View source for Organization:Grey Wolves

{{short description|Turkish far-right, fascist, ultranationalist political organization}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name             = Grey Wolves
| logo             = Grey Wolves Logo.svg
| caption          = Logo
| native_name      = Ülkü Ocakları
| native_name_lang = tr
| dates            = {{start date|1968}}–present
| leader           = Ahmet Yiğit Yıldırım <small>(since July 2020)</small><ref>{{cite news |title=Ülkü Ocakları'na yeni başkan atandı |url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/siyaset/ulku-ocaklarina-yeni-baskan-atandi-6253215 |work=Milliyet |date=7 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728203139/https://www.milliyet.com.tr/siyaset/ulku-ocaklarina-yeni-baskan-atandi-6253215 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |language=tr}}</ref>
| area             = [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]], [[Place:Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]], [[Place:Western Europe|Western Europe]], [[Place:Syria|Syria]],  {{wipe|China}}, [[Place:Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]] <small>(1992–95; banned)</small>, [[Earth:North Caucasus|North Caucasus]] <small>(1990s)</small>
| ideology         = {{plainlist|
* Turkish [[Social:Ultranationalism|ultranationalism]]
* [[Religion:Islamism#Turkey|Turkish–Sunni Islamist synthesis]]<ref name="ALMo" /><ref name="MENA" /><ref name="mee1" />
* [[Social:Neo-fascism|Neo-fascism]]<ref name="Sullivan" /><ref name="Irish times"/>
* Pan-Turkism<ref name="Hunter" />/Turanism<ref name="Østergaard" />
* [[Social:Anti-communism|Anti-communism]]<ref name="Atkins" /><ref name="crisisgroup" />
* Anti-Alevism<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabasa|first1=Angel|last2=Larrabee|first2=F. Stephen|title=The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey|date=2008|publisher=[[Organization:RAND Corporation|RAND Corporation]]|location=Santa Monica|isbn=9780833044570|quote=In the 1978 Kahramanmaraş incident, rightwing "Grey Wolves" killed about 100 left-wing activists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Orhan Kemal Cengiz|title=Why was the commemoration for the Maraş massacre banned? |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/orhan-kemal-cengiz/why-was-the-commemoration-for-the-maras-massacre-banned_302207.html |work=Today's Zaman |date=25 December 2012 |quote=This was the beginning of the massacre; later on, angry mobs lead by grey wolves scattered into the city, killing and raping hundreds of Alevis. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007145955/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/orhan-kemal-cengiz/why-was-the-commemoration-for-the-maras-massacre-banned_302207.html |archive-date=7 October 2015 }}</ref>
* Anti-Arab sentiment<ref>{{cite news|title=Hundreds march against Syrian refugees|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hundreds-march-against-syrian-refugees.aspx?pageID=238&nID=69122&NewsCatID=341|work=Hürriyet Daily News|publisher=via Doğan News Agency|date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Yalçın|first1=Zübeyde|title=Anti-Syrian protests sign of growing tensions in southern Turkey|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/07/22/antisyrian-protests-sign-of-growing-tensions-in-southern-turkey|work=Daily Sabah|issue=21 July 2014}}</ref>
* Anti-Armenian sentiment
* Anti-Chinese sentiment (in Xinjiang)<ref name="Shimatsu" /><ref>{{cite news|last1=Girit|first1=Selin|title=China-Turkey relationship strained over Uighurs|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-33440998|agency=BBC News|date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Erdemir|first1=Aykan|last2=Tahiroglu|first2=Merve|title=Turkish Grey Wolves target 'Chinese'|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/turkish-grey-wolves-target-chinese/|work=Politico|date=30 July 2015}}</ref>
* Anti-Iranian sentiment<ref name="Hunter"/>
* Anti-Greek sentiment
* [[Social:Anti-Kurdish sentiment|Anti-Kurdish sentiment]]
* Anti-Russian sentiment<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ivanov|first1=Andrey|title=Эрдоган отправляет в Крым "Серых волков"|url=http://svpressa.ru/politic/article/137804/|work=svpressa.ru|agency=Svobodnaya Pressa|date=8 December 2015|language=ru|archive-url=https://archive.today/20151208221329/http://svpressa.ru/politic/article/137804/|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante|title=Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79669-3|pages=226–7|quote=Nevertheless it seems certain that isolated groups of Azeri Grey Wolves have participated in the war...}}</ref>}}
| position         = Far-right
| crimes           = Massacres, assassinations, bombings<ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times" />
| attacks          = {{Collapsible list
| title = List:
| 1 May 1977: Taksim Square massacre (alleged)
| 16 March 1978: Beyazıt massacre
| 9 October 1978: Bahçelievler massacre
| December 1978: Maraş massacre
| 1 February 1979: Assassination of Abdi İpekçi
| May 1980: Çorum massacre
| 13 May 1981: Pope John Paul II assassination attempt (debated)
| 18 June 1988: Assassination attempt on Prime Minister Turgut Özal
| 12–15 March 1995: Gazi Quarter riots (involvement)<ref name="FOOTNOTEZürcherLinden2004130" />
| 13–17 March 1995: Coup d'état attempt in Azerbaijan
| 17 August 2015: 2015 Bangkok bombing (suspected)<ref>{{cite news|title=Thai police look into Turkish connection in Bangkok blast|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-blast-idUSKCN0QW0MY20150827|work=Reuters|date=27 August 2015|quote=...the most likely perpetrators were members of an ultra-nationalist Turkish organization called the Grey Wolves...}}</ref><ref name="Bangkok telegraph">{{cite news|last1=Sherwell|first1=Philip|title=Bangkok bombing: Was it the Grey Wolves of Turkey?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/11832701/Bangkok-bombing-Was-it-the-Grey-Wolves-of-Turkey.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=29 August 2015}}</ref>}}
| status           = Active
| size             = {{plainlist|
* Turkey: 3.6% of the electorate are supporters (2014)<ref name="Ergil" /> ≈ 1.9 million{{efn-ua|3.6 percent amounts to around 1,904,188 individuals if the number of registered voters (52,894,115) for the 2014 presidential election is taken into account.}}
* Germany: 7,000 (2015) to 18,000+ (2017)<ref name="bpb">{{cite web |title=Graue Wölfe – die größte rechtsextreme Organisation in Deutschland |url=https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/260333/graue-woelfe-die-groesste-rechtsextreme-organisation-in-deutschland |publisher=Federal Agency for Civic Education |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722040831/https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/260333/graue-woelfe-die-groesste-rechtsextreme-organisation-in-deutschland |archive-date=22 July 2020 |language=de |date=24 November 2017}}</ref>
}}
| financing        = [[Finance:Illegal drug trade|Illegal drug trade]],<ref name="Atkins" /><ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times" /> [[Social:Extortion|extortion]], [[Social:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Naylor|first1=R.T.|title=Economic Warfare: Sanctions, Embargo Busting, and Their Human Cost|date=1999|publisher=Northeastern University Press|location=Boston|isbn=978-1-55553-499-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fkcGKb8jLXMC&pg=PA76&lpg=PA76&dq=grey+wolves+Extortion&source=bl&ots=tdr4sHDieJ&sig=rRPEN2U18eNY_6QTW3paq6QWOdQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=7v5gVJC5OM__yQST3YGgDQ&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=grey%20wolves%20Extortion&f=false 76]|quote=For the next decade [after the 1980 coup] most operations were conducted from Germany. There, sheltering among the large emigre Turkish community, the Grey Wolves raised money from extortion, alien smuggling and heroin trafficking while attacking left-wing and pro-Soviet targets.}}</ref>
| flag =[[File:Grey Wolves Gokturk Flag.svg|mini|150px]]
}}
The '''Grey Wolves''' ({{lang-tr|Bozkurtlar}}),<ref name="Jenkins" /> officially known as '''Idealist Hearths''' ({{lang-tr|Ülkü Ocakları}},<ref name="hurriyet 2011" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Benam |first1=Cigdem |title=restricted access An Intellectual History of Turkish Nationalism: Between Turkish Ethnicity and Islamic Identity by Umut Uzer (review) |journal=The Middle East Journal |date=Winter 2017 |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=165–166 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/647587/summary |quote=...a group called the Idealist Hearths (''Ülkü Ocakları''), widely known as the Grey Wolves (''Bozkurtlar'').}}</ref> {{IPA-tr|ylcy odʒakɫaɾɯ|}}), is a [[Place:Turkey|Turkish]] [[Social:Far-right politics|far-right]] organization and movement affiliated with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).<ref name="hurriyet 2011">{{cite news|title=Video shows Turkish police singing Grey Wolf march|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=elite-police-force-sings-grey-wolf-marches-2011-04-25|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=25 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019081819/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=elite-police-force-sings-grey-wolf-marches-2011-04-25 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |quote=The Grey Wolves, also commonly referred to as the Ülkü Ocakları (Idealist Hearths), are a youth organization with close links to the MHP. }} [https://newsturkish.com/elite-police-force-sings-grey-wolf-marches-2011-04-25.html Alt URL]</ref> Commonly described as [[Social:Ultranationalism|ultranationalistic]], [[Religion:Islamism|Islamistic]]<ref name="MENA">{{cite web|url=https://mena-studies.org/the-grey-wolves-conquering-europe/ |title=The Grey Wolves conquering Europe|publisher=MENA Research & Study Center |date=30 June 2020|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="ALMo">{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/08/turkey-erdogan-tries-to-expand-alliance-with-nationalists.html |title=Why Erdogan must expand his ultranationalist alliances|publisher=Al-Monitor |date=19 August 2020|access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref><ref name="mee1">{{Cite web|title='Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/our-bodies-are-turkish-our-souls-islamic-rise-turkeys-ultra-nationalists|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Middle East Eye|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Screws tighten on Gray Wolves, Erdogan's European guard - Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/11/turkey-french-ban-grey-wolves-political-islam-nationalists.html|access-date=2021-09-30|website=www.al-monitor.com|language=en}}</ref> and [[Social:Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]],<ref name="Sullivan" /><ref name="Irish times"/> it is a youth organization that has been characterized as MHP's paramilitary or militant wing.<ref name="Atkins" /><ref name="crisisgroup" /><ref name="Economist 1999" /><ref name="Combs" /> Its members deny its political nature and claim it to be a cultural and educational  foundation,<ref>{{cite news|title=Siirt Ülkü Ocakları Başkanı Yeşilkök|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/siirt_haber/siirt_ulku_ocaklari_baskani_yesilkok-1223490|work=Radikal|date=2 November 2011|language=tr|quote=Siirt Ülkü Ocakları Başkanı Abidin Yeşilkök, "Ülkü Ocakları olarak siyasal bir kuruluş değiliz. Ülkü Ocakları  Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfıyız" dedi.}}</ref> as per its full official name: '''Ülkü Ocakları Eğitim ve Kültür Vakfı''' (Idealist Clubs Educational and Cultural Foundation).<ref name="hurriyet 2005" />

Established by Colonel [[Biography:Alparslan Türkeş|Alparslan Türkeş]] in the late 1960s, it rose to prominence during the [[Social:Political violence in Turkey (1976–80)|late 1970s political violence in Turkey]] when its members engaged in urban guerrilla warfare with left-wing activists and militants. Scholars have described it as a [[Social:Death squad|death squad]], responsible for most of the violence and killings in this period. Their most notorious attack, which killed over 100 Alevis, took place in Maraş in December 1978. They are also alleged to have been behind the Taksim Square massacre on May Day, 1977. The masterminds behind the Pope John Paul II assassination attempt in 1981 by Grey Wolves member Mehmet Ali Ağca were not identified and the organization's role remains unclear. Due to these attacks, the Grey Wolves have been described by some scholars, journalists, and governments as a terrorist organization.<ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times" /><ref name="Prabha" /><ref name="Slomp">{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics, Volume 1|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-0-313-39181-1|page=744|quote=Grey Wolves Turkish terrorist group (Bozkurtlar in Turkish), the youth organization of an extreme right party...}}</ref><ref name="KazakhBan">{{cite web|title=The list of prohibited on the territory of the RK foreign organizations|url=http://www.din.gov.kz/eng/press-sluzhba/spisok_zaprexhennyx_organizaci/|website=din.gov.kz|publisher=Committee for Religious Affairs of The Ministry of Culture and Sport of the Republic of Kazakhstan|quote=II.|access-date=2014-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025060442/http://www.din.gov.kz/eng/press-sluzhba/spisok_zaprexhennyx_organizaci/|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Kyamal" /> The organization has long been a prominent suspect in investigations into the Turkish "[[Finance:Deep state in Turkey|deep state]]", and is suspected of having had close dealings in the past with the Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish branch of the NATO Operation Gladio, as well as the Turkish mafia.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goksedef |first1=Ece |title=The ultra-nationalist Turkish mob boss Erdogan can't touch |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ultra-nationalist-turkish-mob-boss-erdogan-cant-touch |agency=Middle East Eye |date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626100941/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/ultra-nationalist-turkish-mob-boss-erdogan-cant-touch |archive-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> Among the Grey Wolves' prime targets are non-Turkish ethnic minorities such as Greeks and Armenians.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mani |first1=B. Venkat |title=On the Question, "what is Turkish-German?" Minority Literatures and the Dialectics of Exclusion |date=2002 |publisher=Stanford University |page=89 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_the_Question_what_is_Turkish_German_M/4_YgAQAAIAAJ |quote=while the Grey Wolves target their vendetta against the communists, Greeks, and the Armenians.}}</ref>

A staunchly Pan-Turkist organization, in the early 1990s the Grey Wolves extended their area of operation into the [[Earth:Post-Soviet states|post-Soviet states]] with Turkic and Muslim populations. Up to thousands of its members fought in the First Nagorno-Karabakh War on the Azerbaijani side, and the First and Second Chechen Wars on the Chechen side. After an unsuccessful attempt to seize power in Azerbaijan in 1995, they were banned in that country.<ref name="Kyamal" /> In 2005, Kazakhstan also banned the organization, classifying it as a terrorist group.<ref name="KazakhBan" /> In 2020 France banned the group.

Under [[Biography:Devlet Bahçeli|Devlet Bahçeli]], who assumed the leadership of the MHP and Grey Wolves after Türkeş's death in 1997, the organization has been reformed.<ref name="Birand 2006" /> According to a 2014 estimate, the Grey Wolves are supported by 3.6% of the Turkish electorate.<ref name="Ergil" /> Its members are often involved in attacks and clashes with Kurdish and leftist activists.<ref name="hdpkurds"/> The organization is also active in the [[Place:Northern Cyprus|Turkish-controlled portion]] of Cyprus and has affiliated branches in several Western European countries with significant Turkish communities, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany. They are the largest right-wing extremist organization in Germany.<ref name="bpb" /> 

The Grey Wolves were banned in France on November 2020 for hate speech and violence, and calls for similar actions are made in Germany and the Netherlands. On May 2021, the European Parliament also called all 27 member states of the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] to designate it as a terrorist group.

