TAI Taipei (
1)
Vienna
Warsaw (
1)
Zürich (
1)
Beta
Beta level cities are cities that link moderate economic regions to the world economy and are classified into three sections, Beta +, Beta, and Beta − cities.
Beta +
Atlanta
Auckland
Barcelona (
1)
Beirut (
1)
Berlin (
1)
Bogotá (
1)
Brisbane (
1)
Bucharest
Budapest (
1)
Cairo
Chengdu
Copenhagen
Dallas
Doha
Düsseldorf
Hamburg
Houston (
1)
Lima
Miami (
2)
Rome (
1)
Tel Aviv
Vancouver
Washington, D.C. (
1)
Beta
Abu Dhabi
Athens (
1)
Cape Town
Casablanca
Chennai
Chongqing (
1)
Denver
Hangzhou (
1)
Hanoi (
1)
Helsinki (
1)
Ho Chi Minh City (
1)
Karachi
Kyiv
Manama
Montevideo
Nairobi
Nanjing
Oslo
Panama City (
1)
Perth (
1)
Philadelphia
Rio de Janeiro
Seattle (
1)
Tianjin
Beta −
Almaty
Amman (
2)
Austin, Texas (
2)
- Template:Country data SER Belgrade
Bratislava
Calgary (
1)
Caracas (
1)
Changsha
Dalian
Detroit (
1)
Dhaka
Edinburgh
Geneva
George Town
Guatemala City (
1)
Hyderabad (
1)
Jeddah
Jinan
Kampala
Kuwait City (
1)
Lagos (
1)
Lahore (
1)
Lyon
Manchester
Minneapolis (
1)
Monterrey
Muscat (
1)
Nicosia
Osaka (
1)
Quito
Saint Petersburg (
2)
San Diego (
2)
San José
San Salvador
Shenyang
Sofia (
1)
Stuttgart
Tampa (
2)
Tunis
Wuhan (
1)
Xiamen
Xi'an (
1)
Zagreb (
1)
Zhengzhou (
1)
Gamma
Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world economy and are classified into three sections, Gamma +, Gamma, and Gamma − cities.
Gamma +
Adelaide
Ahmedabad (
1)
Algiers (
1)
Antwerp (
1)
Baku (
1)
Baltimore (
1)
Belfast (
1)
Charlotte (
1)
Cologne (
2)
- Template:Country data TAN Dar es Salaam
Glasgow
Guadalajara (
1)
Hefei (
1)
Islamabad (
1)
Kolkata (
1)
Kunming (
1)
Ljubljana (
1)
Medellín (
2)
Orlando (
2)
- Template:Country data CAM Phnom Penh (
2)
Phoenix (
1)
Porto (
1)
Pune
Qingdao (
1)
Riga
Rotterdam
San Jose (
1)
St. Louis (
1)
Suzhou (
1)
Tbilisi (
1)
Gamma
Ankara
Bristol
Colombo (
1)
Dakar (
2)
Durban (
1)
Gothenburg (
3)
Guayaquil (
1)
Haikou (
3)
La Paz
Malmö (
3)
Managua (
2)
Nantes (
1)
Nashville (
1)
Ottawa (
1)
- Template:Country data PUR San Juan (
2)
Santo Domingo
- Template:Country data TAI Taichung (
3)
- Template:Country data HND Tegucigalpa
Tirana (
1)
Turin
Valencia (
2)
Vilnius
Wellington
Wrocław (
1)
Gamma −
Accra (
2)
Asunción (
1)
Belo Horizonte
Bilbao (
1)
Cleveland (
2)
Columbus (
2)
Douala (
1)
Edmonton (
1)
Fuzhou
- Template:Country data ZWE Harare (
2)
Harbin (
2)
- Template:Country data TAI Kaohsiung (
1)
Kansas City (
1)
Katowice (
2)
Lausanne (
1)
Limassol (
2)
- Template:Country data ANG Luanda (
1)
Málaga (
2)
Maputo
Milwaukee
Nagoya (
2)
Nassau (
1)
- Template:Country data MUS Port Louis (
3)
Penang
Poznań
Querétaro (
1)
Sacramento
Salt Lake City (
2)
Taiyuan (
1)
Sufficiency
Sufficiency level cities are cities that have a sufficient degree of services so as not to be overly dependent on world cities. This is sorted into High Sufficiency cities and Sufficiency cities.