==Name and symbolism==
[[File:Wolfsgruß Graue Woelfe.jpg|thumb|left|The salutation of the Grey Wolves.]]
[[File:Grey Wolves Gokturk Flag.svg|thumb|The flag which is unofficially used by the Grey Wolves]]
The organization's members are known as ''Ülkücüler'', a word which literally means "idealists".<ref name="Idiz" /> Its informal name is inspired by the ancient legend of Asena, a she-wolf in the Ergenekon,<ref>{{cite web|author1=H. Akin Ünver|title=Turkey's "Deep-State" and the Ergenekon Conundrum|url=http://www.mei.edu/sites/default/files/publications/Unver.pdf|publisher=Middle East Institute|page=2|date=April 2009|quote=The "grey wolf " sign, as well as the unique hand gesture used by Turkish nationalist groups, refers to the she-wolf depicted in the Ergenekon legend.}}</ref> a [[Religion:Turkic mythology|myth]] associated with Turkic ethnic origins in the Central Asian steppes.<ref name="Zaman" /> In Turkey, the wolf also symbolizes honor.<ref name="crisisgroup" /> The Grey Wolves have a "strong emphasis on leadership and hierarchical, military-like organisation."<ref name="microconflict" />

The Grey Wolves also use what scholar Ahmet İnsel describes as "fascist slogans imported from America", such as "Love it or leave it" (''Ya Sev Ya Terk Et!'') and "Communists to Moscow" (''Komünistler Moskova'ya'').<ref>{{cite news|last1=İnsel|first1=Ahmet|title=Amerika'dan ithal faşist slogan|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/ek_haber.php?ek=r2&haberno=7532|work=Radikal|date=7 October 2007|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021146/http://www.radikal.com.tr/ek_haber.php?ek=r2&haberno=7532|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

The salutation of the Grey Wolves is "a fist with the little finger and index finger raised" Turkic hand gesture.<ref name="Østergaard" /> It was banned in Austria in February 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey condemns Austria's ban on 'Grey Wolves' salute |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-condemns-austrias-ban-on-grey-wolves-salute-141230 |work=Hurriyet Daily News |date=14 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey condemns Austria's ban on 'Grey Wolves' salute |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/turkey-condemns-austria-s-ban-on-grey-wolves-salute/1392217 |agency=Anadolu Agency |date=14 February 2019}}</ref> In Germany, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and the [[Social:The Left (Germany)|Left Party]] proposed banning the salute in October 2018, calling it fascist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany seeks to ban Turkish 'Gray Wolves' far-right symbols |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-seeks-to-ban-turkish-gray-wolves-far-right-symbols/a-45809792 |agency=Deutsche Welle |date=9 October 2018}}</ref>

==Ideology==
The Grey Wolves adhere to an extreme form of Turkish nationalism. It has been characterized as [[Social:Neo-fascism|neo-fascist]] by scholars,<ref name="Sullivan" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karasapan|first1=Omer|title=Turkey and US Strategy in the Age of Glasnost|journal=Middle East Report|volume=17|year=1989|issue=160|pages=587–606|doi=10.2307/3013440|jstor=260523|quote=The US also established contacts with the neofascist Nationalist Movement Party and its militants, the Grey Wolves.}}</ref><ref name="Aslan&Bozay" /><ref name="Canefe&Bora" /><ref name="Cooley" /> the mainstream media,<ref name="nyt 1981" /><ref name="Irish times">{{cite news|last1=Starr|first1=Stephen|title=Turkey protective of ethnic Turkmens in Syria|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/turkey-protective-of-ethnic-turkmens-in-syria-1.2535691|work=The Irish Times|date=15 February 2016|quote=...the Grey Wolves, a neo-fascist, militant youth group...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Erdemir |first1=Aykan |last2=Tahiroglu |first2=Merve |title=Turkish Grey Wolves target 'Chinese' |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/turkish-grey-wolves-target-chinese/ |work=Politico Europe |date=30 July 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200820105709/https://www.politico.eu/article/turkish-grey-wolves-target-chinese/ |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=22 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> and left-wing sources.<ref name="greenleft 1999">{{cite journal|last1=Dixon|first1=Norm|title=Kurds defy repression with strong vote for HADEP|journal=Green Left Weekly|date=28 April 1999|url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/kurds-defy-repression-strong-vote-hadep |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228191630/https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/kurds-defy-repression-strong-vote-hadep |archive-date=28 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Maass|first1=Alan|last2=Gagné|first2=Tom|title=The coup that followed the coup in Turkey|url=https://socialistworker.org/2016/08/11/the-coup-that-followed-the-coup|work=socialistworker.org (Socialist Worker)|date=11 August 2016|quote=...the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP), with its openly fascist "Grey Wolves" youth organization...}}</ref> R. W. Apple Jr., writing in the ''{{wipe|New York Times}}'' in 1981, described MHP and its satellite groups as a "xenophobic, fanatically nationalist, neofascist network steeped in violence."<ref name="nyt 1981" /> The organization's ideology emphasizes the early history of the Turkic states in [[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]] and blends it with [[Religion:Islam|Islam]]. Synthesis of Turkish identity and Islam is widely prevalent in their rhetoric and activities. One of their mottos is "Your doctor will be a Turk and your medicine will be Islam."<ref name="microconflict" /> Other sources have described it as secular.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bale|first1=Jeffrey M.|title=Definition of Terrorism|url=http://www.miis.edu/academics/researchcenters/terrorism/about/Terrorism_Definition|website=Monterey Terrorism & Research Education Program|publisher=[[Organization:Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey|Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107103419/http://www.miis.edu/academics/researchcenters/terrorism/about/Terrorism_Definition|archive-date=7 January 2013}}</ref>

Their ideology is based on a "superiority" of the Turkish "race" and the Turkish nation.<ref name="Wangmo&Yazilitas" /> According to Peters, they strive for an "ideal" Turkish nation, which they define as "Sunni-Islamic and mono-ethnic: only inhabited by 'true' Turks."<ref name="Peters">{{cite web|last1=Peters|first1=L.S.|title=The big world experiment: the mobilization of social capital in migrant communities|url=http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/77487|publisher=FMG: Amsterdam Institute for Social Science Research (AISSR)|page=152|year=2010}}</ref> A Turk is defined as someone who lives in the Turkish territory, feels Turkish and calls themselves Turkish.<ref name="Peters" /> In their ideology and activities, they are hostile to virtually all non-Turkish or non-Sunni elements within Turkey, including Kurds,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Humer|first1=Stephan|title=Turkish elections: Turkey's Kurd-hating Grey Wolves spreading neo-nazi poison across Europe|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/turkish-elections-turkeys-kurd-hating-grey-wolves-spreading-neo-nazi-poison-across-europe-1504725|work=International Business Times|date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20151128070050/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/turkish-elections-turkeys-kurd-hating-grey-wolves-spreading-neo-nazi-poison-across-europe-1504725|archive-date=28 November 2015|access-date=20 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Alevis,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jégo|first1=Marie|title=Turquie: les différents masques du loup|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1999/04/30/turquie-les-differents-masques-du-loup_3555472_1819218.html|work=Le Monde|date=30 April 1999|language=fr|quote=Pour la minorité religieuse alévie – ces « protestants » de l'islam, près de quinze millions de personnes, et parmi elles nombre de Kurdes –, marquée par les terribles massacres perpétrés en particulier par les « Loups gris » à Maras (1978) ou à Sivas (1979, 1993), le retour du MHP n'est pas une bonne nouvelle.}}</ref> Armenians, Greeks, [[Religion:Christians|Christians]], and [[Religion:Jews|Jews]].<ref name="2013 report" /><ref name="spiegel" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Murder in Anatolia: Christian missionaries and Turkish ultranationalism|url=http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_124.pdf|publisher=European Stability Initiative|location=Berlin|pages=1–2|date=12 January 2011|quote=Both in Malatya and in Istanbul the local branches of the ultranationalist Grey Wolf youth organisation (Ulku Ocaklari) had also organised demonstrations against Christians.}}</ref> They embrace anti-Semitic [[Unsolved:List of conspiracy theories#Antisemitic conspiracy theories|conspiracy theories]] such as those put forward by ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', and have distributed the Turkish translation of Adolf Hitler's ''Mein Kampf''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Vermaat|first1=Emerson|title=Resurgence of Anti-Semitism in Turkey and Amsterdam|url=http://www.investigativeproject.org/2075/resurgence-of-anti-semitism-in-turkey#|publisher=Investigative Project on Terrorism|date=19 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20141025041637/http://www.investigativeproject.org/2075/resurgence-of-anti-semitism-in-turkey%23 |archivedate=25 October 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Turkic language map-present range.png|thumb|Grey Wolves seek to unite all Turkic peoples. This map shows parts of Eurasia inhabited by Turkic-speaking peoples.]]

The Grey Wolves are Pan-Turkist and seek to unite the Turkic peoples in one state stretching from the [[Place:Balkans|Balkans]] to Central Asia.<ref name="Hunter" /><ref name="Østergaard" /><!-- "Pan Turkism from the Balkans to Central Asia "Die Grauen Wölfe träumen von der Vereinigung aller Turkvölker zu einer Großtürkei, die vom Balkan bis Zentralasien reichen soll."--><ref name="spiegel" /> After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Grey Wolves called for "a revived Turkish empire embracing newly independent Central Asian states of the former Soviet Union."<ref name="Zaman" /> They have proposed "a pan-Turkish extension of the Turkish nation-state."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tunander|first=Ola|title=A New Ottoman Empire? The Choice for Turkey: Euro-Asian Centre vs National Fortress|journal=Security Dialogue|date=1995|volume=26|issue=4|pages=413–427|quote=Turkey is not preparing for military competition with Russia in the former Soviet republics, nor for a pan-Turkish extension of the Turkish nation-state, as has been proposed by the right-wing extremists, the 'Grey Wolves'.|doi=10.1177/0967010695026004007|s2cid=143697855}}</ref> Due to their pan-Turkic agenda they are hostile towards Iran<ref name="Hunter">{{cite book|last1=Hunter|first1=Shireen T.|author-link1=Shireen Hunter|title=Iran's Foreign Policy in the Post-Soviet Era: Resisting the New International Order|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, California|isbn=978-0-313-38194-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wLtA_J3VUt4C&pg=PA158&dq=%22Grey+Wolves%22+bozkurt&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w5xCVJXYAZatyATE1oD4DQ&ved=0CEsQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22Grey%20Wolves%22%20bozkurt&f=false 158]|quote=For different reasons, two groups in Turkey have a hostile view of Iran: [...] (2) the ultranationalists with pan-Turkist aspirations, exemplified by groups such as the Grey Wolves (Bozkurt).}}</ref> and Russia.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nuriyev|first1=Bulat|title=Так будет ли у Т. Эрдогана достойный конкурент? [Will Erdogan have a worthy competitor?]|url=http://echo.msk.ru/blog/ozgur/947392-echo/|agency=Echo of Moscow|date=3 November 2012|language=ru|quote=И, в-третьих, это националисты, или «серые волки», далеко недружелюбно посматривающие в сторону Москвы.}}</ref>

The Grey Wolves are staunchly anti-communist and have a history of violence toward leftists.<ref name="Atkins" /><ref name="crisisgroup" /><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.dw.com/en/erdogans-plans-for-power-hinge-on-turkish-nationalist-feud/a-19259604 | title=Erdogan's plans for power hinge on Turkish nationalist feud &#124; DW &#124; 15.05.2016}}</ref>

==Base==
According to sociologist {{Interlanguage link multi|Doğu Ergil|tr}}, the Grey Wolves—"the militant youth wing of the Turkish ethnic nationalists that are dissatisfied with the inertia of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) camp"—are supported by 3.6% of the Turkish electorate as of 2014.<ref name="Ergil" /> According to analyst Ankarali Jan, the Grey Wolves have a largely unofficial presence in Turkey's major universities, but their "real power is on the streets, among disaffected poor people in predominantly Turkish Sunni neighbourhoods."<ref name="middleeasteye 2015" /> Norm Dixon wrote in the ''Green Left Weekly'' in 1999 that the MHP and Grey Wolves "retain strong support within the military."<ref name="greenleft 1999" /> In 2018, Tom Stevenson described it as a "street movement."<ref name="movement"/>

==History==
According to Ruben Safrastyan, because the Grey Wolves are subtle and often formally operate as cultural and sports organizations, information about them is scarce.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krikorian|first1=Krikor A.|script-title=hy:Փանթուրանական Երազանք կամ «Գորշ Գայլեր»|url=http://hairenikweekly.com/2014/10/03/%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6-%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84-%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4-%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7-%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AC%D5%A5/|work=Hairenik Weekly|date=3 October 2014|language=hy}}</ref>

===Early history===
The Grey Wolves organization was formed by Colonel [[Biography:Alparslan Türkeş|Alparslan Türkeş]] in the late 1960s as the paramilitary wing of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). In 1968, over a hundred camps for ideological and paramilitary training were founded by Türkeş across Turkey.<ref name="Jenkins" /> Canefe and Bora describe it as a [[Social:Grassroots|grassroots]] fascist network, which had an active role in the economy, education, and neighborhoods.<ref name="Canefe&Bora" /> Nasuh Uslu characterized it as a well-disciplined paramilitary organization,<ref>{{cite book|last=Uslu|first=Nasuh|title=The Turkish-American Relationship Between 1947 and 2003: The History of a Distinctive Alliance|date=2003|publisher=Nova Science|location=New York|isbn=978-1-59033-832-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6sgzChQ-0FMC&pg=PA49&dq=wolves+(in+turkish+bozkurtlar) 49]}}</ref> while Joshua D. Hendrick compared its organization to the Nazi ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hendrick|first1=Joshua D.|title=Gülen: The Ambiguous Politics of Market Islam in Turkey and the World|date=2013|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-7098-6|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1XcaGnpAKmYC&pg=PA44&dq=mhp+formed+youth+organization,+the+bozkurtlar+grey+wolves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DcdeVMfHOYOeyQTVh4HAAg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mhp%20formed%20youth%20organization%2C%20the%20bozkurtlar%20grey%20wolves&f=false 44]}}</ref> Young male students and economic migrants from rural areas who have settled in Istanbul and Ankara made up the majority of its members.<ref name="Sullivan" /> In 1973 Israeli orientalist Jacob M. Landau wrote that the importance of the Grey Wolves "is attested to by the fact that Türkeş himself assumed responsibility for the formation of these youth groups and assigned the supervision of their training to two of his close associates".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Landau|first1=Jacob M.|title=Middle Eastern Themes: Papers in History and Politics|date=1973|publisher=Frank Cass|location=London|isbn=978-0-7146-2969-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DSFmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA281&dq=importance+of+the+bozkurtlar+for+rpnp-nap+is+attested+to&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BudWVOqNBOrfsATkv4L4Bw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=importance%20of%20the%20bozkurtlar%20for%20rpnp-nap%20is%20attested%20to&f=false 281]}}</ref>

===1970s violence and 1980 coup===
By the late 1970s the organizations had tens of thousands of members,<ref name="Sullivan" /> and according to Amberin Zaman, the Turkish authorities had lost control over it.<ref name="Zaman" /> During the [[Social:Political violence in Turkey (1976–80)|political violence between 1976 and 1980]], members of the Grey Wolves were involved in numerous assassinations of left-wing and liberal activists, intellectuals, labor organizers, Kurds, officials, and journalists.<ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times" /><ref name="Idiz" /> The organization became a [[Social:Death squad|death squad]]<ref name="Sloan&Anderson" /> engaged in "street killings and gunbattles".<ref name="Combs" /> According to authorities, 220 of its members carried out 694<ref name="Sloan&Anderson" /><ref name="Ganser" /> murders of left-wing and liberal activists and intellectuals.<ref name="Idiz" /> In total, some 5,000 to 6,000 people were killed in the violence, with the Grey Wolves responsible for most of the killings.<ref name="Economist 1999">{{cite news|title=Turkey" Nation and tribe the winners|url=http://www.economist.com/node/201182|work=[[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]]|date=22 April 1999|quote=Young zealots on the far left did their share of killing. But the MHP's paramilitary wing, known as the "Grey Wolves", committed the worst excesses. Some 6,000 Turks died in the violence.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=de Bellaigue|first1=Christopher|title=Obituary: Alpaslan Turkes|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alpaslan-turkes-1266076.html|work=The Independent|date=9 April 1997|quote=...the political violence towards the end of the decade which thrust his Grey Wolves – as MHP activists came to be known – into the limelight. This violence, which pitted left against right, cost the lives of around 5000 Turks. Much of it was perpetrated by the Grey Wolves.}}</ref>

Their most significant attack of this period was the Maraş massacre in December 1978, when over 100 Alevis were killed.<ref name="Sullivan" /><ref name="Marcus">{{cite book|last=Marcus|first=Aliza|title=Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodbeliefpkkku00marc|url-access=limited|date=2007|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=978-0-8147-9611-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/bloodbeliefpkkku00marc/page/n62 50]|quote=...attacks on minority Alawite communities by the Grey Wolves, including the Kahramanmaras massacre in 1978...}}</ref><ref name="Cengiz">{{cite news|author=Orhan Kemal Cengiz |title=Why was the commemoration for the Maraş massacre banned? |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/orhan-kemal-cengiz/why-was-the-commemoration-for-the-maras-massacre-banned_302207.html |work=Today's Zaman |date=25 December 2012 |quote=This was the beginning of the massacre; later on, angry mobs led by grey wolves scattered into the city, killing and raping hundreds of Alevis. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007145955/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/orhan-kemal-cengiz/why-was-the-commemoration-for-the-maras-massacre-banned_302207.html |archive-date=2015-10-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rabasa|first1=Angel|last2=Larrabee|first2=F. Stephen|title=The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey|date=2008|publisher=[[Organization:RAND Corporation|RAND Corporation]]|location=Santa Monica|isbn=978-0-8330-4457-0|quote=In the 1978 Kahramanmaraş incident, rightwing "Grey Wolves" killed about 100 left-wing Alevi activists.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rabasa |first1=Angel |last2=Larrabee |first2=F. Stephen |title=The Rise of Political Islam in Turkey |url=http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a482594.pdf |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |page=21 |date=2008 |quote=In the 1978 Kahramanmaraş incident, right-wing "Grey Wolves" killed about 100 left-wing Alevi activists. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109070241/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a482594.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2014 }}</ref> They are also accused of being behind the Taksim Square massacre on May 1, 1977.<ref name="Sullivan" /><ref name="socialistworld" /> The Grey Wolves became a "state-approved force" and used attacks on left-wing groups to "cause chaos and demoralization and inflame a climate in which a regime promising law and order would be welcomed by the masses."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alver|first1=Ahmet|title=Postmodern Responses to the September 12th 1980 Military Coup D'Etat in Turkish Literature Search within citing articles|journal=Türk Dili Ve Edebiyatı Dergisi|date=2013|page=6|url=http://journals.istanbul.edu.tr/iutded/article/viewFile/1023022368/1023020903|publisher=[[Organization:Istanbul University|Istanbul University]]}}</ref>
During this violent period, Grey Wolves operated with the encouragement and the protection of the Turkish Army's [[Organization:Special Warfare Department|Special Warfare Department]].{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}

The conflict between left-wing and right-wing groups eventually resulted in a military intervention in September 1980 when General Kenan Evren led a coup d'état.<ref name="Zaman" /> According to Daniele Ganser, at the time of the coup, there were some 1,700 Grey Wolves branches, with about 200,000 registered members and a million sympathizers.<ref name="Ganser">{{cite book|last1=Ganser|first1=Daniele|title=NATO's Secret Armies: Operation GLADIO and Terrorism in Western Europe|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76785-3|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n0uRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240&dq=694+murders+grey+wolves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UZVBVITpENSeyAScgoKwDQ&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=694%20murders%20grey%20wolves&f=false 240]}}</ref> Following the 1980 coup, the Grey Wolves and MHP were banned and their activity was diminished.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Heper|first1=ed. by Metin|last2=Sayari|first2=Sabri|title=Political Leaders and Democracy in Turkey|date=2001|publisher=Lexington|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-7391-0352-4|page=154|quote=The activism of the Grey Wolves diminished after the 1980 military intervention, which banned such organizations.}}</ref> Turkish nationalists and others assert that the Grey Wolves were "used and then discarded" by the [[Finance:Deep state in Turkey|deep state in Turkey]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ünver |first=H. Akin |title=Turkey's "Deep-State" and the Ergenekon Conundrum |journal=Policy Brief |date=April 2009 |page=13 |url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003605/turkey-deep-state-ergenekonconundrum.pdf |publisher=Middle East Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109071517/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003605/turkey-deep-state-ergenekonconundrum.pdf |archive-date=November 9, 2014 }}</ref>

===Links to the Turkish government and NATO===
In the late 1970s, former military prosecutor and Turkish Supreme Court Justice Emin Değer documented collaboration between the Grey Wolves, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and Counter-Guerrilla, the Turkish stay-behind anti-communist organization organised under NATO's Operation Gladio, a plan for [[Social:Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla warfare]] in case of a communist takeover. Martin Lee writes that the Counter-Guerrilla supplied weapons to the Grey Wolves,<ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times" /> while according to Tim Jacoby, the CIA transferred guns and explosives to Grey Wolves units through an agent in the 1970s.<ref name="Jacoby" />

During the 1996 Susurluk scandal, the Grey Wolves were accused of being members of the Counter-Guerrilla.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pacal|first1=Jan|title=The Short and Bloody History of Ulkucus|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500825|work=Turkish Daily News|issue=222|publisher=Hürriyet|date=4 April 1997|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019035337/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-500825|quote=Ulkucus, the ultranationalists, were the lead players of the Turkish Gladio that was revealed with the Susurluk Accident. Abdullah Catli, a convicted criminal whose name was mentioned very often and who was accused of many cases, was mentioned as the head of the Gladio. There were many Ulkucu Special Team officers, ministers, deputies who were accused of being the member of the Gladio.}}</ref> Abdullah Çatlı, second-in-command of the Grey Wolves leadership,<ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times" /> was killed during the Susurluk car crash, which sparked the scandal. The April 1997 report of the Turkish National Assembly's investigative committee "offered considerable evidence of close ties between state authorities and criminal gangs, including the use of the Grey Wolves to carry out illegal activities."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Park|first1=Bill|volume=153|issue=5|title=Turkey's Deep State: Ergenekon and the Threat to Democratisation in the Republic|url=https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/200810_Park_Turkeys_Deep_State.pdf|publisher=Royal United Services Institute|page=54|doi=10.1080/03071840802521937|date=October 2008|s2cid=154033736|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025055237/https://www.rusi.org/downloads/assets/200810_Park_Turkeys_Deep_State.pdf|archive-date=2014-10-25|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the 2008 the Ergenekon trials, a court document revealed that the National Intelligence Organization (MİT) armed and funded Grey Wolves members to carry out political murders.<ref name="todayszaman 2013" /> They mostly targeted members of the Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA),<ref name="todayszaman 2013">{{cite news|title=Machete attacks raise fears over widespread violence |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-240183-on-%3Cb%3Ecrucifixes%3C/_machete-attacks-raise-fears-over-widespread-violence_320660.html |work=Today's Zaman |date=14 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025065709/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-240183-on-%3Cb%3Ecrucifixes%3C/_machete-attacks-raise-fears-over-widespread-violence_320660.html |archive-date=2014-10-25 }}</ref> which attacked Turkish embassies abroad in retaliation for the Turkish state's continued denial of the Armenian genocide. The Turkish intelligence services also made use of the Grey Wolves in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, by offering them amnesty for their crimes in exchange.<ref name="Combs" /><ref name="lee">{{cite book|first=Martin A.|last=Lee|title=The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right Wing Extremists|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|location=New York|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=DRDeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202&dq=Grey+Wolves+neo-fascist&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-4tBVP-wLY6nyAS63YGQAg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Grey%20Wolves%20neo-fascist&f=false 202]|quote=The paramilitary wing of the Grey Wolves have been utilized by the Turkish intelligence services to assassinate PKK leaders.}}</ref>

===Post-1980===
After the 1980 coup, the Grey Wolves reorganized. They began to direct their efforts against Kurds in Turkey, as well as lobbying for aggressive denial of the Armenian genocide and support of the Turkish occupation of Cyprus.<ref>{{cite news|last=Çelikkan|first=Murat|title=Ülkü Ocakları|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=99252|work=Radikal|date=18 December 2003|language=tr|quote=12 Eylül sonrasında yeniden kurulan Ülkü Ocakları'nı ise kâh Apo konusunda eylemlerde, kâh Ermeni soykırımı iddialarını protesto ederken, kâh Kıbrıs'ta statükoyu desteklemek için...|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021143/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=99252|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

====Anti-Kurdish violence and activism====
=====1990s=====
In the 1990s, the Grey Wolves turned their focus on the Kurds and participated in the Kurdish–Turkish conflict in [[Place:Turkish Kurdistan|Turkish Kurdistan]].<ref name="lefigaro" /> In 1999, ''Hürriyet Daily News'' described the organization as "the staunchest opponent to the Kurdish cause in Turkey."<ref>{{cite news|title=Grey Wolves in charge for Ocalan|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/grey-wolves-in-charge-for-ocalan.aspx?pageID=438&n=grey-wolves-in-charge-for-ocalan-1999-01-30|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=30 January 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109075705/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/grey-wolves-in-charge-for-ocalan.aspx?pageID=438&n=grey-wolves-in-charge-for-ocalan-1999-01-30 |archive-date=9 November 2014}}</ref>

In May 1998, the Grey Wolves were involved in two murders. On May 3, a group of Grey Wolves attacked two students in Bolu who were passing by the organization's building. Kenan Mak, one of the students, was killed.<ref name="hurriyet 1998" /> On May 5, a worker named Bilal Vural was killed in Istanbul's Şişli district, allegedly by the Grey Wolves. His family claimed that he was "brought several times to the Ülkü Ocakları building where ultranationalists forced him to become a member." They said that he was killed because he was a member of the pro-Kurdish People's Democracy Party (HADEP).<ref name="hurriyet 1998" /> As a result of these murders, Republican People's Party (CHP) Deputy Chairman Sinan Yerlikaya and the Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP) requested that the Grey Wolves be banned by the authorities.<ref name="hurriyet 1998" />

During the 1999 general election, the Grey Wolves attacked members of the HADEP, allegedly with impunity.<ref name="greenleft 1999" />

=====2000s=====
In August 2002, the Grey Wolves burnt Masoud Barzani's effigy in a protest in Ankara after he claimed the partly Turkmen-inhabited Iraqi governorates of Kirkuk and [[Place:Nineveh Governorate|Mosul]] as part of [[Place:Iraqi Kurdistan|Iraqi Kurdistan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ülkü Ocakları'ndan Barzani protestosu|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=47516|work=Radikal|date=23 August 2002|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021141/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=47516|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

=====2010s=====
On November 9 2010, Hasan Şimşek, a Grey Wolves member and a student, was killed at the Kütahya Dumlupınar University during an apparent fight between Kurdish nationalist and Turkish nationalist student groups. At his funeral, MHP leader Bahçeli stated that "We expect every kind of measure to be taken to prevent the expansion of the PKK mob, who have a tendency to grow in the universities."<ref>{{cite news|title=MHP leader visits slain student's grave|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=mhp-leader-visits-slain-students-grave-2010-11-14|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=14 November 2010  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014826/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=mhp-leader-visits-slain-students-grave-2010-11-14 |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref> Violence between Turkish and Kurdish students also broke out in Marmara University in Istanbul on November 12.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nationalist violence spreads to Istanbul's Marmara University|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=tension-spread-to-marmara-university-2010-11-12|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=12 November 2010  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129014828/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=tension-spread-to-marmara-university-2010-11-12 |archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

In September 2011, the Ankara Police Department raided 40 locations across Ankara belonging to the Grey Wolves. They took 36 people into custody and seized numerous guns and knives. According to police, the Grey Wolves were planning an attack on the pro-Kurdish Democratic Regions Party (BDP).<ref name="todayszaman 2011">{{cite news|title=Ankara police detain 36 in MHP youth branch raid |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/national_ankara-police-detain-36-in-mhp-youth-branch-raid_256514.html |work=Today's Zaman |date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117110048/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_ankara-police-detain-36-in-mhp-youth-branch-raid_256514.html |archive-date=2014-11-17 }}</ref>

In October 2013, the Grey Wolves demonstrated across Turkey against the Kurdish–Turkish peace process.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nationalists stage protests against package across Turkey|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/nationalists-stage-protests-against-package-across-turkey-.aspx?pageID=238&nid=55559|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=2 October 2013  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025082459/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/nationalists-stage-protests-against-package-across-turkey-.aspx?pageID=238&nid=55559 |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref>

In October 2014, the Grey Wolves were involved in deadly clashes during the 2014 Kurdish riots in Turkey against the government's perceived collaboration with ISIL during the Siege of Kobanî.<ref>{{cite news|title=10 people, including two police officers, killed in two Turkish provinces|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/10-people-including-three-police-officers-killed-in-two-turkish-provinces.aspx?pageID=238&nID=72767&NewsCatID=509|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=9 October 2014|quote=Pictures from the incident showed large groups of protesters carrying knives and sticks while making the sign of the grey wolf, a far-right symbol associated with the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP).  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110141332/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/10-people-including-three-police-officers-killed-in-two-turkish-provinces.aspx?pageID=238&nID=72767&NewsCatID=509 |archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dettmer|first1=Jamie|title=Kobani is Falling to ISIS in Syria. Kurd Protests Explode in Turkey.|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/10/kobani-is-falling-to-isis-in-syria-kurd-protests-explode-in-turkey.html|work=The Daily Beast|date=10 October 2014|quote=The involvement of Huda-Par and the Grey Wolves in the violence rocking the southeast augurs badly.}}</ref> A group of Grey Wolves in Sancaktepe, Istanbul, attempted to lynch a young man.<ref>{{cite news|title=Üç büyük kent de karıştı|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/uc-buyuk-kent-de-karisti-gundem-1951452/|work=Milliyet|date=8 October 2014|language=tr|quote=Sarıgazi’de ülkücü grup protestocu bir genci linç etmek istedi.}}</ref>

On February 20 2015, Fırat Yılmaz Çakıroğlu, leader of the Grey Wolves organisation in Ege University, was stabbed to death by left-wing and according to some reports, Kurdish nationalist students.<ref>{{cite news|title=Death of nationalist student stirs politics in Turkey|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/death-of-nationalist-student-stirs-politics-in-turkey.aspx?pageID=517&nID=78659&NewsCatID=509|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=20 February 2015}}</ref>

On September 7–8 2015, Turkish nationalists, including Grey Wolves members, attacked 128 offices of the pro-Kurdish [[Social:Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)|Peoples' Democratic Party]] (HDP) across Turkey in an apparent retaliation for anti-government attacks by the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).<ref>{{cite news|last1=MacDonald|first1=Alex|title=Far-right activists attack HDP offices across Turkey after anti-PKK demos|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/thousands-across-turkey-protests-against-pkk-666574588|agency=Middle East Eye |date=8 September 2015|quote=Many of the attacks were reportedly initiated by supporters of the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and members of the Grey Wolves (Ülkücü Ocakları), an ultra-nationalist organisation which has close links to the party...}}</ref> Some have alleged that some of the attacks were carried out by AKP members "masquerading as Grey Wolves"<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ellis|first1=Robert|title=Comment: Is President Erdogan behaving more like Bashar al-Assad?|url=http://famagusta-gazette.com/comment-is-president-erdogan-behaving-more-like-bashar-alassad-p29779-69.htm|work=Famagusta Gazette|date=21 September 2015|access-date=13 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011155703/http://famagusta-gazette.com/comment-is-president-erdogan-behaving-more-like-bashar-alassad-p29779-69.htm|archive-date=11 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> or that the Grey Wolves cooperated with AKP members in attacks on HDP offices and left-wingers suspected of sympathy for the Kurds.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cross|first1=Tony|title=Tensions running high in Turkey as elections loom|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/general/20151026-tensions-running-high-turkey-elections-loom|agency=Radio France Internationale|date=26 October 2015}}</ref>

====Greece-related violence and activism====
On June 18, 1988 Kartal Demirağ, a senior<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Chronology of the Middle East|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-85743-115-5|page=234|quote=June 1988: An unsuccessful assassination attempt was made on President Özal by a senior member of the 'Grey Wolves', a neo-fascist organization involved in the violence of the 1970s.}}</ref> member of the Grey Wolves, attempted to assassinate Prime Minister Turgut Özal's at the Motherland Party congress.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Prime Minister Turgut Ozal Escapes Assassination|url=http://access.reuters.com/turkey-turkish-prime-minister-turgut-ozal-escapes-assassination.html|work={{wipe|Reuters}}|date=18 June 1988|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025060806/http://access.reuters.com/turkey-turkish-prime-minister-turgut-ozal-escapes-assassination.html|archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Sam|title=Ozal sees plot behind shooting|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/1988/0620/ozal.html|work=The Christian Science Monitor|date=20 June 1988}}</ref> Özal linked it to his visit to Greece three days earlier, saying that the attempt was carried out "by a group opposed to his efforts to improve relations with Greece."<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish leader links shooting, Greek trip|url=http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1988/06/20/page/4/article/turkish-leader-links-shooting-greek-trip|work=Chicago Tribune|date=20 June 1988|page=4}}</ref>

On September 6, 2005 a group of nationalists, led by Grey Wolves leader Levent Temiz,<ref>{{cite news|title=Eleven Taken Into Custody For Ergenekon Investigation|url=http://bianet.org/english/politics/109807-eleven-taken-into-custody-for-ergenekon-investigation|agency=Bianet|date=18 September 2008}}</ref> stormed into an Istanbul exhibition commemorating the anti-Greek pogrom of 1955. They threw eggs and tore down photos.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vick|first1=Karl|title=In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/29/AR2005092902240.html|work={{wipe|The Washington Post}}|date=30 September 2005}}</ref> The Grey Wolves issued a statement denying involvement.<ref name="hurriyet 2005" />

The Grey Wolves routinely demonstrate outside the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in Fener (Phanar), Istanbul and burn the [[Religion:Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch]] in effigy.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Violations of the Human Rights of the Greek Minority in Turkey: Atrocities and persecutions 1923–2009 |url=http://www.cpolitan.gr/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/The_Constantinopolitan_Society_booklet_low.pdf |website=cpolitan.gr |publisher=The Constantinopolitan Society |location=Athens |page=31 |date=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111222658/http://www.cpolitan.gr/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/The_Constantinopolitan_Society_booklet_low.pdf |archive-date=November 11, 2014 }}</ref> In October 2005 they staged a rally and proceeding to the gate they laid a black wreath, chanting "Patriarch Leave" and "Patriarchate to Greece", inaugurating the campaign for the collection of signatures to oust the Ecumenical Patriarchate from Istanbul.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Alexopoulos|first1=Dimitris|title=By the Grey Wolves Tension at the Patriarchate|url=http://www.hri.org/news/greek/eraen/2005/05-10-28_1.eraen.html#08|agency=The Hellenic Radio (ERA)|date=28 October 2005}}</ref> As of 2006 the Grey Wolves claimed to have collected more than 5&nbsp;million signatures for the withdrawal of the Patriarch<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Spyroglou|first1=Valentine|title=A Populist Surge Splits Turkey From Its Traditional Allies|journal=Defense & Foreign Affairs Strategic Policy|date=April 2006|page=13|publisher=International Strategic Studies Association}}</ref> and called on the Turkish government to have the patriarch deported to Greece.<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Roudometof|title=Globalization and Orthodox Christianity: The Transformations of a Religious Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aStmAQAAQBAJ|date=October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-84373-7}}</ref>