High Sufficiency
Abidjan
Abuja
Birmingham (
4)
Brasília (
1)
Cincinnati (
1)
Curitiba (
1)
Dammam (
1)
Hartford
Indianapolis (
1)
Johor Bahru (
1)
Kraków (
1)
Leeds
- Template:Country data ZMB Lusaka (
2)
Macau (
1)
Ningbo
Porto Alegre
Port of Spain (
1)
Puebla (
1)
Raleigh
San Antonio (
1)
Seville (
1)
Strasbourg (
1)
The Hague (
1)
Tijuana (
1)
Ulaanbaatar (
1)
- Template:Country data MMR Yangon (
1)
Yerevan (
1)
Sufficiency
Aarhus
Aberdeen
Aguascalientes City
Alexandria
Astana
Baghdad
Bandar Seri Begawan
Barranquilla
Basel
Bergen
Bern[lower-roman 1]
Birmingham
Bishkek[lower-roman 1]
Blantyre
Bologna
Bordeaux
- Template:Country data COG Brazzaville[lower-roman 1]
Bremen
Buffalo
Bursa
Busan[lower-roman 1]
Cali
Campinas
Canberra
Cardiff
Cebu City
Changchun
Chihuahua[lower-roman 1]
Chișinău
Christchurch
Ciudad Juárez
Córdoba
Des Moines
Dortmund
Dresden
Dushanbe
Essen[lower-roman 1]
Florence (
1)
Fukuoka
- Template:Country data BWA Gaborone (
1)
Genoa
Goiânia
Graz
Grenoble
Guiyang
Haifa[lower-roman 1]
Halifax
- Template:Country data BER Hamilton
Hanover
Harrisburg[lower-roman 1]
Hobart[lower-roman 1]
Hohhot
Honolulu[lower-roman 1]
- Template:Country data TAI Hsinchu[lower-roman 1]
İzmir (
1)
Jacksonville
Jerusalem
Kabul
Kazan
Kigali
Kingston
Kinshasa
Kobe[lower-roman 1]
Kochi
Kyoto[lower-roman 1]
Labuan (
1)
Lanzhou
Las Vegas (
1)
Leipzig
León
Libreville
Liège
Lille
Linz
Liverpool
Łódź
- Template:Country data TGO Lomé[lower-roman 1]
Louisville
Malacca[lower-roman 1]
Mannheim[lower-roman 1]
Marseille
Memphis
Mérida
Mexicali
Minsk (
2)
Montpellier
Nanchang
Nanning
Naples
New Orleans
Newcastle upon Tyne
Nice
Nottingham
Novosibirsk
Nuremberg
Oklahoma City
Omaha[lower-roman 1]
Palermo[lower-roman 1]
Palo Alto
Pittsburgh
Podgorica
Port Elizabeth
Port Harcourt
Portland, Oregon
Port Moresby[lower-roman 1]
Pretoria
Quebec City
Recife
Reykjavík
Richmond
Rochester
Rosario
Salvador[lower-roman 1]
San Luis Potosí City
- Template:Country data HND San Pedro Sula
Sanaa
Santa Cruz de la Sierra
Sapporo[lower-roman 1]
Sarajevo
Saskatoon[lower-roman 1]
Sendai[lower-roman 1]
Sheffield[lower-roman 1]
Shijiazhuang
Skopje (
1)
Southampton (
1)
Surabaya (
1)
- Template:Country data FJI Suva[lower-roman 1]
- Template:Country data TAI Tainan[lower-roman 1]
Tallinn (
3)
Tashkent
Toulouse
Trieste
Tulsa
Ürümqi
Utrecht
Valencia
Valparaíso
- Template:Country data LAO Vientiane
Windhoek
Winnipeg
Wuxi
Yokohama[lower-roman 1]
Zhuhai
No longer classified
The following cities were included in the 2018 edition, but not in the 2020 edition:
- Template:Country data MDG Antananarivo
- Template:Country data NPL Kathmandu
Leicester
Madison
Nantong
Weifang
Xining
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ Taylor, Peter J. (2004). World city network: a global urban analysis. Routledge. p. ix. ISBN 0-415-30249-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=RKpvD7nvBKUC&pg=PR9. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ↑ Donald, Stephanie; Gammack, John G. (2007). Tourism and the branded city. London: Ashgate Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7546-4829-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=gcAx3bjuC98C&pg=PA23. Retrieved 2010-10-10.
- ↑ "GaWC City Link Classification 2018". Lboro.ac.uk. 13 November 2018. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2018link.html.
- ↑ "The World According to GaWC". https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/gawcworlds.html.
- ↑ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2010". https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2010t.html.
- ↑ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2012". https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2012t.html.
- ↑ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020: Classification of Cities". https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020.html.
- ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2020". Globalization and World Cities. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html.
- ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2018". Globalization and World Cities. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2018t.html.
- ↑ "GaWC - The World According to GaWC". https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/gawcworlds.html.
External links