In December 2017 Grey Wolves members, among them the BBP-affiliated Alperen Ocakları, invaded the Hagia Sophia and prayed there in protest against the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ioannou |first1=Theo |title=Turkish Nationalist Group Invaded İstanbul's Hagia Sophia Church to Pray (video) |url=https://eu.greekreporter.com/2017/12/11/turkish-nationalist-group-invaded-istanbuls-hagia-sophia-church-to-pray-video/ |agency=Greek Reporter |date=December 11, 2017}}</ref>

====Anti-Armenian violence and activism====
In January 2004 the Grey Wolves prevented the screening of ''Ararat'', a film about the Armenian genocide, in Turkey.<ref name="Sloan&Anderson" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Extremists Scuttle the Screening of "Ararat"|url=http://asbarez.com/49408/turkish-extremists-scuttle-the-screening-of-ararat/|work=Asbarez|date=7 January 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Ararat'ın ertelenmesine Egoyan'dan tepki|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=101631|work=Radikal|date=7 January 2004|language=tr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110233653/http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=101631|archive-date=10 November 2014}}</ref>

On April 24 2011, the murder of Sevag Balıkçı, a soldier of Armenian descent in the Turkish Army, was committed by Kıvanç Ağaoglu, who was a sympathizer of Abdullah Çatlı, the late Grey Wolves leader.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Türker|first1=Yıldırım|title=Asker Sevag'a ne oldu?|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/yildirim_turker/asker_sevaga_ne_oldu-1048713|work=Radikal|date=9 May 2011|language=tr|quote=Yoğun şekilde milliyetçi temalarla karşılaştık. Mesela Muhsin Yazıcıoğlu’nun videoları ve Abdullah Çatlı’nın resimleri geniş yer tutuyordu.}}</ref> According to Ruben Melkonyan, an Armenian expert in Turkish studies, Ağaoglu was a member of the Grey Wolves.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ethnic Armenian soldier in Turkey killed by Bozkurtlar member|url=http://www.panarmenian.net/eng/news/70221/|agency=PanARMENIAN.Net|date=18 May 2011}}</ref>

On April 24 2012, the Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day, nationalist groups including the Grey Wolves protested against the commemoration of the genocide in Istanbul's Taksim Square.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moral|first1=Efe|title=April 24th|url=http://www.theglobetimes.com/2012/04/25/april-24th/|work=The Globe Times|date=25 April 2012}}; Translated from the original {{cite news|last=Perrier|first=Guillaume|title=24 avril|url=http://istanbul.blog.lemonde.fr/2012/04/25/24-avril/|work=istanbul.blog.lemonde.fr|date=25 April 2012|language=fr}}</ref>

In June 2015, during the visit of the Armenian pianist Tigran Hamasyan to the medieval Armenian city of Ani in Kars Province, the local Grey Wolves leader suggested that his followers should "go on an Armenian hunt."<ref>{{cite news|title=Ülkücü başkandan tehdit: 'Sokaklarda Ermeni avına mı çıkalım' ! |url=http://www.taraf.com.tr/guncel-haber/ulkucu-baskandan-tehdit-sokaklarda-ermeni-avina-mi-cikalim/ |work=Taraf |date=24 June 2015 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807092051/http://www.taraf.com.tr/guncel-haber/ulkucu-baskandan-tehdit-sokaklarda-ermeni-avina-mi-cikalim/ |archive-date=2015-08-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Radical Threatens to 'Hunt for Armenians' In Streets of Kars|url=http://asbarez.com/137259/turkish-radical-threatens-to-hunt-for-armenians-in-streets-of-kars/|work=Asbarez|date=25 June 2015}}</ref>

==== Other acts of violence ====
According to Zürcher and Linden, when Sunni radicals attacked Alevis in Istanbul in March 1995, the police in the Gazi quarter were "heavily infiltrated by Grey Wolves" and it was not until the police were replaced by military units that peace was restored.{{sfn|Zürcher|Linden|2004|p=130|ps=: "...in March 1995, Sunni radicals opened fire on several coffee houses in the Alevi district of Gazi in Istanbul. This led to massive protests throughout the country, in which some thirty people died. Peace was only restored when the Gazi police, who were heavily infiltrated by Grey Wolves, were replaced by military units."}}

In December 1996, the Grey Wolves attacked left-wing students and teachers at [[Organization:Istanbul University|Istanbul University]], with the alleged approval of the police.<ref>{{cite news|first1=Zeki|last1=Ayik|first2=Zafer F.|last2=Yoruk|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502244|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130418160045/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-502244|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2013|title=Istanbul University: Alleged Police-Ulkucu Collaboration Escalates Tensions|work=Turkish Daily News|publisher=Hürriyet|date=13 December 1996|issue=208}}</ref>

In late November 2006 the Grey Wolves staged protests against [[Biography:Pope Benedict XVI|Pope Benedict XVI]]'s visit to Turkey.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Wilkinson|first1=Tracy|title=A tense time for a papal visit|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/nov/25/world/fg-pope25|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|date=25 November 2006|quote=A nationalist gang called the Gray Wolves is staging regular demonstrations protesting the pontiff's arrival.}}</ref> On November 22, tens of protesters symbolically occupied Haghia Sophia in Istanbul to perform Muslim prayers.<ref>{{cite news|title=A chance to get friendlier: The pope's controversial trip to Turkey|url=http://www.economist.com/node/8343700|work=[[Finance:The Economist|The Economist]]|date=27 November 2006|quote=Within the past week, members of the ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves have carried out a symbolic "occupation" of the Hagia Sophia museum in Istanbul (alleging that the pope might try to turn it back into a church)...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pope reaches out to Islamic world|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/nov/28/20061128-102232-9294r/?page=all|work=The Washington Times|date=28 November 2006|quote=Nevertheless, followers of the Gray Wolves far-right Turkish group occupied the historic Haghia Sophia monument last week in protest at the visit.}}</ref> They chanted slogans against the Pope, such as "Don't make a mistake Pope, don't try our patience". {{wipe|Reuters}} reported that the event was organized by ''Alperen Ocakları'', considered an offshoot of the Grey Wolves.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Butler|first1=Daren|title=Police detain Turks protesting Pope at Aya Sofya|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-pope-protest-idUSL2282777220061122|work={{wipe|Reuters}}|date=22 November 2006}}</ref> Police arrested around 40 protesters for violating the ban on prayers in the former [[Engineering:Mosque|mosque]], which had been a museum since the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish nationalists protest pope, Vatican remains calm|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkish-nationalists-protest-pope-vatican-remains-calm.aspx?pageID=438&n=turkish-nationalists-protest-pope-vatican-remains-calm-2006-11-24|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=24 November 2006}}</ref>

In July 2014 around a thousand people demonstrated in Kahramanmaraş against the presence of Syrian refugees who fled the Syrian Civil War. Many protesters made the sign of the Grey Wolves, blocked roads in the city and removed Arabic-language signs from stores.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hundreds march against Syrian refugees|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/hundreds-march-against-syrian-refugees.aspx?pageID=238&nID=69122&NewsCatID=341|work=Hürriyet Daily News|publisher=via Doğan News Agency|date=14 July 2014}}</ref> AKP lawyer Mahir Ünal commented: "This doesn't make them idealists [i.e. members of the Grey Wolves] but it is certain some people's attempt to show it like something the idealists did."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yalçın|first1=Zübeyde|title=Anti-Syrian protests sign of growing tensions in southern Turkey|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2014/07/22/antisyrian-protests-sign-of-growing-tensions-in-southern-turkey|work=Daily Sabah|issue=21 July 2014}}</ref>

In July 2015 the Grey Wolves staged protests across Turkey, burnt flags of the People's Republic of China, attacked Chinese restaurants and "tourists who were mistaken for being Chinese" in response to the Chinese government's ban on Muslim Turkic Uyghurs fast during the holy month of [[Religion:Ramadan|Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Girit|first1=Selin|title=China-Turkey relationship strained over Uighurs|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-33440998|agency=BBC News|date=9 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Erdemir|first1=Aykan|last2=Tahiroglu|first2=Merve|title=Turkish Grey Wolves target 'Chinese'|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/turkish-grey-wolves-target-chinese/|work=Politico|date=30 July 2015}}</ref> Korean tourists were attacked by Grey Wolves.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chinese tourists in Turkey told to avoid anti-Beijing protests after attacks|url=http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1833256/chinese-tourists-turkey-told-avoid-ant-beijing-protests|work=South China Morning Post|date=6 July 2015}}</ref> An Uighur worked at the Turkish run Chinese restaurant which was assaulted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turks protesting against China attack Koreans 'by mistake'|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/turks-protesting-against-china-attack-koreans-mistake-193516278.html?ref=gs|newspaper=AFP|date=July 4, 2015}}</ref> Members of the Grey Wolves displayed a banner in multiple locations that read, "We crave Chinese blood."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tremblay|first1=Pinar|title=Attacks on Chinese escalate in Turkey|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/07/turkey-china-random-violence-become-norm-in-lgbt.html#|agency=Al-Monitor|date=20 July 2015}}</ref> Grey Wolves members attacked the Thai consulate in Istanbul in apparent retaliation for the deportation of hundreds of Uyghurs by Thailand.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Broadhurst|first1=Clea|title=Uighur deportation sparks anger in Turkey|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20150709-uighur-deportation-sparks-anger-turkey|agency=Radio France Internationale|date=9 July 2015}}</ref> MHP chairman [[Biography:Devlet Bahçeli|Devlet Bahçeli]] stated that "Our nationalist youth is sensitive to injustices in China",<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tasch|first1=Barbara|title=Anti-China sentiment is sweeping over Turkey|url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/china-turkey-uighurs-2015-7|work=Business Insider|date=22 July 2015}}</ref> and that the attacks by MHP-affiliated youth on South Korean tourists was "understandable", adding "What feature differentiates a Korean from a Chinese? They see that they both have slanted eyes. How can they tell the difference?"<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lefevre  |first1= Amy Sawitta  |last2=Dikmen  |first2=Yesim |date= 9 Jul 2015  |title=Thai PM defends decision to send Uighurs back to China |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-uighurs-turkey-idUSKCN0PJ18620150709 |newspaper= Reuters}}</ref>

In November 2015, the Grey Wolves protested Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War near Istanbul's Russian consulate, Ankara, and Adana, accusing Russia of slaughtering Syrian Turkmens.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Aydin |first1=Armagan |title=Ülkü Ocakları ve Alperen Ocakları'ndan 'Türkmen Dağı' protestosu |url=http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_ulku-ocaklari-ve-alperen-ocaklarindan-turkmen-dagi-protestosu_2328628.html |work=Zaman |date=21 November 2015 |language=tr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129084000/http://www.zaman.com.tr/gundem_ulku-ocaklari-ve-alperen-ocaklarindan-turkmen-dagi-protestosu_2328628.html |archive-date=29 November 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ülkücüler Türkmenler için sokaktaydı|url=http://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gundem/ulkuculer-turkmenler-icin-sokaktaydi-991514/|work=Sözcü|date=21 November 2015|language=tr}}</ref>

==Presence in Eurasia==
===Azerbaijan===
During the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–94), Grey Wolves members fought on the Azerbaijani side against Armenians, but many reportedly returned to Turkey in late 1992.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chorbajian|first1=Levon|last2=Mutafian|first2=Claude|last3=Donabedian|first3=Patrick|author-link2=Claude Mutafian|title=The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh|date=1994|location=Zed Books|isbn=978-1-85649-287-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OUlnYdOHJ3wC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=levon+chorbajian+alpaslan+turkesh+founder+of+the+turkish+fascist+grey+wolevs&source=bl&ots=v1A8gaL5Co&sig=GZWVLu5pna9wPJFgD5FevaXx-CM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WOVKVP39EMyoyAS2jILoBw&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=levon%20chorbajian%20alpaslan%20turkesh%20founder%20of%20the%20turkish%20fascist%20grey%20wolevs&f=false 34]}}</ref> Around 200 members of the Grey Wolves were still in the conflict zone in September 1994 to train Azerbaijani units.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Brzezinski|editor1-first=Zbigniew|editor2-last=Sullivan|editor2-first=Paige|editor1-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski|title=Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis|year=1997|publisher=[[Company:M. E. Sharpe|M. E. Sharpe]]|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=978-1-56324-637-1|page=616|quote=It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army.}}</ref> 

[[File:İsgəndər Həmidov mitinqdə.jpg|thumb|Isgandar Hamidov founded and led the Azerbaijani Grey Wolves in 1993–95.]]

In 1993, Azerbaijani Interior Minister Isgandar Hamidov established the National Democratic Party,<ref name="Kyamal" /> which was known as Boz Qurd ("Grey Wolves").<ref>{{cite news|last1=Fuller|first1=Liz|title=Azerbaijan: Date For Presidential Ballot Confirmed|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1076817.html|agency=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|date=30 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115073846/http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1076817.html|archive-date=15 January 2009|quote=...National Democratic Party (aka Boz Gurd, Gray Wolves)...}}</ref> According to Russian political scientist Stanislav Cherniavsky, the Azerbaijani Grey Wolves grew out of the nationalist Popular Front in 1992 and "considered itself a branch of the Turkish Grey Wolves."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cherni︠a︡vskiĭ|first1=Stanislav|title=Новый путь Азербайджана [Azerbaijan's New Path]|date=2002|publisher=Moscow|location=Azer-Media|page=169|quote=Партия «Боз гурд» («Серые волки») возникла в рядах НФ, организационно оформилась весной 1992 г. Партия считала себя филиалом турецкой экстремистской организации «Серые волки», которая была запрещена в Турции...}}</ref> It was registered by the Justice Ministry in 1994.<ref name="Kyamal" /> In interviews in 1992–93, Hamidov said there was no organisational link with the Turkish organization, stating that the "Grey Wolves of Azerbaijan are not subordinate to the Turkish group".<ref>{{cite web|author=Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada|title=Information on the strength and activities of a group called the Grey Wolves, and on whether this group is related to the ultra right-wing group called the Grey Wolves in Turkey|url=https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1150177.html|publisher=European Country of Origin Information Network|date=2 May 1995|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200820105353/https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/1150177.html|archive-date=20 August 2020|access-date=20 August 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> 

In March 1995, a coup d'état attempt against President Heydar Aliyev was staged in Baku by paramilitary police chief Rovshan Javadov, Turkish far-right organizations (including the Grey Wolves), and the Azerbaijani opposition.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Murinson|first1=Alexander|title=Turkey's Entente with Israel and Azerbaijan: State Identity and Security in the Middle East and Caucasus|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77892-3|page=126|quote=The attempted coup of April–May 1995 against Heydar Aliyev engineered by a coalition of Turkish ultra-nationalists, members of Boz Kurtlar organization, and Azerbaijani opposition leaders...}}</ref> According to Thomas de Waal, the "shadowy backers of this uprising were never identified but appear to have included rogue elements of the Turkish security establishment and members of the 'Gray Wolves' Bozkurt movement."<ref>{{cite book|last=de Waal|first=Thomas|title=Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War|year=2003|publisher=New York University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackgardenarmen00waal/page/n265 251]–2|title-link=Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War}}</ref> After the coup attempt, Hamidov was jailed, while the Azerbaijani Supreme Court formally abolished the National Democratic Party due to its links to the Turkish Grey Wolves, which it considered to be a terrorist organization. In 2004, Hamidov was freed in an amnesty granted by President [[Biography:Ilham Aliyev|Ilham Aliyev]]. In 2008, Hamidov retired from politics and as president of the party, which had been inactive since.<ref name="Kyamal">{{cite news|first=Kyamal|last=Ali|script-title=ru:"Серые волки" собрались на охоту|url=http://ann.az/xeber-quot-quot-t8759.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025062823/http://ann.az/xeber-quot-quot-t8759.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 October 2014|work=ann.az|publisher=Azerbaijan News Network|date=18 February 2014|language=ru|quote=В 1995 году Верховный суд ликвидировал регистрацию «Боз Гурд» в связи с названием организации, известной в мире как террористическая.}}</ref> According to a 2007 article by Mahammad Imanli and Shahin Nasrullayev, the Grey Wolves no longer operate in Azerbaijan.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Imanli|first1=Mahammad|last2=Nasrullayev|first2=Shahin|title=Fight Against Terrorist Financing|url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=241694|journal=Crime & Justice International|publisher=National Criminal Justice Reference Service|volume=23 |issue=99|pages=35–37|date=July 2007|quote=The article concludes with a refutation of claims that Turkish terrorists ("Grey Wolves") are operating in Azerbaijan.}}</ref>

===China (Xinjiang)===
The Grey Wolves "set up training camps in [[Place:Central Asia|Central Asia]] for youths from [[Social:Turkic languages|Turkic language groups]]" following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Shimatsu"/> Failing to find support in post-Soviet Central Asian republics, they targeted the Uyghurs, concentrated in the Chinese province of [[Place:Xinjiang|Xinjiang]] and began actively supporting the East Turkestan independence movement. In this scope, the Grey Wolves' European affiliates attacked Chinese tourists in the Netherlands.<ref name="Shimatsu">{{cite news|last=Shimatsu|first=Yoichi|title=Behind the China Riots -- Oil, Terrorism & 'Grey Wolves'|url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=6dee147021a596f4f22c69316977d3f3|agency=New America Media|date=13 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106031059/http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=6dee147021a596f4f22c69316977d3f3|archive-date=6 November 2014|location=Dunhuang, China}}</ref> The Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies suggested in 2012 they are "highly limited in their reach and support base".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh |first1=Bhavna |title=Separatism in Xinjiang: Between Local Problems and International Jihad? |url=http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/SR122-CRP-SeparatisminXinjiang.pdf |website=IPCS Special Report |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |location=New Delhi |date=April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106032221/http://www.ipcs.org/pdf_file/issue/SR122-CRP-SeparatisminXinjiang.pdf |archive-date=November 6, 2014 }}</ref> In March 2020, several Chinese state-run outlets published an article, which claimed that the World Uyghur Congress (WUC) and "its offshoots have forged ties with the Grey Wolves" and that WUC founder Erkin Alptekin met Türkeş on numerous occasions.<ref>{{cite news |title=Inside the World Uyghur Congress: The US-backed right-wing regime change network seeking the 'fall of China' |url=http://en.people.cn/n3/2020/0316/c98649-9668832.html |work=People's Daily|date=March 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Unmistakable US hand in Xinjiang |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/20/WS5e7402ffa31012821728093c.html |work=China Daily |date=20 March 2020}}</ref>
===Cyprus===
Following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 the Grey Wolves "continued to play a role in radicalizing the dispute with Greek Cypriots by actively engaging in violence on the island."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pearlman|first1=Wendy|last2=Cunningham|first2=Kathleen Gallagher|title=Nonstate Actors, Fragmentation, and Conflict Processes|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|date=2012|volume=56|issue=3|page=11|doi=10.1177/0022002711429669|s2cid=154685753|url=http://jcr.sagepub.com/content/56/1/3}}</ref> They actively supported Rauf Denktaş, the President of the unrecognized [[Place:Northern Cyprus|Northern Cyprus]] between 1983 and 2005, and were involved, according to Harry Anastasiou, in state-sponsored terror of citizens.<ref name="Anastasiou" /> In July 1996, Kutlu Adali, a Turkish Cypriot journalist who had criticized Denktaş and his policies, was killed by the Grey Wolves, according to some sources.<ref name="Combs" />

In August 1996, the Grey Wolves were involved in an attack on a protest of Greek Cypriots against the Turkish occupation of Northern Cyprus. Tassos Isaac, a Greek protester, was beaten to death by the Grey Wolves in the United Nations Buffer Zone.<ref>Wes Johnson, ''Balkan inferno: betrayal, war and intervention, 1990–2005'', (Enigma Books, 2007), 389.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AI Concerns in Europe|url=https://www.amnesty.org/es/documents/eur01/001/1997/es/|publisher=Amnesty International |date=July–December 1996|quote=Tasos Isaak, a Greek Cypriot, was beaten to death in the United Nations (UN) buffer zone on 11 August by Turkish Cypriots or alleged members of the right-wing Turkish organization Grey Wolves.}}</ref>

In July 1997 the Grey Wolves clashed in Northern Cyprus with Kurdish university students who protested against Turkey's invasion of northern Iraq in search of the PKK.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chronology for Turkish Cypriots in Cyprus|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/469f387d1e.html|website=refworld.org|publisher=Minorities at Risk|date=2004}}</ref>

On October 17, 2003 Murat Kanatlı, Turkish Cypriot journalist and editor of the opposition newspaper ''Yeniçağ'', was "attacked by a group of 20-30 persons belonging to the Grey Wolves" according to the International Press Institute (IPI). Kanatlı had covered the Grey Wolves' demonstration against the "intervention" of the European Union and the United States in elections in Northern Cyprus.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Fritz|first1=Johann P.|title=IPI expresses concern over brutal attack on Turkish Cypriot journalist|url=https://www.ifex.org/cyprus/2003/10/23/ipi_expresses_concern_over_brutal/|website=ifex.org|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|date=23 October 2003}}</ref>

During the 2004 referendum on the Annan Plan, the Grey Wolves campaigned for a 'no' vote". During the pre-voting period at least 50 Grey Wolves activists arrived in Northern Cyprus and caused riots against pro-ratification supporters.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sayın |first1=Fatih Mehmet |title=Cyprus Problem in the Integration of Turkey to the European Union |url=http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/faculty_social_political/Fatih%20Mehmet%20SAYIN.pdf |publisher=Tbilisi State University |page=98 |date=2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107182802/http://www.tsu.edu.ge/data/file_db/faculty_social_political/Fatih%20Mehmet%20SAYIN.pdf |archive-date=November 7, 2014 }}</ref> They were suspected of assaulting motorcyclists carrying 'vote yes' banners.<ref name="Anastasiou">{{cite book|last1=Anastasiou |first1=Harry|title=The Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and the Quest for Peace in Cyprus|date=2008|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, New York|isbn=978-0-8156-5090-4|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=MQFbi6f6lIUC&pg=PA152&dq=Broken+Olive+Branch:+Nationalism,+Ethnic+Conflict+grey+wolves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=8mJBVImlKLeRsQTh_oK4AQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Broken%20Olive%20Branch%3A%20Nationalism%2C%20Ethnic%20Conflict%20grey%20wolves&f=false 152]}}</ref>

In October 2013 that the Grey Wolves opened a new headquarters in [[Place:North Nicosia|North Nicosia]]'s Köşklüçiftlik quarter. During the opening ceremony Adem Yurdagül, the chairman of the Grey Wolves in Cyprus delivered a speech, while slogans like  "Nicosia plain is home of Grey Wolves", "Cyprus is Turkish and will remain Turkish", "We are soldiers of [Alparslan] Türkeş", "The Grey Wolves Movement cannot be prevented" were chanted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Cypriot and Turkish Media Review 30/10/2013 |url=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/All/36F52905DC4DBE3EC2257C140044B20B?OpenDocument&print|work=moi.gov.cy|agency=Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Interior, Press and Information Office}}</ref>

In November 2013 a fight broke out between members of the Grey Wolves and Kurdish students at the [[Organization:Near East University|Near East University]] in North Nicosia resulting in arrest of 23 persons. According to the newspaper ''Havadis'', "the cause of the fight was allegations by the Grey wolves' organization that some Kurdish students broke the windows of the Grey wolves organization’s building. Around 500 students went out on the streets holding clubs and rocks and the police asked for reinforcement in order to put them under control."<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkish Cypriot and Turkish Media Review 08/11/2013|url=http://www.moi.gov.cy/moi/pio/pio.nsf/d2f0876e1500506ac2257076004d01cb/124f3fe8b670f019c2257c1d00496b33?OpenDocument|work=moi.gov.cy|agency=Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Interior, Press and Information Office}}</ref>

===Russia===
In November and December 2015, Federation Council member Andrey Klipash and two Communist Party members of the State Duma proposed outlawing the Grey Wolves in Russia.<ref>{{cite news|title=В Совфеде предложили запретить турецкую организацию "Серые волки"|url=http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/565c79a49a794730072e5723|work=rbc.ru|date=30 November 2015|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Коммунисты предложили Чайке запретить турецких "Серых волков"|url=http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2015/12/16/n_8016269.shtml|work=gazeta.ru|language=ru|quote=16 December 2015}}</ref> In August 2020, the Russian International Affairs Council, a government think tank, classified the Grey Wolves as an extremist organization.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russian think tank labels Turkish far-right Grey Wolves as 'extremist' organisation |url=https://ahvalnews.com/ultranationalists/russian-think-tank-labels-turkish-far-right-grey-wolves-extremist-organisation |work=ahvalnews.com |agency=Ahval |date=August 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200819102039/https://ahvalnews.com/ultranationalists/russian-think-tank-labels-turkish-far-right-grey-wolves-extremist-organisation |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=19 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Denisova |first1=Sofya |title=Серые волки [Grey Wolves] |url=https://russiancouncil.ru/turkeyextremists-greywolves |website=russiancouncil.ru |publisher=Russian International Affairs Council |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200819102132/https://russiancouncil.ru/turkeyextremists-greywolves |archive-date=19 August 2020 |access-date=19 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Chechnya
Members of the Grey Wolves fought on the Chechen separatist side during the First Chechen War (1994–96)<ref name="Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism">{{cite book|editor1-last=Roy|editor1-first=Olivier|editor2-last=Sfeir|editor2-first=Antoine|editor3-last=King|editor3-first=John|editor1-link=Olivier Roy (professor)|editor2-link=Antoine Sfeir|title=The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism|date=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-14640-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=rNrMilgHKKEC&pg=PA375&dq=during+the+first+chechen+war+from+1993+to+1996+grey+wolves+chechen+rebels&hl=en&sa=X&ei=BW5BVITaG_PGsQSlioHAAQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=during%20the%20first%20chechen%20war%20from%201993%20to%201996%20grey%20wolves%20chechen%20rebels&f=false 375]|quote=During the first Chechen war, from 1993 to 1996, the paramilitary wing of the MHP, known as the "Bozkurtlar" ("The Grey Wolves") — in honor of Kemal Atatürk — had sent men to fight with the Chechen rebels.}}</ref> and the Second Chechen War (1999–2000).<ref name="Cooley">{{cite book|last1=Cooley|first1=John K.|title=Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism|date=2002|publisher=[[Company:Pluto Press|Pluto Press]]|location=London|isbn=978-0-7453-1917-9|page=[http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1pdon/PoliticsUnholyWarsAf/resources/195.htm 195]|edition=3rd|quote=A Turkish Fascist youth group, the "Grey Wolves," was recruited to fight with the Chechens.}}</ref><ref name="Goltz">{{cite book|last=Goltz|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Goltz|title=Chechnya Diary: A War Correspondent's Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya|date=2003|publisher=Thomas Dunne Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-26874-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/chechnyadiarywar00thom/page/22 22]|quote=I called a well-informed diplomat pal and arranged to meet him at a bar favored by the pan-Turkic crowd known as the Gray Wolves, who were said to be actively supporting the Chechens with men and arms. <br />...the Azerbaijani Gray Wolf leader, Iskander, Hamidov...|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/chechnyadiarywar00thom/page/22}}</ref><ref name="Isingor">{{cite news|last=Isingor|first=Ali|title=Istanbul: Gateway to a holy war|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/06/chechnya.istanbul/|agency=CNN|date=6 September 2000|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017193747/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/06/chechnya.istanbul/|archive-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> CNN reported in 2000 that the Grey Wolves with most pro-Chechen stance were those affiliated with the Islamist Great Union Party (BBP), which had split from MHP in 1993. The article suggested that they "run the mosques and commercial activities in some parts of Istanbul. It is in these mosques, in the suburbs of the city, that offerings are collected after daily prayers for the Chechen refugees. It is money that probably also goes to soldiers on the front lines."<ref name="Isingor" /> According to Svante Cornell it is "widely believed that the Grey Wolves organised arms shipments to Chechnya, probably with at least the partial knowledge of the Turkish authorities."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante E.|author-link1=Svante Cornell|title=International Reactions to Massive Human Rights Violations: The Case of Chechnya|journal=Europe-Asia Studies|date=1999|volume=51|issue=1|page=92|doi=10.1080/09668139999137|jstor=153547|pmid=20509217}}</ref> Russian media has alleged that the Turkish government knew and possibly supported, or at least did not prevent, the activities of the Grey Wolves in Chechnya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Balmasov|first1=Sergey|title=Шторм в "тихой гавани" чеченских боевиков|url=http://www.pravda.ru/world/asia/20-10-2011/1095812-chechen-0/|work=pravda.ru|date=20 October 2011|language=ru|quote=Но самое важное, что не без поддержки турецких спецслужб в Чечне воевали отряды так называемых "Серых волков" из Турции.|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200822134549/https://www.pravda.ru/world/1095812-chechen/|archive-date=22 August 2020|access-date=13 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Place:Georgia (country)|Georgian]] Minister of State Security Valery Khaburdania stated in 2002 that the Grey Wolves were the "conduit of assistance" to the Chechen militants.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Ariel |title=Moscow, Washington and Tbilisi Wrestle With Instability in the Pankisi |url=https://eurasianet.org/moscow-washington-and-tbilisi-wrestle-with-instability-in-the-pankisi |work=EurasiaNet |date=February 19, 2002 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200820163145/https://eurasianet.org/moscow-washington-and-tbilisi-wrestle-with-instability-in-the-pankisi |archive-date=20 August 2020 |access-date=20 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Azerbaijani Grey Wolves also participated in the fight against Russia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornell|first1=Svante|title=Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucasus|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79669-3|pages=226–7|quote=Nevertheless it seems certain that isolated groups of Azeri Grey Wolves have participated in the war...}}</ref> In January 1995 ''Kommersant'' cited the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) in stating that the Azerbaijani Grey Wolves sent 80 fighters to Chechnya.<ref>{{cite news|title=Наемники в Чечне|url=http://www.kommersant.ru/Doc/99614|work=Kommersant|date=18 January 1995|language=ru|quote=По информации ФСК Дагестана азербайджанская организация "Серые волки" направила в Чечню 80 боевиков.|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910000440/http://www.kommersant.ru/doc/99614|archive-date=10 September 2013|access-date=25 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Another 270 fighters went to Chechnya in December of that year.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Evangelista|first1=Matthew|title=The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?|date=2003|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|location=Washington|isbn=978-0-8157-2497-1|page=89|quote=From Azerbaijan, the Grey Wolves opposition party sent 270 fighters to Chechnya in mid-December.}}</ref>

;Crimea{{efn-ua|The status of Crimea and of the city of Sevastopol is currently under dispute between Russia and Ukraine; Ukraine and the majority of the international community consider Crimea to be an autonomous republic of Ukraine and Sevastopol to be one of Ukraine's cities with special status, while Russia, on the other hand, considers the Crimea to be a federal subject of Russia and Sevastopol to be one of Russia's three federal cities.}}
According to a December 2015 report by the independent Russian online newspaper ''Svobodnaya Pressa'', Crimean Tatar nationalists have apparently began cooperating with the Grey Wolves.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ivanov|first1=Andrey|title=Эрдоган отправляет в Крым "Серых волков"|url=http://svpressa.ru/politic/article/137804/|work=svpressa.ru|agency=Svobodnaya Pressa|date=8 December 2015|language=ru|archive-url=https://archive.today/20151208221329/http://svpressa.ru/politic/article/137804/|archive-date=8 December 2015|access-date=17 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> 

===Syria===
Activists of the MHP and Idealist Hearths have fought in the Syrian civil war, in support of the Syrian Turkmen, whom they consider kinsmen.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Taştekin|first1=Fehim|title=Turkey's nationalist 'Gray Wolves' enter Syrian fray|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/turkey-syria-grey-wolves-emerge-as-jihadists.html|agency=Al-Monitor|date=3 February 2016|access-date=2016-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094925/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/02/turkey-syria-grey-wolves-emerge-as-jihadists.html|archive-date=2016-02-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The MHP and Grey Wolves have provided the Syrian Turkmen Assembly with relief aid and fighters.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heller|first1=Sam|last2=Grimaldi|first2=S.G.|title=A Cause for all Turks: Turkey and Syria's Turkmen Rebels|url=http://warontherocks.com/2016/01/a-cause-for-all-turks-turkey-and-syrias-turkmen-rebels/|website=warontherocks.com|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MHP'nin iki ilçe başkanı Türkmen Dağı'nda savaşa katıldı|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/turkiye/mhpnin-iki-ilce-baskani-turkmen-daginda-savasa-katildi-1483138/|work=Radikal|date=30 November 2015|language=tr}}</ref> Syrian Turkmen Assembly president Abdurrahman Mustafa stated in 2016 that "Turkish NGOs, just as the Grey Wolves, give us humanitarian aid."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Starr |first1=Stephen |title=Turkey protective of ethnic Turkmens in Syria |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/turkey-protective-of-ethnic-turkmens-in-syria-1.2535691 |work=The Irish Times |date=February 15, 2016}}</ref> According to ''Egypt Today'' the National Intelligence Organization of Turkey (MİT) "is believed to be recruiting retired military personnel to provide support for armed groups operating in Syria, through the Grey Wolves Brigades."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maguid |first1=Mohamed Abdel |title=Grey Wolves, Turkey's armed proxy in Syria |url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/4984/Grey-Wolves-Turkey%E2%80%99s-armed-proxy-in-Syria |work=Egypt Today |date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729013856/https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/4984/Grey-Wolves-Turkey%E2%80%99s-armed-proxy-in-Syria |archive-date=29 July 2020}}</ref>

Some Syrian rebel grops have ties to Grey Wolves. One is the Muntasir Billah Brigade.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/russian-airstrikes-prompt-turks-join-fight-alongside-syrian-turkmen-2045640666 |title=Turks head to Syria to defend Turkmen 'brothers' |author=Umar Farooq |work=Middle East Eye |date=16 February 2016 |access-date=17 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://warontherocks.com/2016/01/a-cause-for-all-turks-turkey-and-syrias-turkmen-rebels/ |title=A Cause For All Turks: Turkey and Syria's Turkmen Rebels |author1=Sam Heller |author2=S.G. Grimaldi |work=War on the Rocks |date=21 January 2016 |access-date=21 November 2018 }}</ref> Another is the Turkmen Abdulhamid Han Brigade.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Xudosi |first1=Arslon |title=Syrian Turkmen Groups in Latakia: An Overview |url=https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2019/02/07/syrian-turkmen-groups-in-latakia-an-overview/ |work=Bellingcat |date=February 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716224632/https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2019/02/07/syrian-turkmen-groups-in-latakia-an-overview/ |archive-date=16 July 2020 |quote=Like many Turkmen brigades and individuals, the brigade openly affiliates with the Grey Wolves movement, an ultra-nationalist organisation in Turkey.}}</ref>

On 24 November 2015, the Turkish Air Force shot down a Russian Sukhoi Su-24M bomber aircraft near the Syria–Turkey border. The pilot was [[Social:Attacks on parachutists|shot in mid-air parachuting toward land]] by Syrian Turkmen rebels under Syrian Turkmen Brigades. The Turkmen rebel group operated under the command of Alparslan Çelik,<ref>{{cite news|title=Turkmen forces in Syria shot dead pilots of downed Russian jet – deputy commander|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-shooting-idUKKBN0TD1TM20151124|work={{wipe|Reuters}}|date=24 November 2015|quote="Both of the pilots were retrieved dead. Our comrades opened fire into the air and they died in the air," Alpaslan Celik, a deputy commander in a Syrian Turkmen brigade said...}}
* {{cite news|last1=Beauchamp|first1=Zack|title=Syria's Turkmen: who they are, and what they have to do with Russia's downed plane|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/11/24/9792830/russia-plane-turkmen|work=Vox|date=24 November 2015|quote=To understand why Celik's rebels would even claim to do this...}}</ref> a Turkish national and a Grey Wolves member from Elazığ.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sidorchik|first1=Andrey|title=След "Серых Волков". Кто убил российского пилота Су-24?|url=http://www.aif.ru/politics/world/sled_seryh_volkov_kto_ubil_rossiyskogo_pilota_su-24|work=Argumenty i Fakty|date=26 November 2015|language=ru|quote=Однако жест в исполнении Альпаслана Челика и его соратников говорит не о любви к року, а о принадлежности к радикальной турецкой группировке «Бозкурт» — «Серые Волки».}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ntv.livejournal.com/426110.html|title=Найти и уничтожить|date=25 November 2015|language=ru|publisher=ntv.livejournal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Kıvanç|first1=Ümit|title=Rus uçağını düşürmek gerekli miydi?|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/umit-kivanc/rus-ucagini-dusurmek-gerekli-miydi-1480328/|work=Radikal|date=26 November 2015|language=tr|quote=Böyle demişken... "Türkmen komutanı" diye karşımıza dikilen şahıs, Elazığ/Keban'dan, MHP'li Ramazan Çelik'in oğlu Ülkücü Alparslan Çelik çıktı!}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Türkmen komutan' dedikleri kişi Elazığlı ülkücü çıktı!|url=http://haber.sol.org.tr/turkiye/turkmen-komutan-dedikleri-kisi-elazigli-ulkucu-cikti-137262|work=SoL|date=24 November 2015|language=tr|quote=DHA tarafından "Türkmen komutan" olarak gösterilen Alparslan Çelik isimli kişinin Elazığlı bir ülkücü olduğu ortaya çıktı.}}</ref> 

''Youm7'', an Egyptian news site picked up a document allegedly issued by the Army of Conquest (''Jaish al-Fatah''), which claimed that it conspired with the Turkistan Islamic Party and the Grey Wolves in the December 2016 assassination of Andrei Karlov, the Russian ambassador to Turkey.<ref>{{cite news |title=موجز أخبار مصر 1 ظهرا.. جيش الفتح يعلن مسئوليته عن اغتيال سفير روسيا بأنقرة [Army of Conquest announces responsibility for the assassination of Russia's ambassador in Ankara] |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/12/21/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-1-%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86/3020497 |work=youm7.com |date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200820122815/https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/12/21/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B2-%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-1-%D8%B8%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86/3020497 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |language=ar |access-date=20 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=جيش فتح الشام يعلن مسئوليته عن اغتيال السفير الروسى فى أنقرة [Jaysh Fatah al-Sham claims responsibility for the assassination of the Russian ambassador in Ankara] |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/12/21/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%89/3020365 |work=youm7.com |date=21 December 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200820122818/https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/12/21/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%89/3020365 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |language=ar |access-date=20 August 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Russian-state run news TASS agency cited this in a news report.<ref>{{cite news |date=December 21, 2016 |title=Media: Jaish al-Fatah claims responsibility for murder of Russian ambassador |url=http://tass.com/world/921186 |publisher=TASS |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161225230142/http://tass.com/world/921186 |archive-date=25 December 2016 |access-date=4 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Thailand===
The 2015 Bangkok bombing is suspected to have been carried out by the Grey Wolves due to Thailand's deportation of Uyghur terrorist suspects back to China instead of allowing them to travel to Turkey for asylum. A man with fake Turkish passports using the name Adem Karadag was arrested by the Thai police in connection to the bombing and bomb making materials found in his apartment.<ref name="Bangkok telegraph" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Murdoch  |first= Lindsay |date= 30 August 2015  |title=Bangkok bombing: Who are the Turkish terrorist group the Grey Wolves? |url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/bangkok-bombing-who-are-the-turkish-terrorist-group-the-grey-wolves-20150830-gjavjz.html |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cunningham |first=Susan |date=24 August 2015 |title=Thailand's Shrine Bombing – The Case For Turkey's Grey Wolves |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/susancunningham/2015/08/24/thailands-shrine-bombing-the-case-for-turkeys-grey-wolves/ |newspaper={{wipe|Forbes}}}}</ref>

==Presence in Western Europe==
=== Austria ===
In Austria, the Grey Wolves salute as well as its symbols were legally banned starting from March 1, 2019. It is punishable by fines up to €4,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diese 13 extremistischen Symbole werden verboten |url=https://www.heute.at/s/diese-13-extremistischen-symbole-werden-verboten-55522543 |work=Heute |date=12 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728193817/https://www.heute.at/s/diese-13-extremistischen-symbole-werden-verboten-55522543 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |language=de}}</ref> Turkey's Foreign Ministry condemned the ban. "It is scandalous that the ‘Grey Wolves’ salute, which is the symbol of a legal political party in Turkey, is on the same list as the symbol of the PKK, a bloody terrorist organization." Turkey also called on Austria to "correct this mistake," because it "deeply offends bilateral relations between Turkey and Austria."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nur Duz |first1=Zehra |title=Turkey condemns Austria's ban on 'Grey Wolves' salute |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/turkey-condemns-austria-s-ban-on-grey-wolves-salute/1392217 |agency=Anadolu Agency |date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321114324/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/turkey-condemns-austria-s-ban-on-grey-wolves-salute/1392217 |archive-date=21 March 2020}}</ref> In early March 2019, Grey Wolves sympathizers started a campaign on [[Company:Twitter|Twitter]] by sending Chancellor Sebastian Kurz hundreds of photos of people showing the salute. Kurz defended the ban declaring people and organizations that do not accept democratic values, or fight against those values, have no place in Austria.<ref>{{cite news |title=So kontert der Kanzler auf Wolfsgruß-Aktion |url=https://www.heute.at/s/kurz-sagt-rechten-wolfsgrussen-den-kampf-an-41838218 |work=Heute |date=4 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200728194300/https://www.heute.at/s/kurz-sagt-rechten-wolfsgrussen-den-kampf-an-41838218 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |language=de}}</ref> 

In January 2020 four Turkish bus drivers were fired in Vienna for making the Grey Wolves sign.<ref>{{cite news |title=4 Turkish bus drivers fired over gray wolf sign in Vienna |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2020/01/31/4-turkish-bus-drivers-fired-over-gray-wolf-sign-in-vienna |work=Daily Sabah |date=21 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728213820/https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/2020/01/31/4-turkish-bus-drivers-fired-over-gray-wolf-sign-in-vienna |archive-date=28 July 2020}}</ref>

On June 26, 2020 Turkish nationalist groups, identified by journalist Jake Hanrahan as Grey Wolves members, attacked Kurdish rallies in Vienna protesting the Turkish operation in Iraqi Kurdistan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkish ultranationalists attack Kurdish rallies in Vienna |url=https://ahvalnews.com/turks-austria/turkish-ultranationalists-attack-kurdish-rallies-vienna |agency=Ahval |date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731134913/https://ahvalnews.com/turks-austria/turkish-ultranationalists-attack-kurdish-rallies-vienna |archive-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> Turkey criticized the handling of the violence by the Austrian police and claimed that it was organized by PKK sympathizers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Turkey, Austria trade barbs over Kurdish-Turkish clashes in Vienna |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-austria/turkey-austria-trade-barbs-over-kurdish-turkish-clashes-in-vienna-idUSKBN240193 |work={{wipe|Reuters}} |date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715134551/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-austria/turkey-austria-trade-barbs-over-kurdish-turkish-clashes-in-vienna-idUSKBN240193 |archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>

===Belgium===
The ''Belçika Türk Federasyonu'' (BTF) is considered to be "affiliated with or sympathetic" to the Grey Wolves.<ref name="microconflict" /> According to one study, its aim is "to foster loyalty among young people of Turkish origin to their ancestral culture, religion and history and to keep alive the Turkish identity in Europe. BTF claims to oppose not the integration of Belgian-Turks into their host society but rather their assimilation by it." Its activities mostly focus on "issues relevant to Turkish national sensitivities". For instance, it has demonstrated against the erection of an Armenian Genocide memorial in Brussels.<ref name="microconflict" /> During the municipal elections of 2006 two member of the BTF came to the attention of the media: Fuat Korkmazer on the Flemish Christian Democrats (CD&V) list in Ghent and Murat Denizli on the Francophone Socialist Party (PS) list in Schaerbeek, a commune in the Brussels Region. Korkmazer got a very low number of votes, while Denizli was elected but had to resign because it was discovered he had a false address and lived in another commune.<ref>{{cite news|title=Fuat Korkmazer stapt op bij Turkse vereniging|url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/g1j11c1cn|work=De Standaard|date=8 September 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031034106/http://www.standaard.be/cnt/g1j11c1cn|archive-date=31 October 2014|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dorzée|first1=Hugues|title=Le loup gris du PS hante Schaerbeek|url=http://archives.lesoir.be/le-loup-gris-du-ps-hante-schaerbeek-elections-la%EFcite-_t-20061012-006PC5.html|work=Le Soir|date=12 October 2006|language=fr}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

''Türk Ocağı'' (TO), a cultural organization in Ghent is also linked to the Grey Wolves. Its chairman, Mehmet Özçelik, is a member of the Flemish Socialist Party caucus in Berchem.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=France To Ban Turkish Ultranationalist ‘Grey Wolves’|url=https://newscomworld.com/2020/11/03/france-to-ban-turkish-ultranationalist-grey-wolves/|url-status=live|website=NewsComWorld|language=en|quote='''Türk Ocağı (TO)''', a cultural organization in Ghent is also linked to the Grey Wolves.}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|appears to be a blog|date=October 2021}}{{better source needed|date=October 2021}}
===France===
In May 1984, Grey Wolves leader Abdullah Çatlı carried out a bombing of an Armenian Genocide memorial in Alfortville, a Paris suburb.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grosscup|first=Beau|title=The new explosion of terrorism|year=1991|publisher=New Horizon Pr.|location=Far Hills, NJ|isbn=978-0-88282-074-3|page=297}}</ref>

According to Direction générale de la sécurité intérieure members of the Grey Wolves partook in a January 21, 2012 demonstration in Paris against the adoption of the bill criminalizing the Armenian genocide denial in France.<ref>{{cite news|last=Meynial|first=Claire|title=Les Loups sont entrés dans Paris|url=http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/les-loups-sont-entres-dans-paris-29-03-2012-1699782_24.php|work=Le Point|date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102005304/http://www.lepoint.fr/monde/les-loups-sont-entres-dans-paris-29-03-2012-1699782_24.php|archive-date=2 November 2014|language=fr}}</ref> 

In November 2020, France banned the French branch of the Grey Wolves organisation<ref name="ALJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/2/france-to-ban-turkish-ultra-nationalist-grey-wolves-group |title=France to ban Turkish ultranationalist Grey Wolves group|date=2 November 2020 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref> after defacement of an Armenian Genocide Memorial, organizing combat training camps in the Ardèche region in 2019, inciting violence against Kurds and Armenians<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-04|title=Le mouvement ultra-nationaliste turc des Loups gris officiellement dissous en France|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2020/11/04/en-france-le-mouvement-ultranationaliste-turc-des-loups-gris-officiellement-dissous_6058483_823448.html|access-date=2020-11-18}}</ref><ref name="FR">{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/france/20201102-france-to-ban-turkish-grey-wolves-after-defacement-of-armenian-memorial |title=France to ban Turkish 'Grey Wolves' after defacement of Armenian memorial|date=2 November 2020 |publisher=France 24 |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-02|title=Grey Wolves: Far-right group to be banned in France|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54787028|access-date=2020-11-05}}</ref> and orchestrating marches targeting Armenians near Lyon.<ref name="VICe">{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/epddna/turkey-france-armenia-grey-wolves-lyon |title=Turkish Ultranationalist Group Linked to "Hunt For Armenians" in France|date=29 October 2020 |publisher=[[Company:Vice Media|Vice Media]] |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref> Turkey's Foreign Ministry criticized the ban and said: "we will reciprocate to this decision in the strongest way." In addition, accused the French government of tolerating associations affiliated with the PKK and the FETÖ.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release Regarding the French Council of Ministers' Decision on the dissolution of the "Grey Wolves" Movement |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-276_-bozkurtlar-hareketinin-kapatilmasina-iliskin-bakanlar-kurulu-karari-hk.en.mfa |website=mfa.gov.tr |publisher=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211102429/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-276_-bozkurtlar-hareketinin-kapatilmasina-iliskin-bakanlar-kurulu-karari-hk.en.mfa |archive-date=11 December 2020 |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

===Germany===
[[File:Graue Wölfe 20190713 151505.jpg|thumb|Grey Wolves symbols on a car in [[Place:Munich|Munich]], 2019]]

As a far-right extremist group, the Grey Wolves are monitored by the German authorities.<ref name="zeit" /> The group brings conflict from their native Turkey into Germany with harassment against Kurds and Armenians as well as the left.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bildung|first=Bundeszentrale für politische|title=Einführung: Graue Wölfe und türkischer Ultranationalismus in Deutschland {{!}} bpb|url=https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtsextremismus/252855/einfuehrung-graue-woelfe-und-tuerkischer-ultranationalismus-in-deutschland|access-date=2020-11-21|website=bpb.de|language=de}}</ref> According to ''Neues Deutschland'' the Grey Wolves are the largest far-right organization in Germany by membership as of 2013.<ref name="neues" /> A 2014 ''Der Spiegel'' article estimated their membership to stand at no fewer than 10,000 people.<ref name="spiegel" /> A 2017 article published by the Federal Agency for Civic Education estimated over 18,000 members.<ref name="bpb"/> Its members have actively engaged in attacks on<ref name="spiegel" /> and clashes with<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution |url=http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2013/vsb_kurzfassung_engl_2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |publisher=German Federal Ministry of the Interior |page=8 |quote=Supporters of the Turkish nationalist Ülkücü movement (suspicious case), also publicly known as Grey Wolves, especially attracted attention during demonstrations, which occasionally sparked off heavy riots between nationalist Turks and Kurds. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107183722/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/EN/Broschueren/2013/vsb_kurzfassung_engl_2012.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |archive-date=November 7, 2014 }}</ref> Kurds in Germany.

The most important Grey Wolves-affiliated Turkish organization in Germany is ''Türk Federasyon'' (Avrupa Demokratik Ülkücü Türk Dernekleri Federasyonu, ADÜTDF), which has around 200 member organizations. Founded in 1978 by 64 nationalist organizations it declined in the 1980s, but revived in the 1990s and claimed to have doubled its membership following the Solingen arson attack of 1993. It denies any direct links with the Grey Wolves in Turkey or the MHP, however, its monthly journal publishes articles praising the MHP and denouncing left-wing and Kurdish organizations in Turkey and Germany. Furthermore, in May 1998 MHP leader [[Biography:Devlet Bahçeli|Devlet Bahçeli]] addressed a crowd of 15,000 German Turks at the ''Türk Federasyon'' annual meeting.<ref name="Østergaard" /> Baden-Württemberg Interior Minister Reinhold Gall stated that ''Türk Federasyon'' is a "melting pot of extreme nationalists with Turkish migrant background".<ref name="zvw" /> ''Türk Federasyon'' alone has 7,000 active members (for comparison, the neo-Nazi National Democratic Party (NPD) has 5,000 members).<ref name="neues" /> According to educationalist Kemal Bozay, their influence on third generation Turkish youth—who are "looking for an identity"—has "increased significantly".<ref name="derwesten" /> 

The 2013 Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution by the German Federal Ministry of the Interior said that as a result of a June 2013 search by police in three German federal states "two live arms with ammunition, [[Engineering:Blank-firing adaptor|blank-firing guns]], [[Engineering:Club (weapon)|batons]], [[Engineering:Taser|electric stun guns]] and [[Engineering:Katana|Samurai swords]]" were seized from members of the Grey Wolves.<ref name="2013 report" /> 

The Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany's most populous state where 70 Grey Wolves associations with more than 2,000 members operated in 2011,<ref name="derwesten" /> also monitors the organization.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wer sind die "Grauen Wölfe"?|url=http://www.mik.nrw.de/uploads/media/UElkuecue-Broschuere_01.pdf|website=mik.nrw.de|publisher=Ministerium für Inneres und Kommunales des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen [Ministry of the Interior of North Rhine-Westphalia]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102021247/http://www.mik.nrw.de/uploads/media/UElkuecue-Broschuere_01.pdf|archive-date=2 November 2014|location=Düsseldorf |language=de}}</ref> Nevertheless, {{ill|Serdar Yüksel|de}}, a Social Democratic Party member of the state's parliament, stated in a 2011 interview that the threat of the Grey Wolves in Germany is underestimated. He said, "When thousands of Turkish right-wing radicals come together in Essen, we're not worried. But if 100 members of NPD march, we immediately organize a counter-demonstration."<ref name="derwesten" /> Olaf Lehne, a Christian Democratic Union member of North Rhine-Westphalia's state parliament, stated in an interview that the Grey Wolves "are in this country, unfortunately, too often ignored". He also added that they have a large number of sympathizers among young people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stoldt|first1=Till-R.|title=Der Schein trügt, die Grauen Wölfe sind gefährlich|url=https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article13735417/Der-Schein-truegt-die-Grauen-Woelfe-sind-gefaehrlich.html|work=Die Welt|date=25 November 2011|language=de}}</ref> Another important organisation affiliated with the Grey Wolves are the ATIB (Turkish: ''Avrupa Türk-İslam Birliği, ATİB''; German: ''Union der Türkisch-Islamischen Kulturvereine in Europa'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Stellung der Avrupa Türk-Islam Birliği (ATIB) im Spektrum der Grauen Wölfe |url=http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/18/093/1809353.pdf |website=bundestag.de |publisher=Bundestag |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823070519/http://dipbt.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/18/093/1809353.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2020 |language=de |date=5 August 2016}}</ref>

According to the Baden-Württemberg State Government, there are 45 Grey Wolves clubs and associations in that state as of 2012. These associations are often given non-political names (usually cultural and athletic) to conceal their identity.<ref name="zvw" />

===Netherlands===
As early as 1979 the Dutch Scientific Council for Government Policy reported that clashes between the Grey Wolves and the Dutch-Turkish Workers Association (HTIB) occurred on [[Social:International Workers' Day|May Day]] celebrations.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Penninx |first1=Rinus |title=Ethnic minorities |url=http://www.wrr.nl/fileadmin/en/publicaties/PDF-Rapporten/R17_Ethnic_minorities__r17_1979_.pdf |publisher=Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy |page=113 |date=1979 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107184549/http://www.wrr.nl/fileadmin/en/publicaties/PDF-Rapporten/R17_Ethnic_minorities__r17_1979_.pdf |archive-date=November 7, 2014 }}</ref> Organizations such as Turkish Federation Netherlands (''Turkse Federatie Nederland'', TFN)<ref>{{cite news|title=Protest in Den Bosch against Grey Wolves|url=http://www.atour.com/~aahgn/news/20020110a.html|agency=Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau|date=5 January 2002|quote=The most important speaker at the TNF-congress was the Turkish vice-prime minister Davlet Bahceli, leader of the extreme-right Nationalist Action-party MHP, also known as the Grey Wolves.}}</ref> and Turkish Islamic Federation (''Turks Islamitische Federatie'') have links to the Grey Wolves.<ref name="Avcı">{{cite book|first1=Gamze|last1=Avcı|contribution=Religion, Transnationalism and Turks in Europe|editor1-last=Çarkoğlu|editor1-first=Ali|editor2-last=Rubin|editor2-first=Barry|editor2-link=Barry Rubin|title=Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76120-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=BSLeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA63&lpg=PA63&dq=Turkish+Federation+Netherlands&source=bl&ots=Zqhw5IG8as&sig=ZgJqVfdMU2fIg98BCZcmdj6b3CY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NQ1TVPKSCKndsAT08oKgAw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Turkish%20Federation%20Netherlands&f=false 63]}}</ref> According to Wangmo and Yazilitas, the Grey Wolves in the Netherlands have engaged in a variety of activities, ranging from criminal activities and nationalist propaganda to support of football teams. The organization was more influential in the 1990s when many first-generation Turkish immigrants "maintained a deep interest in Turkish politics and who had a deeply felt Turkish identity."<ref name="Wangmo&Yazilitas" /> Grey Wolves activists have participated—with varying successes—in the local politics of several Dutch municipalities.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ernst|last=Haffmans|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~afa/comite/artikel/artikel130.html|title=Belabberd resultaat Grijze Wolven bij gemeenteraadsverkiezingen 2006|work=Onderzoeksgroep Turks extreem-rechts|publisher=Xs4all.nl|language=nl|access-date=2011-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305051707/http://www.xs4all.nl/~afa/comite/artikel/artikel130.html|archive-date=2010-03-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> In November 2020, [[Social:People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]] MP Bente Becker introduced a motion to ban the Grey Wolves. The motion was supported by 147 members of the parliament with 3 members voting against it. All three votes against the motion came from [[Social:Denk (political party)|Denk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nieuwson.nl/nederland-wil-een-verbod-op-organisatie-grijze-wolven/|title=Nederland wil een verbod op organisatie Grijze Wolven|publisher=NieuwsOn|language=nl|access-date=20 November 2020}}</ref>

===Sweden===
On September 13, 2015 an explosion occurred at a Kurdish civil center in Stockholm, Sweden, following clashes between Turks, Kurds and anti-fascists at a rally organised by the Swedish Grey Wolves.<ref name="middleeasteye 2015" />

The Swedish Green Party was hit by a political scandal in April 2016, as images emerged of party member and Housing Minister Mehmet Kaplan attending a dinner party alongside leading members of the Grey Wolves.<ref name="AlJazeera">{{Cite news|title=Sweden's Green Party hit by religious row|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/04/sweden-green-party-infiltrated-islamists-160426130534157.html|work=Al Jazeera|date=27 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Housing minister, Turkish extremists dined together|url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6411611|work=Radio Sweden|date=14 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="SvD">{{Cite news|title= Swedish cabinet member compared Israel with Nazi-Germany |url=http://www.svd.se/swedish-cabinet-member-accused-of-antisemitism|work=Svenska Dagbladet|date=17 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sweden's housing minister Mehmet Kaplan quits after his Nazi comparison to Israel|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/swedens-housing-minister-mehmet-kaplan-quits-after-his-nazi-comparison-israel-1555419|work=International Business Times|date=18 April 2016}}</ref> Kaplan resigned when a 2009 video was made public in which he compared [[Place:Israel|Israel]]'s treatment of Palestinians to that of Jews by [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]].<ref name="AlJazeera" /><ref name="TheLocal">{{Cite news|title=Green Party leaders: We have no plans to resign|url=http://www.thelocal.se/20160425/green-party-sweden-crisis-romson-fridolin|work=The Local|date=25 April 2016}}</ref>

===Vatican===
On May 13, 1981 Mehmet Ali Ağca, an alleged Grey Wolves member, attempted to murder [[Biography:Pope John Paul II|Pope John Paul II]] in St. Peter's Square. The masterminds were not identified and the organization's role remains unclear. According to Daniel Pipes and Khalid Duran Grey Wolves appear to have been involved in the assassination attempt and write that Ağca "in his own confused way mixed Turkish nationalist sentiments with fundamentalist Islam."<ref name="Pipes&Duran" /> However, Italian investigators could not establish his link to the Grey Wolves.<ref name="Prabha" />

===Norway===
There is allegedly a Grey Wolf group recruiting in Drammen, Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dt.no/5-57-492765|title=Advarer mot tyrkisk fascistisk organisasjon i Drammen|first=Camilla|last=Ondrckova|date=November 15, 2016|website=Drammens Tidende}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dt.no/5-57-496779|title=En flørt med fascisme|first=Dag Einar Thorsen-førsteamanuensis i statsvitenskap ved Høgskolen i|last=Sørøst-Norge|date=November 20, 2016|website=Drammens Tidende}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rights.no/2016/11/fascisme-apenbarer-seg-i-drammen/|title=Fascisme åpenbarer seg i Drammen? – Human Rights Service|first=Hege|last=Storhaug}}</ref>

==Illegal drug trade allegations==
Grey Wolves members and leaders have been involved in international drug trafficking since the 1980s.<ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gingeras|first1=Ryan |title=Heroin, Organized Crime, and the Making of Modern Turkey|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-871602-0|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JOq-AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA226&lpg=PA226 226–228]}}</ref> In the early 1980s U.S. anti-terrorism officials at the State Department reported that Türkeş is "widely believed to have been involved" in moving heroin from Turkey into Western Europe.<ref name="nyt 1981" /> According Stephen E. Ambrose, the leaders of Grey Wolves had built in the late 1980s an army by trading drugs for military equipment, ranging from assault helicopters to tanks. Drugs were transported to Italy, where organized crime processed them.<ref name="Atkins" />{{better source|date=November 2016}} According to Peter Dale Scott, the author of the book ''American War Machine'', in 2010 there were drug producing and dealing groups that had clear ties with the Grey Wolves and its affiliated political party, MHP.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fijnaut|first1=Cyrille J. C. F.|title=The Containment of Organised Crime and Terrorism: Thirty-Five Years of Research on Police, Judicial and Administrative Cooperation|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004281943|page=281|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gvg6DQAAQBAJ&q=Grey+wolves+drug&pg=PA281|language=en|date=2016-09-08}}</ref>

==Designation as a terrorist group==
Following the 4 November 2020 ban of the Grey Wolves in France for hate speech and violence,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/france-bans-turkish-ultra-nationalist-grey-wolves-group/a-55503469|title=France bans Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves group|website=Deutsche Welle|date=4 November 2020|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/11/24/france-has-banned-the-grey-wolves-but-who-are-they|title=France has banned the 'Grey Wolves' – but who are they?|author=Patrick Keddie|website=AlJazeera|date=24 November 2020|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> and the calls for similar actions to be taken in Netherland and {{wipe|Germany}},<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-lawmakers-urge-ban-on-extreme-right-turkish-gray-wolves/a-55528032|title=German lawmakers urge ban on extreme-right Turkish Gray Wolves|author=Richard Connor|work=Deutsche Welle|date=7 November 2020|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/extremism-watch/shadowy-turkish-ultra-nationalist-group-under-scrutiny-europe|title=Shadowy Turkish Ultra-Nationalist Group Under Scrutiny in Europe|author=Ezel Sahinkaya|website=Voice of America|date=8 December 2020|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.neweurope.eu/article/germanys-political-opposition-wants-turkish-ultra-nationalist-grey-wolves-banned/|title=Germany's political opposition wants Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves banned|author=Zoe Didili|website=New Europe|date=9 November 2020|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> the European Parliament urged, on 20 May 2021, the 27 member states of the [[Social:European Union|European Union]] to designate the Grey Wolves as a terrorist group, and thus, marking the first time that an EU institution has linked the Grey Wolves to terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/05/will-turkeys-grey-wolves-land-eu-terror-list|title=Will Turkey's Grey Wolves land on EU terror list|website=Al Monitor|author=Nazlan Ertan|date=20 May 2021|access-date= 21 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2021/05/20/foreign-ministry-slams-ep-over-call-to-add-grey-wolves-to-eu-terrorist-list/|title=Turkish Foreign Ministry slams EP over call to add Grey Wolves to EU terrorist list|website=Turkish Minute|date=20 May 2021|access-date=21 May 2021}}</ref> The Turkish Government reacted to the EP's report, calling it "biased" and "unacceptable", because, according to the Turkish Foreign Ministry spokesperson Tanju Bilgic, the Grey Wolves are "a legal movement, which is associated with a long-established political party in Turkey."

==Cultural references==
* In the 2002 film ''Aram'' a French-Armenian fighter named Levon attempts to kill a high level Turkish general who is the head of Grey Wolves.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Afeyan|first1=Bedros|title=Compressing Time, Expanding Horizons: The Armenian Film Festival of San Francisco in February 2004|url=http://www.groong.com/tcc/tcc-20040301.html|work=Armenian News Network / Groong|publisher=[[Organization:University of Southern California|University of Southern California]]|date=1 March 2004|quote=Alas, Levon does not allow this, becomes wounded in an assassination attempt of a high level Turkish general heading the grey wolves...}}</ref>
* In the 2003 novel ''{{ill|L'Empire des loups (novel)|lt=L'Empire des loups|fr|L'Empire des loups (roman)}}'' ("Empire of the Wolves") by Jean-Christophe Grangé the Grey Wolves are involved in a woman's murder.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jakeman|first1=Jane|title=Empire of the Wolves, by Jean-Christophe Grangé, trans. Ian Monk|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/empire-of-the-wolves-by-jeanchristophe-grangeacute-trans-ian-monk-6155877.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122181626/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/empire-of-the-wolves-by-jeanchristophe-grangeacute-trans-ian-monk-6155877.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 22, 2014|work=The Independent|date=17 December 2004|quote=Our heroine and the murdered women are in fact being pursued by a Turkish fascist group, the Grey Wolves, survivors of a failed coup and followers of a psychopathic leader.}}</ref> The 2005 film ''Empire of the Wolves'' is based on the same-name novel by Grangé.
*The left-wing American podcast ''Chapo Trap House'' (2016–present) refers to avid fans and Patreon backers as "Grey Wolves," an ironic reference to the podcast's pretended support of Erdoğan and the AKP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/mst3k-for-politics-the-hosts-of-chapo-trap-house-trace-1797866330|title=MST3K for politics: The hosts of Chapo Trap House trace their podcast's evolution to the disastrous present|website=The A.V. Club}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/persons-of-interest/what-will-become-of-the-dirtbag-left|title=What Will Become of the Dirtbag Left?|first=Jia|last=Tolentino|magazine=The New Yorker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/23/chapo-trap-house-leftwing-breitbart|title=Leftwing Breitbart? Chapo Trap House is strong new voice in resistance to Trump|date=July 23, 2017|website=the Guardian}}</ref>

==See also==
* Ergenekon (organization)
* Vatansever Kuvvetler Güç Birliği Hareketi, an ultranationalist group which was founded by former Grey Wolves
* Nasyonal Aktivitede Zinde İnkişaf

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist-ua}}
===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="Canefe&Bora">{{cite book|last1=Canefe|first1=Nergis|last2=Bora|first2=Tanıl|contribution=Intellectual Roots of Anti-European Sentiments in Turkish Politics: The Case of Radical Turkish Nationalism|editor1-last=Çarkoğlu|editor1-first=Ali|editor2-last=Rubin|editor2-first=Barry|editor2-link=Barry Rubin|title=Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration and International Dynamics|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76120-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4NyRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&dq=%C3%9Clk%C3%BC+Ocaklar%C4%B1+%22Idealist%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PpdCVJX2Hsf_yQSR_IDADQ&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%C3%9Clk%C3%BC%20Ocaklar%C4%B1%20%22Idealist%22&f=false 125], [https://books.google.com/books?id=-E2QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=the+negative+image+of+the+gray+wolves+an+openly+fascist&source=bl&ots=FQgkEOYW5G&sig=dntcf3baMUMD_gWkL8K9C-TT6ds&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-ZBJVJSHEorHggSNs4KABQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20negative%20image%20of%20the%20gray%20wolves%20an%20openly%20fascist&f=false 129]}}</ref>

<ref name="Jacoby">{{cite web|last=Jacoby|first=Tim|title=Political Violence, the 'War on Terror' and the Turkish State|url=https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/school-of-international-relations/bsmes/documents/war-on-terror-and-the-turkish-state.doc|publisher=[[Organization:University of St Andrews|University of St Andrews]]|page=7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025063107/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/school-of-international-relations/bsmes/documents/war-on-terror-and-the-turkish-state.doc|archive-date=2014-10-25}}</ref>

<!-- <ref>{{cite web |url=http://angryarab.blogspot.com/2016/02/on-ties-between-terrorist-fascist.html |title=   On ties between the terrorist fascist Turkish Grey Wolves organization and NATO and US government, see this source    |last=AbuKhalil|first=As'ad|date=February 4, 2016 |website=The Angry Arab News Service/وكالة أنباء العربي الغاضب}}</ref> -->

<ref name="Combs">{{cite book|last=Combs|first=Cindy C.|contribution=Grey Wolves|title=Encyclopedia of terrorism|year=2007|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4381-1019-6|author2=Slann, Martin|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=H7fT0BQxwDsC&pg=PA110 110]|quote=The Grey Wolves, the unofficial militant arm of the MHP, has been involved in street killings and gunbattles.}}</ref>

<ref name="crisisgroup">{{cite web|title=Crying "Wolf": Why Turkish Fears Need Not Block Kurdish Reform |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/227-crying-wolf-why-turkish-fears-need-not-block-kurdish-reform |website=Europe Report N°227 |publisher=International Crisis Group |location=Brussels |pages=9–10 |date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901132635/http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/turkey-cyprus/turkey/227-crying-wolf-why-turkish-fears-need-not-block-kurdish-reform |archive-date=1 September 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name="Zaman">{{cite news|last=Zaman|first=Amberin|title=Turkey's Gray Wolves Nip at Heels of Power|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1999/apr/20/news/mn-29194|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|date=20 April 1999}}</ref>

<ref name="microconflict">Koutroubas, T., Vloeberghs, W. and Yanasmayan, Z. 2009. [http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/PWP5_TK_WV_ZY.pdf ''Political, Religious and Ethnic Radicalisation Among Muslims in Belgium''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025062124/http://www.microconflict.eu/publications/PWP5_TK_WV_ZY.pdf |date=2014-10-25 }}. MICROCON Policy Working Paper 5, Brighton: MICROCON.</ref>

<ref name="Sloan&Anderson">{{cite book|last1=Sloan|first1=Stephen|last2=Anderson|first2=Sean K.|title=Historical Dictionary of Terrorism|date=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, Maryland|isbn=978-0-8108-6311-8|contribution=Gray Wolves|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aVcG7EkuPgAC&pg=PA214&dq=694+murders+grey+wolves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UZVBVITpENSeyAScgoKwDQ&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=694%20murders%20grey%20wolves&f=false 213–4]}}</ref>

<ref name="Atkins">{{cite book|last=Atkins|first=Stephen E.|contribution=Grey Wolves (Turkey)|title=Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Connecticut|isbn=978-0-313-32485-7|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&pg=PA110 110–111]}}</ref>

<ref name="Idiz">{{cite news|last=Idiz|first=Semih|title=Turkey's Ultra-Nationalists Playing With Fire|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/03/turkey-ultra-nationalists-rally-grey-wolves-mhp.html#|agency=Al-Monitor|date=29 March 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="Ergil">{{cite news|last1=Ergil |first1=Doğu |title=Parties and political identities |url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail.action;jsessionid=SihaaFP4f7RR3ujAwruL437B?newsId=345791&columnistId=0 |work=Today's Zaman |date=22 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019041227/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail.action%3Bjsessionid%3DSihaaFP4f7RR3ujAwruL437B?newsId=345791&columnistId=0 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |quote=The Gray Wolves, who are the militant youth wing of the Turkish ethnic nationalists that are dissatisfied with the inertia of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) camp, constitute 3.6 percent of voters. |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="Sullivan">{{cite book|last1=Sullivan|first1=Colleen|contribution=Grey Wolves|editor1-last=Martin|editor1-first=Gus|editor1-link=C. Augustus Martin|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism|date=2011|publisher=Sage Publications|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=I_jh4VBi_HYC&pg=PA236&dq=Grey+Wolves 236–7]|edition=2nd}}</ref>

<ref name="socialistworld">{{cite news|author1=CWI reporters in Istanbul|title=Hundreds of thousands on Taksim Square on Mayday|url=http://www.socialistworld.net/mob/doc/4252|publisher=Committee for a Workers' International|date=2 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022012706/http://www.socialistworld.net/mob/doc/4252|archive-date=22 October 2014|quote=In 1977, at the peak of a revolutionary movement in Turkey, half a million gathered there. Immediately after the demonstration began, snipers – from the fascist Grey Wolves, or from the police (this is still not clear today) – began shooting at the masses.}}</ref>

<ref name="Prabha">{{cite web|last1=Prabha|first1=Kshitij|title=Defining Terrorism|url=http://www.idsa-india.org/an-apr-08.html|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|location=New Delhi, India|date=April 2008|quote=Mohamed Ali Agca of Turkey, the man who shot at Pope John Paul II in Rome had no political motive. The investigating agency in Italy tried to establish his link with the Turkey based terrorist group, 'Grey Wolf,' however, could not get any evidence of his political connection.}}</ref>

<ref name="Lee 1998 LA Times">{{cite news|last1=Lee|first1=Martin A.|title=Turkish Dirty War Revealed, but Papal Shooting Still Obscured|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/12/opinion/op-38664|work={{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}|date=12 April 1998}}</ref>

<ref name="Wangmo&Yazilitas">{{cite web|last1=Wangmo|first1=Tenzin|last2=Yazilitas|first2=D.|title=Turkish and Kurdish Identity and Nationalism in the Netherlands|url=http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/254-turkish-and-kurdish-identity-and-nationalism-in-the-netherlands|publisher=Humanity In Action|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019044416/http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/254-turkish-and-kurdish-identity-and-nationalism-in-the-netherlands|archive-date=19 October 2014|location=New York|year=2004}}</ref>

<ref name="Østergaard">{{cite book|last1=Østergaard-Nielsen|first1=Eva|title=Transnational Politics: The Case of Turks and Kurds in Germany|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-26586-7|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lSqDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA52&dq=hand+sign+of+the+grey+wolves+a+fist&hl=en&sa=X&ei=9X9FVMfeKMWZsQSigIG4DA&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hand%20sign%20of%20the%20grey%20wolves%20a%20fist&f=false 51–52]}}</ref>

<ref name="lefigaro">{{cite news|last=Marchand|first=Laure|title=En Turquie, les "Loups" sont de retour [In Turkey, the "Wolves" are returning]|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2008/01/21/01003-20080121ARTFIG00594-en-turquie-les-loupssont-de-retour-.php|work=Le Figaro|date=21 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102011554/http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2008/01/21/01003-20080121ARTFIG00594-en-turquie-les-loupssont-de-retour-.php|archive-date=2 November 2014|language=fr|quote=Dans les années 1970, les militants ultranationalistes des Loups gris étaient engagés dans une lutte sanglante contre la gauche turque. Mais, dans les années 1990, l'ennemi communiste disparu, les officines de la contre-guérilla se sont reconverties dans la lutte antikurde.}}</ref>

<ref name="spiegel">{{cite news|last1=Baumgärtner|first1=Maik|last2=Diehl|first2=Jörg|title=Türkische Nationalisten in Deutschland: Die unheimlichen Grauen Wölfe [Turkish nationalists in Germany: The Uncanny Grey Wolves]|url=http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/graue-woelfe-tuerkische-nationalisten-in-deutschland-a-953197.html|work=Der Spiegel|date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102014754/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/graue-woelfe-tuerkische-nationalisten-in-deutschland-a-953197.html|archive-date=2 November 2014|language=de|quote=In Deutschland sollen mindestens zehntausend Personen zu dieser Szene zählen. [...] Die Grauen Wölfe träumen von der Vereinigung aller Turkvölker zu einer Großtürkei, die vom Balkan bis Zentralasien reichen soll. Die Liste derer, die sie verachten und bekämpfen, ist lang: Kurden, Armenier, Griechen, Juden, Schwule und Christen.}}</ref>

<ref name="Aslan&Bozay">{{cite book|editor1-last=Aslan|editor1-first=Fikret|editor2-last=Bozay|editor2-first=Kemal|title=Graue Wölfe heulen wieder: Türkische Faschisten und ihre Vernetzung in Deutschland [Grey wolves howl again: Turkish fascists and their networks in Germany]|date=2012|publisher=Unrast Verlag|isbn=978-3-89771-035-1|edition=3rd.|url=http://www.unrast-verlag.de/gesamtprogramm/allgemeines-programm/antifaschismus/graue-woelfe-heulen-wieder-74-detail|language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="zvw">{{cite news|last1=Kölbl|first1=Andreas|title=Graue Wölfe im Schafspelz|url=https://www.zvw.de/inhalt.waiblingen-graue-woelfe-im-schafspelz.f7b3c539-4792-48df-838e-4d05e24444d4.html |work=Zeitungsverlag Waiblingen|date=17 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321114347/https://www.zvw.de/inhalt.waiblingen-graue-woelfe-im-schafspelz.f7b3c539-4792-48df-838e-4d05e24444d4.html|archive-date=2020-03-21|language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="neues">{{cite news|last1=Meier|first1=Marcus|title=Graue Wölfe heulen in Oberhausen|url=http://www.neues-deutschland.de/artikel/915132.graue-woelfe-heulen-in-oberhausen.html|work=Neues Deutschland|date=16 November 2013|language=de|quote=Die »Grauen Wölfe« sind die mitgliederstärkste rechtsextreme Organisation in Deutschland.}}</ref>

<ref name="zeit">{{cite news|title=Radikale sollen in der NRW-CDU aktiv sein|url=http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2014-06/nrw-cdu-extremisten|work=Die Zeit|date=1 June 2014|language=de|quote=Milli Görüș und Graue Wölfe werden vom Verfassungsschutz beobachtet.}}</ref>

<ref name="derwesten">{{cite news|last1=Bergs|first1=Melanie|title=Wie die rechtsradikalen "Grauen Wölfe" junge Türken ködern|url=https://www.derwesten.de/nachrichten/wie-die-rechtsradikalen-grauen-woelfe-junge-tuerken-koedern-id4341035.html|work=Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung|date=28 February 2011|language=de}}</ref>

<ref name="Pipes&Duran">{{cite web|last1=Pipes|first1=Daniel|last2=Duran|first2=Khalid|author-link2=Khalid Duran|title=Muslims in the West: Can Conflict Be Averted?|url=http://www.danielpipes.org/232/muslims-in-the-west-can-conflict-be-averted|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Philadelphia and Washington|date=August 1993}}</ref>

<ref name="2013 report">{{cite web|title=2013 Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution |url=http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/embed/annual-report-2013-summary.pdf |publisher=German Federal Ministry of the Interior |page=27 |quote=The Turkish nationalist "Ülkücü" movement is ideologically rooted in exaggerated nationalism, linked with an overstated image of its own ethnicity. The ideology is characterized by very distinct, often also racist, enemy concepts of ethnic minorities in Turkey. These minorities include Kurds, Armenians, Greeks and Jews. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107183211/http://www.verfassungsschutz.de/embed/annual-report-2013-summary.pdf |archive-date=November 7, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name="Jenkins">{{cite book|last1=Jenkins|first1=Gareth|title=Political Islam in Turkey|date=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=978-0-230-61245-7|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdXGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130&dq=pro-MHP+activists+were+to+become+known+as&hl=en&sa=X&ei=B8VeVJTpOcyzyATs_IKQBg&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=pro-MHP%20activists%20were%20to%20become%20known%20as&f=false 130]|quote=In 1966, Türkeş formed a network of youth organizations called ''Ülkü Ocakları'', or "Idealists' Hearths"; although they and other pro-MHP activists were to become popularly known as ''Bozkurtlar'', or "Grey Wolves," after what Türkeş claimed had been the national symbol of the Turkic peoples in Central Asia. In 1968, Türkeş established more than 100 commando camps scattered across Anatolia, which provided young nationalists with ideological and paramilitary training.}}</ref>

<ref name="Birand 2006">{{cite news|last1=Birand|first1=Mehmet Ali|title=You reap what you sow|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=you-reap-what-you-sow-2006-05-19|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=19 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112011740/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=you-reap-what-you-sow-2006-05-19 |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="hurriyet 1998">{{cite news|title=Ultranationalist attacks viewed with concern|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=ultranationalist-attacks-viewed-with-concern-1998-05-15|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=15 May 1998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112013141/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=ultranationalist-attacks-viewed-with-concern-1998-05-15 |archive-date=12 November 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="hurriyet 2005">{{cite news|title=Attack on Sept. 6-7 events photo exhibit condemned|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=attack-on-sept.-6-7-events-photo-exhibit-condemned-2005-09-08|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=9 September 2005  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319093955/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=attack-on-sept.-6-7-events-photo-exhibit-condemned-2005-09-08 |archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="middleeasteye 2015">{{cite news|last1=MacDonald|first1=Alex|title=Increasing tensions see resurgence of Turkey's far-right street movements|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/increasing-tensions-see-resurgence-turkeys-far-right-street-movements-923266627|agency=Middle East Eye|date=14 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="nyt 1981">{{cite news|last1=Apple Jr|first1=R. W. .|title=Trial of Mehmet Ali Agca: 6 years of neofascist ties|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/25/world/trail-of-mehmet-ali-agca-6-years-of-neofascist-ties.html?pagewanted=all|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|date=25 May 1981}}</ref>

<ref name="movement">{{cite news |last1=Stevenson |first1=Tom |title='Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/our-bodies-are-turkish-our-souls-islamic-rise-turkeys-ultra-nationalists |agency=Middle East Eye |date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200805160317/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/our-bodies-are-turkish-our-souls-islamic-rise-turkeys-ultra-nationalists |archive-date=5 August 2020|quote=...the Ulku Ocaklari (Idealist Hearths), a street movement known more famously as the "Grey Wolves" - once a notorious paramilitary arm of the MHP - has for the first time taken a seat in parliament as an MHP representative...}}</ref>

<ref name="hdpkurds">{{cite journal |last1=O’Connor |first1=Francis |last2=Baser |first2=Bahar |title=Communal violence and ethnic polarization before and after the 2015 elections in Turkey: attacks against the HDP and the Kurdish population |journal=Southeast European and Black Sea Studies |date=2018 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=9–10 |doi=10.1080/14683857.2018.1451035|s2cid=158516592 }}</ref>


}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Zürcher|first1=E.J.|last2=Linden|first2=H. van der|title=The European Union, Turkey and Islam|date=2004|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|location=Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy|isbn=978-90-5356-712-8|url=http://www.wrr.nl/fileadmin/en/publicaties/PDF-Rapporten/The_European_Union__Turkey_and_Islam.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107185132/http://www.wrr.nl/fileadmin/en/publicaties/PDF-Rapporten/The_European_Union__Turkey_and_Islam.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-07}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Avagyan|editor1-first=Ashot |script-title=hy:Պանթուրքական երազանք կամ "Գորշ գայլեր" [Pan-Turkic dream or "Grey Wolves"]|date=2013|publisher=Asoghik|location=Yerevan|isbn=978-99941-2-834-1|url=http://www.historyofarmenia.am/images/menus/1179/panturqakan_erazanq.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105031528/http://www.historyofarmenia.am/images/menus/1179/panturqakan_erazanq.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-11-05|language=hy}}

==Further reading==
* Barbara Hoffmann, Michael Opperskalski, Erden Solmaz: ''Graue Wölfe. Koranschulen. Idealistenvereine. Türkische Faschisten in der Bundesrepublik [Grey Wolves. Koranic schools. Idealists clubs. Turkish fascists in Germany]''. Köln 1981, {{ISBN|3-7609-0648-6}}.
* Jean-Christophe Grangé: ''Das Imperium der Wölfe [The Empire of the Wolves]''. Bergisch Gladbach 2005, {{ISBN|3-404-15411-8}}.
* {{cite book|last1=Poulton|first1=Hugh|title=The Top Hat, the Grey Wolf, and the Crescent: Turkish Nationalism and the Turkish Republic|date=1997|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-6648-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/tophatgreywolfcr00poul}}
* {{cite web|title=Graue Wölfe [Grey Wolves]|url=http://www.bpb.de/gesellschaft/migration/jugendkultur-islam-und-demokratie/125175/graue-woelfe|website=Jugendkultur, Islam und Demokratie|publisher=Federal Agency for Civic Education|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102040903/http://www.bpb.de/gesellschaft/migration/jugendkultur-islam-und-demokratie/125175/graue-woelfe|archive-date=2 November 2014|language=de|date=19 March 2012}}

==External links==



[[Category:Islamism| ]]
[[Category:Organizations (Religion)]]
[[Category:Organizations|Religion]]

{{Sourceattribution|Grey Wolves (organization)|1}}